...longer periods of time than the unaffected individual. Signs and symptoms In some individuals asthma is characterized by chronic respiratory impairment. In others it is an intermittent illness marked by episodic symptoms that may result from a number of triggering events, including upper respiratory infection, stress, airborne allergens, air pollutants (such as smoke or traffic fumes), or exercise. An acute exacerbation of asthma is referred to as an asthma attack. The clinical hallmarks of an attack are shortness of breath (dyspnea) and either wheezing or stridor. Although the former is "often regarded as the sine qua non of asthma," some patients present primarily with coughing, and in the late stages of an attack, air motion may be so impaired that no wheezing may be heard. When present the cough may sometimes produce clear sputum. The onset may be sudden, with a sense of constriction in the chest, breathing becomes difficult, and wheezing occurs (primarily upon expiration, but can be in both respiratory phases). Signs of an asthmatic episode include wheezing,...
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...customer’s information. * Update Anomaly – Cannot update information without changing information in many places. To update customer information, it must be updated for each sales order the customer has placed Normalization is a three stage process – After the first stage, the data is said to be in first normal form, after the second, it is in second normal form, after the third, it is in third normal form Before Normalization 1. Begin with a list of all of the fields that must appear in the database. Think of this as one big table. 2. Do not include computed fields 3. One place to begin getting this information is from a printed document used by the system. 4. Additional attributes besides those for the entities described on the document can be added to the database. Before Normalization – Example See Sales Order from below: Fields in the original data table will be as follows: SalesOrderNo | Date | CustomerNo | CustomerName | CustomerAdd | ClerkNo | ClerkName | ItemNo | Description | Qty | UnitPrice | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Think of this as the baseline – one large table Normalization: First Normal Form * Separate Repeating Groups into New Tables. * Repeating Groups Fields that may be repeated several times for one...
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... 0.13` 6. a. 0.004 b. 0.33 7. 0.17 8. 0.65 8 – 7 Fitting to a Normal Distribution A normal curve is used in a wide variety of situations to estimate probabilities. Before we examine exactly what a normal curve is, we will recap how it is related to what we’ve already learned. Say you were rolling a die for a binomial experiment. There is a random variable associated with the outcomes of the experiment that we can calculate the probabilities for using the equations from the last section. A probability distribution shows the probabilities that correspond to the possible values of a random variable. Probability Distribution In a binomial experiment, there are only a finite number of outcomes to the experiment. We can graph the probability of 0 successes, 1 success, 2 successes…etc to get a binomial distribution. However, in continuous probability distribution, from more complex experimental data, would be a smooth curve where the outcome can be any number. Normal curves You may be familiar with the bell-shaped curve called the normal curve. A normal distribution is a function of the mean and standard deviation of a data set that assigns probabilities to intervals of real numbers associated with continuous random variables. How the Normal Curve Works In a normal distribution, the probability of a value occurring is based its position in the curve relative to the mean. The curve is evenly distributed so that a certain amount of the data will lie under a particular portion...
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...already has strongest power to everyone. In this story, Hank was a normal worker in 19 century. But after he went back to 6 century, he becomes the “God” at that period. He not only can manipulate normal people but also can manipulate the king and the nobility by using his knowledge that he learned from the 19th century. His knowledge helps him become second most powerful people in this country. Hank believes in a country where they have ranks and castes, a man isn’t ever a man, a man is only a part of a man, and he can’t ever get his full growth. When you proved your superiority over him in station, or rank, or fortune, and that’s the end of it--he knuckles down. You can’t insult him after that or you still can, with a lost of useless time on him. People finally will change after they realized they have so much power than before. The devil side inside of Hank finally appears after he realized his knowledge is so powerful at that period, especially when someone challenged his power or someone tries to show off in front of him. Hank is so enjoying on manipulating people that he completely forgot his original motivation for becoming a normal people. His possession of power affected his apparently democratic ideal. The devil side inside of him forces him become more like a dictator not a democrat. It’s pretty ironic that the equality in Hank’s democratic ideal is not as important as the equality in democracy. Hank is so easily got provoke by people who challenged his dominant power...
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...Psychology vs. Normal Psychology: Is it so different? What is normal? What is abnormal? In today’s society what was once considered normal is not so normal anymore, in fact abnormal. If a person’s thoughts or behaviors are causing them personal discomfort or unhappiness, then they would be considered abnormal? Thus, haven’t we all felt this one way or another through our life? The difference with abnormal psychology to normal psychology is the most common way to diagnose one’s behavior is by the ability to be Maladaptive. Breaking this ability down in to two aspects makes this criteria more flexible and common. Maladaptive to one’s self is the inability to reach goals, to adapt to the everyday demands of life. Secondly, there is Maladaptive to society, which is the interference within in social functioning.(Spoor 1999) Falling into one of these two categories would land you into the category of a mental illness. This may sound drastic and quite frankly scary but today’s society has made what was normal to be abnormal. Depression and anxiety may be more common then one would think, in fact these disorders are able to directly affect the individual and those around them, blocking the growth and fulfillment of their potential.(Spoor 1999) Symptoms that may lead a clinical diagnosis of these illnesses or many others are disruptive behavior, bizarre behavior, impaired functioning, and long periods of discomfort. The treatment of these symptoms has revolutionized normal psychology...
