...is a serious chronic condition affecting the body’s ability to regulate blood glucose levels. According to Diabetes UK (2012), there were 2.9 million people in the UK diagnosed with diabetes in 2012, and this is estimated to increase to 5 million by 2025. Up to 90% of people with diabetes are thought to be type 2. According to Diabetes UK (2006), many are unaware they have the condition and it can lead to long-term complications including eye problems, kidney disease, foot ulcers and cardiovascular disease. Gregg et al (2005), states advances in preventative medicine have seen an effective reduction in the burden of risk from hypertension and hyperlipidaemia but the incidence of diabetes has continued to rise, driving cardiovascular rates. There has been much done in recent years to identify people who are at high risk of developing diabetes. This assignment will discuss the link between diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. It will also identify lifestyle and behaviour changes involving the multi-disciplinary team and structured patient education of diabetics. The case study for this assignment is Mrs Smith, newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and a family history of heart disease and diabetes. She leads a sedentary lifestyle, is overweight and has a poor diet (see appendix). The Health Survey for England (2006), state both obesity and low levels of physical activity are associated...
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...Epidemiology Paper Tamika Swearingen NUR/ 408 December 1, 2014 Kimberly Oatman Epidemiology Paper The number of children diagnosed with diabetes in 2012, according to the CDC (2014), is about 208,000 people younger than 20 years in the United States alone. This includes those having been diagnosed diabetes type 1 or type 2. Diabetes has become more prevalent and there is no cure at this time. With the study of Epidemiology, there is hope for a decline of Diabetes and it dominance amongst the American children. In this paper, it will describe and define epidemiology and how it relates to diabetes. This paper will discuss the method and triangle of epidemiology along with the chosen vulnerable population and disease of diabetes in children. Definition of Epidemiology Epidemiology has been defined as “the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states, and the application of this knowledge to control the health problems” (Stanhope and Lancaster, 2012). Epidemiology can be described as a study that looks at certain specifics of the excess risk a disease and the rate or incidence of how it is affected. It focuses on the study of why and how it affects certain populations. Steps and Methods of Epidemiology Diabetic information can be gathered in many ways such as analyzing: routine data, research data ad epidemiological data. In Southern Nevada, health related...
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...Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing Institute for Cancer Research, Beijing, PR China, 2Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA A central challenge of the palliative care clinician, and of the oncologist who sees patients with advance disease, is that of ‘breaking bad news’. As this conversation requires that the clinician divulge extremely sensitive and personal information, and usually incurs an emotional response from the patient, truth-telling to advanced cancer patients is not only a challenging task but also one likely to be handled differently in cultures according to differing norms for interpersonal behavior and communication. China and the United States, with their deepset communitarian vs. individualistic ethics, respectively, typify divergent cultures. This paper discusses cross-cultural differences in norms of truth-telling to cancer patients, that is, the extent to which physicians inform patients themselves of their disease status when prognosis is poor; China and the US are used to illustrating potential differences in approach and consequent cross-cultural misunderstandings. In an increasingly mobile global community, in which information technology and telecommunications span cultures and patients are increasingly well informed, clinicians around the world would be well advised to become aware of the communication styles...
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...HIV Cause, Treatment, Mortality, Morbidity, Incidence, and Prevalence HIV Causes and Mode of Transmission Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an acquired disease that infects white blood cells in humans, specifically Killer T cells, which destroys the chances of fighting off common colds and common infections in individuals. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been known to have first erupted from chimpanzees and monkeys in Africa. When hunting for food, humans would come in contact with infected blood, which is believed to be the leading cause of the communicable disease. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can be transmitted through sexually active individuals, blood transfusions, sharing of needles, through pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Infections may be transmitted through semen, infected blood, or vaginal secretions, which also has a possibility to become Acquire Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in some individuals (Mayo Clinic, 2014). HIV Symptoms and Treatment Patients who are infected with Human Immunodeficiency Transmission (HIV), may not experience symptoms for up to ten years. With susceptibility to the disease, individuals are able to spread the disease without realizing they have acquired the illness. Symptoms developed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) include: Diarrhea, fatigue, fever, vaginal yeast infections, headaches, mouth sores, muscle stiffness, rashes, sore throats, and swollen lymph glands (New York Times, 2014). In order to test for patients...
