...Technology Education Volume 2, 2003 An Overview of Current Research on Automated Essay Grading Salvatore Valenti, Francesca Neri and Alessandro Cucchiarelli DIIGA - Universita’ Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy valenti@inform.unian.it neri@inform.unian.it alex@inform.unian.it Executive Summary Essays are considered by many researchers as the most useful tool to assess learning outcomes, implying the ability to recall, organize and integrate ideas, the ability to express oneself in writing and the ability to supply merely than identify interpretation and application of data. It is in the measurement of such outcomes, corresponding to the evaluation and synthesis levels of the Bloom’s (1956) taxonomy that the essay questions serve their most useful purpose. One of the difficulties of grading essays is represented by the perceived subjectivity of the grading process. Many researchers claim that the subjective nature of essay assessment leads to variation in grades awarded by different human assessors, which is perceived by students as a great source of unfairness. This issue may be faced through the adoption of automated assessment tools for essays. A system for automated assessment would at least be consistent in the way it scores essays, and enormous cost and time savings could be achieved if the system can be shown to grade essays within the range of those awarded by human assessors. This paper presents an overview of current approaches to the automated assessment...
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...NLP: CONNECTOR BETWEEN MANAGER AND SUBORDINATE Palwasha Khan Sana Iqbal Sundus Younis Faculty of Engineering Management Center of Advance Studies in Engineering (CASE) Abstract: Neuro Linguistic Programming is thought to be an advance communication tool which incorporates Human cognition, behavioral contour, and unconscious verbal/nonverbal patterns in order to understand the way information is being perceived, processed and acted upon by the individual and how he interact with his environment including the human factor. It is continuously being probed for its impact over successful human interactions and relationship. Usage of NLP in business world is still unexplored in certain aspects. This research paper is meant to study the impact of appropriate NLP techniques over the relationships that typically exist between managers and subordinates. Using a survey questionnaire, data is being collected from employees of a variety of organizations and found out that though mostly, NLP is unconsciously applied in managerial sector, it does play its role in improving the perceived manager-subordinate relationship, through improving the trustworthiness of the managers and the social bonding that exist between the managers and their subordinates. NLP also impacts to a lesser degree upon the feedback process and participative management style of the manager. Currently managers give more credit to importance of NLP techniques in better relationship building than the subordinates....
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...Journal of Machine Learning Research 12 (2011) 2493-2537 Submitted 1/10; Revised 11/10; Published 8/11 Natural Language Processing (Almost) from Scratch Ronan Collobert∗ Jason Weston† L´ on Bottou‡ e Michael Karlen Koray Kavukcuoglu§ Pavel Kuksa¶ RONAN @ COLLOBERT. COM JWESTON @ GOOGLE . COM LEON @ BOTTOU . ORG MICHAEL . KARLEN @ GMAIL . COM KORAY @ CS . NYU . EDU PKUKSA @ CS . RUTGERS . EDU NEC Laboratories America 4 Independence Way Princeton, NJ 08540 Editor: Michael Collins Abstract We propose a unified neural network architecture and learning algorithm that can be applied to various natural language processing tasks including part-of-speech tagging, chunking, named entity recognition, and semantic role labeling. This versatility is achieved by trying to avoid task-specific engineering and therefore disregarding a lot of prior knowledge. Instead of exploiting man-made input features carefully optimized for each task, our system learns internal representations on the basis of vast amounts of mostly unlabeled training data. This work is then used as a basis for building a freely available tagging system with good performance and minimal computational requirements. Keywords: natural language processing, neural networks 1. Introduction Will a computer program ever be able to convert a piece of English text into a programmer friendly data structure that describes the meaning of the natural language text? Unfortunately, no consensus has...
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...these new automation tools, coding or HIM professionals can easily translate clinical data input into useful clinical data output. Increased amounts of clinical coding is done by machines, which saves time and human participation for more complex coding cases and data analysis tasks. Factors, such as advances in natural language processing, EHR adoption, compliance issues and mandates for labor – intensive administrative reporting processes reduction, influenced the demand of CAC. Traditionally, clinical documentation (whether paper or electronic) is analyzed by a coder, translated into the appropriate ICD – 9 CM or CPT/HCPCS codes with the help of coding books or encoders and entered into a database. These new coding automation tools assists HIM professionals in translating data by automated code assignment instead of manual review and translation alone. As early as the 1950s, the technology of CAC – enabled tools, particularly Natural Language Processing (NLP), started with formal language theory. Throughout this time, technological progress was slow but technology has rapidly progressed and is constantly advancing at an exponential rate since the 1990s. Coding is a difficult task because it has a four- dimensional complexity. First, coding rules’ volume and intricacy makes selecting the right diagnosis/ procedure code and code modifiers difficult. In an article by Yuval Lirov (2009), the author gives example to this level of complexity by stating, “ For instance, a claim will...