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...Normality What does it mean to be normal? Well if you ask Webster’s dictionary about the concept of normality you get: “the state or fact of being the way things usually are”. But is it really that simple? Can you just define what it means to be normal with only a few lines and dots on a piece of paper? Is it actually possible to define normality as things being as they usually are? If everything is as it usually is there would never be any change. Even if you look at normality seen from a mathematical perspective which is perhaps the most simple way of looking at normality things are almost never as they usually are. In mathematics you add all the numbers up and find an average. Most people are usually either above or below the average. But if we look back at our definition of normality it suddenly becomes normal to be either above or below average. However this may seem a bit confusing because in mathematics we accept that the average is what is normal but it turns out that it is not necessarily the usual. This means that it might be a lot harder to define normality than just using a few words. For example if we look at someone who is physically handicapped they might not be “normal” in the way they look but there are lots of other people in their situation and it is socially acceptable. We have made it a part of our daily lives and there are even parking spots specifically for handicapped people and they have all the same rights as the rest of us which leads me...
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...information changings. What is "inconsistent dependency"? When it is intuitive for a system operator to search data in the Customers table for a name of a customer in the company, it may not show details for the Address of the searched employee. The employee's address is related to, or dependent on the employee and it should not be moved to employee’s name table. Inconsistent dependency can make data difficult to access, because the path to find the data may be missing or broken. Normalization There are a rules for normalize a database. Each rule is called as "normal form." Rules are starting from 1st normal form. It goes like 1st normal form, 2nd normal form, 3rd normal from, 4th normal form and so on. If the 1st normal form rules are adhere, the database has be normalized in "first normal form." If the 2nd rules are adhere, the database is normalized in "2nd normal form." third normal form is the highest level for most applications. Although other normalization levels are also possible. But it is not necessary. As with many formal rules, every project do not always allow for perfect...
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...the normalized tables: All the necessary detailed tables along with their attributes (fields) and identifiers (primary keys). The first step of normalization is to copy all the data fields of the form and put them into a single relation (table) with a specific identifier (main primary key). Project data (Proj_Code, Title, Manager, Budget, Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Dept_Id, Dept_Name, Hour_Rate) PS: We did not include the fields "total staff number" and "Average rate" because they are calculated fields, so no need to put them or save them into the relation. Then we have to go through three main steps, from one form into another form, to reach the final normalized design of the data. These steps are known as the three normal forms (1st NF, 2nd NF, 3rd NF). How to move to the first normal form (1NF): A relation is said to be in its 1NF if the following constraints apply: - No repeating groups exist in the relation. - Each relation has its own primary key. So, to reach the 1NF we have to find all the repeating...
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...2. Body Maintenance Of Normal pH In order to maintain a proper pH in the bodily fluids, and so that acidosis or alkalosis will not manifest, three major physiological control systems exist within the body. The first mechanism involves a buffer system for the hydrogen ion fluctuations. All bodily fluids are supplied with acid-base buffers which combine with any acid or alkaline substance and prevent excessive change in the hydrogen ion concentration. Another mechanism the body uses to maintain normal pH is within the respiratory system. When the hydrogen ion concentration (H + ) changes measurably, the respiratory system is immediately stimulated to alter the rate of pulminary ventilation. This brings about a change in the quantity of carbon dioxide (CO2) within the system. High levels of carbon dioxide in the system, as created when holding the breath or due to physiological impairments of respiration, increase the acidity of the bloodstream. Any disease that interferes with normal breathing, such as emphysema or asthma, will impede the release of CO2 from the lungs and, subsequently, this CO2 will combine with water to form carbonic acid. This increases the concentration of hydrogen ions, and thus the acidity of the blood is simultaneously increased. The last of the three major physiological control systems of the body to maintain normal pH involves the kidneys. When the (H + ) (hydrogen concentration) deviates from a normal value, the kidneys excrete either an acid or alkaline...
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...network. So basicially, all of the phones (PBX etc..) is going to use Ethernet and going to use TCP/IP to communicate. So now, instead of having a telephone PBx with phones and everything in their own world, you know have a phone system that resides on the same network as everything else. So you use routers, switches, you use TCP/IP, you use computers etc.. VoIP server- reason why I call it a voip server is if you taken the server class, you know that a server is any computer that provides services to other computers on a network. Then after You can have your client computer or telephone connect through the normal network, through the switch and then the router. You can also have analogue or digital ports connected to the voip servers if they have the port. With VoIP servers, mainly all the communication happen over your normal Ethernet network TCP/IP etc.. but if the VoIP servers have those ports, they can also connect normal phones. Trunk Lines: how do we call in and call out from a VoIP server? The first way we can do it is if we are doing completely VoIP, we can have something called “VoIP Trunk” from a provider(ISP). There are companies out there that will provide you IP trunk lines, so we do not need normal telephone lines anymore. We can actually get all of our calls straight through the internet. First Way: The ways how calls can come in or out or either through the internet is having one of the providers that provides you with the VoIP trunk, So basically...