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...make them heard. Try to envision your life without being able to taste your favorite foods, or perhaps never being able to eat them at all, even though they might be readily available. Picture having all the water you could ever desire, but never being able to quench your thirst. It sounds something like hell, doesn’t it? This isn’t just some make believe version of hell; it is a harsh reality of our world. Each year, thousands of people will experience this nightmare for themselves. “Why?” you may ask. It is all caused by an easily detectable form of cancer: oral cancer. When identified early, the disease can be easily treated and rarely requires radiation or chemotherapy. However, very few people actually get checked for oral cancer, despite the fact that it could save hundreds if not thousands of lives each year. One of the least publicized forms of the disease, oral cancer has very few signs or symptoms in its early stages, can easily and rapidly spread to other areas of the body, and has an extremely high mortality rate. In the early stages of oral cancer, there is often no initial pain. It is difficult to detect without a detailed familiarity with your own body or an experienced professional’s examination. Self examinations can be helpful, but since the mouth often has various bumps and lumps appearing and disappearing, the beginnings of oral cancer are almost always completely overlooked (Oral Cancer Foundation, n.d.). Symptoms of oral cancer include white...
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...50 Celiac Disease Dascha C. Weir, MD Ciaran Kelly, MD Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy secondary to permanent sensitivity to wheat gluten and related proteins in rye and barley. It results in characteristic histologic changes consisting of inflammation, crypt hyperplasia, and villous atrophy of the small intestine in genetically susceptible individuals. Significant variability in the clinical presentation of CD in the pediatric population complicates recognition of the disease in many patients. Treatment for CD consists of a lifelong strict gluten-free diet (GFD). Adherence to this diet is associated with resolution of most related signs and symptoms and a decreased risk of related complications. With an explosion of new knowledge over the span of two decades, our understanding of CD has changed dramatically. CD has gone from a rare condition causing gastrointestinal symptoms in children of European origin to a common disorder causing symptoms that affect multiple organ systems in all ages virtually worldwide.1 The overall prevalence of CD is similar in Europe and North America affecting up to 1% of the population.2,3 A large multicenter study in the United States, using serologic screening with biopsy confirmation to identify cases of CD, showed a prevalence of CD of 1:133 in individuals with no evident risk factors. Prevalence of CD in symptomatic patients was 1:56. The prevalence of diagnosed CD is much lower, especially in the...
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...Table of Figures Table 1. Cancer-related deaths from 1990-1998 7 Figure 1. Rate* of prostate cancer deaths, 1990-1998 8 Figure 2. Rate* of female breast cancer deaths, 1990-1998. 9 The most consistent finding, over decades of research, is the strong association between tobacco use and cancers of many sites. Hundreds of epidemiologic studies have confirmed this association. Further support comes from the fact that lung cancer death rates in the United States have mirrored smoking patterns, with increases in smoking followed by dramatic increases in lung cancer death rates and, more recently, decreases in smoking followed by decreases in lung cancer death rates in men. Additional examples of modifiable cancer risk factors include alcohol consumption (associated with increased risk of oral, esophageal, breast, and other cancers), physical inactivity (associated with increased risk of colon, breast, and possibly other cancers), and obesity (associated with colon, breast, endometrial, and possibly other cancers). Observational evidence shows associations between amount of alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and obesity and increased incidence of certain cancers. More research is needed to determine whether these associations are causal and thus whether avoiding these behaviors would actually reduce cancer incidence. Other lifestyle and environmental factors known to affect cancer risk (either beneficially or detrimentally) include certain sexual and reproductive...