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...learning disabilities there is still a long way to go before technology provides a level playing field for these challenged individuals. Many of the issues with existing assistive technology revolves around clumsy, inefficient interfaces that struggle to find a balance between ease of use and sufficient complexity to ensure that the proper sequence of instructions is implemented. Machine learning is on the cutting edge of programming practices and presents some significant improvement possibilities in the areas of natural language processing, pattern recognition, and interface design. Machine learning has the potential to play a significant role in allowing assistive technologies to be more adaptive to persons with diverse sets of needs. This paper will attempt to define some specific areas of assistive technology that could benefit most from the application of machine learning. We will frame the definitions by aligning specific learning disabilities with current and future assistive technologies and then examining how the implementation of machine learning could improve upon them. Introduction The need for assistive technologies is undeniable with as many as 8 to 10 percent of children that are under the age of 18 in the United States having one form of learning disability or another.(NINDS) Experts believe that this statistic will continue to trend up making the area of assistive technology a field of study with...
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...POLICY AND PEACEBUILDING FINAL PAPER University of Notre Dame THE LAND QUESTION AND DISPLACMENT IN KENYA: SUPPORT FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL LAND POLICY By William Kiptoo EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 2010 Kenya enacted the National Land Policy following the promulgation of the new through the referendum. This was achieved through many years of consultation between the government and stakeholders of the land sector, mainly civil society organizations. The need for land reform was also identified by the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation as key to long-term peace and reconciliation. The policy aims to address Kenya’s land tenure problems that have caused political violence during elections and mass displacements of the local population due to unresolved land grievances. Internal displacement and land problems in Kenya are a product of the colonial legacy, where the land policy favored the white settlers against the African natives. After independence successive governments inherited these policies and land became political tool to rewards loyalties further creating divisions and discontent. A myriads of land-related conflicts followed pitting communities against each other as political elites continue to benefits. The inability of the government of Kenya to adequately address the land question has implied that the basic needs of significant proportion of the Kenyan population are not met. The basis of the new law is address the root causes of...
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...LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT Report on Summer Training On the topic “A REVIEW OF RETAIL OPRATION WITH REFRENCE TO FMCG” Submitted to Lovely Professional University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of Degree of Master of Business Administration Submitted by: DEEPAK M 11001433 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY JALANDHAR NEW DELHI GT ROAD PHAGWARA PUNJAB 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this project titled, A REVIEW OF RETAIL OPERATIONS WITH REFERENCE TO FMCG(IN FOOD SECTION) – A STUDY DONE ON HYPER CITY RETAIL INDIA LTD(AMRITSAR). I wish to take this valuable opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Hyper City Retail India Ltd for providing me a chance of learning. The project not only helped me to understand retail industry in India in depth but widened my vision in general management too by virtue of being associated with an excellent and professional organization. Words perhaps fail to express the gratitude and special thanks I owe to Mr Sonu Dua (Sr. Lecturer) who is my project guide, who helped me while preparing my summer training report and guide, who helped me while preparing my summer training report and giving guidance whenever required. The project would not have been complete without the guidance of Mr. Nitin Chubby (SOM), Deepak (Brand Staff), and Miss Kusum (Associate). Who was there to provide me the constant...
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...MEDINFO 2001 V. Patel et al. (Eds) Amsterdam: IOS Press © 2001 IMIA. All rights reserved Building a Text Corpus for Representing the Variety of Medical Language Pierre Zweigenbauma, Pierre Jacquemarta, Natalia Grabara, Benoît Habertb a DIAM — Service d’Informatique Médicale/DSI, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris & Département de Biomathématiques, Université Paris 6 b LIMSI-CNRS & Université Paris 10 Abstract Medical language processing has focused until recently on a few types of textual documents. However, a much larger variety of document types are used in different settings. It has been showed that Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools can exhibit very different behavior on different types of texts. Without better informed knowledge about the differential performance of NLP tools on a variety of medical text types, it will be difficult to control the extension of their application to different medical documents. We endeavored to provide a basis for such informed assessment: the construction of a large corpus of medical text samples. We propose a framework for designing such a corpus: a set of descriptive dimensions and a standardized encoding of both meta-information (implementing these dimensions) and content. We present a proof of concept demonstration by encoding an initial corpus of text samples according to these principles. Keywords: Natural language processing, documents, French. text corpus, medical apply to another type [2]1. This has consequences...