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...CHAPTER 6: THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND OTHER CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS 1. In its standardized form, the normal distribution a) has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. b) has a mean of 1 and a variance of 0. c) has an area equal to 0.5. d) cannot be used to approximate discrete probability distributions. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: standardized normal distribution, properties 2. Which of the following about the normal distribution is NOT true? a) Theoretically, the mean, median, and mode are the same. b) About 2/3 of the observations fall within 1 standard deviation from the mean. c) It is a discrete probability distribution. d) Its parameters are the mean, , and standard deviation, . ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: normal distribution, properties 3. If a particular batch of data is approximately normally distributed, we would find that approximately a) 2 of every 3 observations would fall between 1 standard deviation around the mean. b) 4 of every 5 observations would fall between 1.28 standard deviations around the mean. c) 19 of every 20 observations would fall between 2 standard deviations around the mean. d) all of the above ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: normal distribution, properties 4. For some positive value of Z, the probability that a standardized normal variable is between 0 and Z is 0.3770. The value of Z is a) 0.18. b) 0.81. c) 1.16. d) 1...
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...Statistics for Business [pic] Discrete and Continuous Probability Distributions Business Statistics With Canadian Applications Hummelbrunner Rak Gray Third Edition Week6 Pages 261-263 chapter 8 Pages 288-314, 320-325 chapter 9 Arranged by: Neiloufar Aminneia Probability distribution A probability distribution is a list of all events of an experiment together with the probability associated with each event in a tabular form. It is used for business and economic problems. We learned frequency distribution to classify data, relating to actual observations and experiments but probability distribution describes how outcomes are expected to vary. Probability distribution for rolling a true die x P(x) Events Frequencies Probability 1 1 1/6 2 1 1/6 3 1 1/6 4 1 1/6 5 1 1/6 6 1 1/6 Total: 1 [pic] Probability distribution for tossing 3 coins x P(x) Events(# of Heads) Frequencies Probability 0 1 (TTT))...
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...• Curly x Wildtype “+” the wildtype (normal gene) and “Cy” the curly (mutant gene) 1. Given that Curly is a dominant trait, what percentage of these offspring should be expected to express the mutation (have curly wings)? B. 50% of the offspring are expected to have the curly wing mutation. 2. What percentage will have the normal (wildtype) wings? C. 50% of the offspring will have normal wildtype wings. 3. Organisms are called carriers of a gene if they do not express it themselves but they can pass it on to their offspring. Is it possible for a fly to be a carrier of the Curly gene? B. No • Ebony x Wildtype “+” the wildtype (normal gene) and “e” the ebony (mutant gene) 1. Given that ebony is a recessive trait, what percentage of these...
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...067232976x_ch15.qxd 4/1/08 4:03 PM Page 1 15 Understanding the Database Design Process In this chapter, you’ll learn the thought processes behind designing a relational database. After this theory-focused chapter, you’ll jump headlong into learning the basic MySQL commands in preparation for integrating MySQL in your own applications. Topics covered in this chapter are . Some advantages to good database design . Three types of table relationships . How to normalize your database . How to implement a good database design process The Importance of Good Database Design A good database design is crucial for a high-performance application, just as an aerodynamic body is important to a race car. If the car doesn’t have smooth lines, it will produce drag and go slower. Without optimized relationships, your database won’t perform as efficiently as possible. Thinking about relationships and database efficiency is part of normalization. Beyond the issue of performance is the issue of maintenance—your database should be easy to maintain. This includes storing only a limited amount (if any) of repetitive data. If you have a lot of repetitive data and one instance of that data undergoes a change (such as a name change), that change has to be made for all occurrences of the data. To eliminate duplication and enhance your ability to maintain the data, you might create a table of possible values and use a key to refer to the value. That way, if the value changes names,...
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...The shift must have been an increase in supply. I agree with the above statement, because a change in supply affects the price and quantity of the product. a. An increase in supply (a shift rightward of the supply curve) causes the price to fall and the quantity to increase. b. A decrease in supply (a shift leftward in the supply curve) causes the price to rise and the quantity to decrease. 3. During 2007, incomes rose sharply for most Americans. This change would likely lead to an increase in the prices of both normal and inferior goods. When individuals have more income, they are normally more likely to purchase a good at any given price. For example, if a family’s income rises, it is more likely to take that summer trip to Disney World—and therefore also more likely to buy plane tickets. So a rise in consumer incomes will cause the demand curves for most goods to shift to the right. Why do we say “most goods,” not “all goods”? Most goods are normal goods— the demand for them increases when consumer income...
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