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...Multiple Sclerosis (MS): An Autoimmune Disease. You are in your mid twenty but you feel fatigue, numbness of extremities, chronic pain, vision problem, etc almost daily. Then sometime, you feel dizzy, vertigo, loss of balance, involuntary muscle spasms, and difficult to move around. You may feel depress and mood swings in addition to these symptoms. What is wrong with you? You are at the age where as young adults with full energize life ahead, ready to take charge of an independent life and assume a various social roles and economic responsibilities like a new career after college and graduate school, begin an intimate romance relationships, or maybe starting a family of your own (Falvo, 2009). What you are experiences are the common symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a Central Nervous System (CNS) disease which affects over 400,000 Americans, and every week about 200 people are diagnosed. Worldwide, it affects about 2.5 million people (NewsRx Health and Science, 2012). Its exact cause is unknown, however the common thought is some unknown virus or gene defect is the blame. To really understand Multiple Sclerosis we will need to look at it definition and history, the statistics of number people afflicted with it, what are the social-psychological challenges of the disease. We will also need to look at what kind of research projects and experiments have been done regarding the disease, what kind of help and support that the community have to offer to its patients,...
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...referred to as a multidisciplinary clinic that consists of specialists from a variety of areas. Because this clinic was discussing oncology patients, the people there were all somehow related to this field of study. There were radiologists, radiology oncologists, oncologists, oncology surgeons, general surgeons, psychologists, nurses and social workers to name a few. The whole reason for this variation in the people was because it is an attempt by the health care system to make diagnosis more efficient for everyone involved, especially the patient. Without these multidisciplinary clinics, a person newly diagnosed moves through a step-work system in the health fields. For example, a person normally visits his or her primary-care doctor first. If a disease is possibly developing, the primary-care doctor refers him or her to a more specialized physician in the field of the suspected disease. Then, this doctor may refer...
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...Running Head: FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME 1 FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME 2 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most recognizable form of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). FAS is characterized by a pattern of minor facial anomalies, prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, and central nervous system abnormalities. Those born with FAS often have behavioral and learning difficulties. The consequences of the damages caused by the mother's drinking is lifelong (Wattendorf & Muenke, 2005). To date, there has been no extensive population-based studies done (Vaux & Chambers, 2012). However, data in one sample demonstrated that approximately 1 in 100 children have alcohol-related effects. In high-risk pregnancies, predicted incidences of fetal alcohol syndrome are approximate and differ because of varied definitions of heavy drinking and inconsistent methods of diagnosis. For this reason, rates range from 4% to as much as 44%.The estimation of FAS in the United States is 1-2 cases per 1000 live births (Wattendorf & Muenke, 2005) . Fetal alcohol exposure is the leading known cause of mental retardation in the Western world. The term Fetal Alcohol Syndrome was first published in a 1973 article in the British medical journal The...
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...Bacterial meningitis is an inflammatory condition of the meninges or membranes that form the lining of the brain and spinal cord. The most common pathogens responsible for bacterial meningitis include: Neisseria memingitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. The disease in all ages continues to be a serious cause of morbidity and mortality, despite the introduction of effective antibiotics and preventative therapy. Bacterial meningitis is a serious disease that can result in brain damage and even death. The following will describe the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis and the effects it has on the individual, family and community, and the role of the community health nurse. Epidemiological Problem Description of problem Bacterial meningitis is a common infectious disease that has been diagnosed throughout the world. In general, it affects the very young and the very old and favors males over females. “According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than three hundred people die each year from this disease” (Barker, 2002, p. 133). Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency that can progress rapidly, and therefore it demands rapid diagnosis and intervention to save the patient’s life and prevent disability. Bacterial Meningitis 3 Agent Of the previously stated infectious agents, Neisseria...