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...BACK TO THE BASICS: AN INSTRUMENTAL PEDAGOGY PARADIGM SHIFT by Jaime Santucci “Musician Con Fuoco” May 2012 Copyright © 2012 Jaime Santucci MusicianConFuoco.com. All Rights Reserved. Santucci 2 Introduction This paper proposes a new approach, or a new paradigm if you will, to instrumental instruction that combines the foundational principles of language, singing, and psychophysics (awareness of physiology and psychology). I argue that instrumental pedagogy and methodology should necessarily introduce, or in some cases reintroduce, the basic skills in question, using disciplines at every level of instruction. Below, I introduce the skills in question. Those same skills are often the offending skills when taken as parts instead of a whole and when ill-instructed. I introduce the skills using flute pedagogy as a demonstrative example, and discuss why their combined and concurrent application can develop instrumental students more holistically. I see deficiency in current instrumental instruction methods because they seem opposite to the human experience. We are all exposed to language and singing from birth, and on some level we gain awareness of physiology and psychology. Yet the fact that our early lives combine these experience naturally seems lost on traditional instrumental pedagogy. Linguistics, vocal, and pyschophysical instruction usually are taught as completely separate entities. A new, more holistic paradigm would result from changing the instrumental instructional...
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...Opinion Mining Using Econometrics: A Case Study on Reputation Systems Anindya Ghose Panagiotis G. Ipeirotis Arun Sundararajan Department of Information, Operations, and Management Sciences Leonard N. Stern School of Business, New York University {aghose,panos,arun}@stern.nyu.edu Abstract Deriving the polarity and strength of opinions is an important research topic, attracting significant attention over the last few years. In this work, to measure the strength and polarity of an opinion, we consider the economic context in which the opinion is evaluated, instead of using human annotators or linguistic resources. We rely on the fact that text in on-line systems influences the behavior of humans and this effect can be observed using some easy-to-measure economic variables, such as revenues or product prices. By reversing the logic, we infer the semantic orientation and strength of an opinion by tracing the changes in the associated economic variable. In effect, we use econometrics to identify the “economic value of text” and assign a “dollar value” to each opinion phrase, measuring sentiment effectively and without the need for manual labeling. We argue that by interpreting opinions using econometrics, we have the first objective, quantifiable, and contextsensitive evaluation of opinions. We make the discussion concrete by presenting results on the reputation system of Amazon.com. We show that user feedback affects the pricing power of merchants and by measuring their pricing...
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...How to Be a Successful PhD Student (in Computer Science (in NLP/ML)) Mark Dredze (Johns Hopkins University) Hanna M. Wallach (University of Massachusetts Amherst) Version 1.0, March 20, 2012 Being a graduate student can be extremely rewarding and a lot of fun, but it’s also hard work. Like anything in life, there are ways to succeed and ways to fail. Hopefully, you will find a good support network that can help you learn what it takes to be a good graduate student. However, not everyone is able to find such a network, and it’s important to learn these lessons early. This guide was written based on our experiences as graduate students and our experiences advising graduate students, specifically, PhD students in NLP and machine learning; however, we hope many of the points are applicable to a wider audience. Where possible, we have indicated when advice is field-specific. Beyond that, the advice is listed in no particular order. No doubt there will be points with which you disagree. That’s totally fine -- there are certainly points about which even we had differing views; however, before you decide to ignore these points, it’s well worth taking the time to understand why we included them. Becoming a PhD Student Why Get a PhD? This question is dealt with extensively in other documents, so we will not discuss it in detail here; however, we want to emphasize the importance of asking this question. Getting a PhD will change your career path dramatically. Not only does getting...