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...where the life expectancy is increasing because of the developed medical research, medicines, and medical equipment. However, developed biomedical methods such as cloning are controversial and in fact 93% of all Americans oppose cloning (Pynes). Cloning is a technique used by researchers and animal breeders to split a single embryo into two or more embryos that will have the exact same genetic information. Because of the controversies against this practice, the United States would not open the door to human cloning and this has led to a debate between the government, and scientists and bioethicists. Cloning is a very controversial topic since it relates to moral values of human beings. Human cloning has become a hot topic for debate as we progress one step closer to successfully cloning and developing a human being. Legislators and the general public have become more concerned about the medical, ethical, social and moral implications of this procedure. The risks involved in human cloning outweigh the benefits, for that reason, human cloning should not be legalized in the United States. Human cloning will cause serious medical issues. Technically, the human gene grows older with age. According to Gary Wickman, an author at Health Guidance.org, it is feared that the cloned individual will retain the age of the donor’s genes. Imagine what will happen if a 40 year old gene is manifested into newborn baby. There is a possibility that the cloned individual might carry certain abnormalities...
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...Disease Trends and the Delivery of Health Care Services HCA/240 December 1, 2013 Lorie Larson Diabetes is not only a disease, it is a deadly disease. Countless number of people has died from this disease worldwide, and many of which died right here in the United States of America. Learning about diabetes and getting tested early will definitely help with the number of expected cases and death. Being aware of this deadly disease and trends has definitely impacted our society in a good way. In today’s society, the health care systems have highly developed by prolonging life expectancy and quality of life, but prolonging one’s life expectancy has not come cheap for healthcare or easy. Diabetes mellitus occurs when the body cannot produce or respond appropriately to insulin. Insulin is a hormone that the body needs to absorb and use glucose (sugar) as fuel for the body’s cells. Without a properly functioning insulin signaling system, blood glucose levels become elevated and other metabolic abnormalities occur, leading to the development of serious, disabling complications (www.Healthypeople.gov ). The 3 common types of diabetes are Type 1 which is the results when the body loses its ability to produce insulin, type 2 which is the results from a combination of resistance to the action of insulin and insufficient insulin production, and the third type of diabetes is Gestational diabetes, a common complication of pregnancy. Gestational diabetes can lead to prenatal complications...
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...There are four types of lupus, systemic lupus erythematous, discoid, drug-induced, and neonatal lupus. Systemic lupus erythematous, also known as SLE or lupus and is sometimes called the “great imitator” due to the fact that it mnemonics so many other diseases. Family practice offices often misdiagnose lupus due to lack of symptoms at the time of visit, patients being poor historians and lab work that is inconclusive at that time. Discoid lupus affects only the skin and causes rashes and lesions mostly of the face, neck and scalp. During drug-induced lupus the person will experience lupus like symptoms. These symptoms usually resolve within six months after the drug is stopped. Individuals with drug- induced lupus may have a positive Antinuclear Antibody test more years after the episode. Neonatal lupus occurs when a child is born to a women with lupus. The infant may have lupus symptoms including rashes, anemia and liver problem which usually resolve within a few months. Some infants born to mothers with lupus may have serious heart defects. For the purpose of this paper the focus will be on systemic lupus erythematous. Systemic Lupus Erythematous Systemic lupus erythematous is a complex multisystem autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system misfires and makes autoantibodies that attacks its own tissue. Lupus affects as many as 1.5 million people in America. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007) Women are more commonly affected than men...
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...Problem 12 Proposed Intervention 12 Outcomes and Associated Evaluation Criteria 13 References 15 Appendix: Table 18 Improving Compliance to Treatment Plan in DM Patients INTRODUCTION The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011) identified diabetes mellitus (DM) as a major public health disorder in the United States that results in one’s shortage of insulin or one’s inability to utilize insulin. As the insulin hormone is necessary for the conversion of glucose to energy in somatic cells, ineffective insulin activity in DM causes increased glucose residues in the blood, which tends to harm organs (CDC, 2011). The CDC (2011) has identified three primary types of DM: (a) Type 1 DM results from an inability to generate insulin in the body due to...
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