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...for consumers - the improved products or services available to them at lower costs. At the firm level, entrepreneurs can out-compete other companies that are not innovators, because of the cost advantages that innovation produces. Social entrepreneurs use earned income strategies to pursue a social objective. Social entrepreneurs adopt a mission to create and sustain social value and private value; recognizing and relentlessly pursuing new opportunities to serve that mission; engaging in a process of continuous innovation; adaptation; and learning; acting boldly without being limited by resources currently in hand; and exhibiting a heightened sense of accountability to the constituencies served and for the outcomes created. This paper attempts to understand the success factors of one such young and enthusiastic social entrepreneur. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1. Background of Entrepreneur [pic] [pic] Eva Wong Siao Yen is a young and enthusiastic social entrepreneur born on 23rd September, 2008. Eva is the founder of Happyland Special Edu Centre. She was born in the year 1978. She is the only child in the family. Her parents both came from a very reputable family, with strong emphasis on education. The father came from Pahang and the mother came from Sarawak. Ms. Eva was born in Sarawak. The parents moved from Sarawak to Johor Bahru to start a new life, and had to start...
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...Martin Chodorow Department of Psychology Hunter College 695 Park Avenue New York, NY 10021 martin.chodorow@hunter.cuny.edu Claudia Leacock Educational Testing Service Rosedale Road, 18E Princeton, NJ 08541 cleacock@ets.org Abstract This paper describes a deployed educational technology application: the CriterionSM Online Essay Evaluation Service, a web-based system that provides automated scoring and evaluation of student essays. Criterion has two complementary applications: E-rater®, an automated essay scoring system and Critique Writing Analysis Tools, a suite of programs that detect errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics, that identify discourse elements in the essay, and that recognize elements of undesirable style. These evaluation capabilities provide students with feedback that is specific to their writing in order to help them improve their writing skills. Both applications employ natural language processing and machine learning techniques. All of these capabilities outperform baseline algorithms, and some of the tools agree with human judges as often as two judges agree with each other. 2. Application Description Criterion contains two complementary applications that are based on natural language processing (NLP) methods. The scoring application, e-rater®, extracts linguisticallybased features from an essay and uses a statistical model of how these features are related to overall writing quality to assign a holistic score to the essay. The second application...
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...to another via the usage of the mouth. This can be through the telephone, fax mail, email, or the aspect of using the face-face entity at the workplace. Basically, this document will illustrate in detail on how to undertake the approach of involving better and improved communication ways that lead to better and positive outcome of the firm. In essence, this shows that the paper is intended to bring about a positive outcome that would be influenced by the presence of improved communication links within a workplace environment (Perkins, 2010). Problem statement Basically, this paper tends to base its attribute on how to improve interaction in the workplace, and hence bring about a positive outcome in the workplace. Therefore, it is essential for firms to undertake the aspect of looking for better ways that can be put into practice improved communication approaches in order to enable the workplace atmosphere contribute to positive outcome. This will be an approach that will assist both clients and the employees working in the firm at stake in the market (Lasater, 2010). Statement of objective The paper is entailed to show that the presence of improved communication links at the workplace is essential as they are designed to generate positive implications. Basically, it also goes to the extent of illustrating that coordination of the individuals involved in the improvement of communication are also imperative as they contribute to the implementation of the new laid down rules...
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...ISSUE: BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE AND ANALYTICS: FROM BIG DATA TO BIG IMPACT Hsinchun Chen Eller College of Management, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 U.S.A. {hchen@eller.arizona.edu} Roger H. L. Chiang Carl H. Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0211 U.S.A. {chianghl@ucmail.uc.edu} Veda C. Storey J. Mack Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4015 U.S.A. {vstorey@gsu.edu} Business intelligence and analytics (BI&A) has emerged as an important area of study for both practitioners and researchers, reflecting the magnitude and impact of data-related problems to be solved in contemporary business organizations. This introduction to the MIS Quarterly Special Issue on Business Intelligence Research first provides a framework that identifies the evolution, applications, and emerging research areas of BI&A. BI&A 1.0, BI&A 2.0, and BI&A 3.0 are defined and described in terms of their key characteristics and capabilities. Current research in BI&A is analyzed and challenges and opportunities associated with BI&A research and education are identified. We also report a bibliometric study of critical BI&A publications, researchers, and research topics based on more than a decade of related academic and industry publications. Finally, the six articles that comprise this special issue are introduced and characterized in terms of the proposed BI&A research framework. Keywords: Business...
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