...Written by: swiss_2415 Hybrid Vehicles 1 Hybrid Vehicles: (Effects on the environment) Arthur Gil Environmental Investigations Professor April 4,2005 Hybrid Vehicles 2 As gasoline prices increase and the environment becomes unstable, people will begin to look for other modes to power their automobiles. One of those modes is know as hybrid power. A vehicle is considered a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. For example, a mo-ped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it combines the power of a gasoline engines with the pedal power of the rider. Hybrid vehicles are an alternative being used to decrease the emissions of vehicles and to decrease the amount of fossil fuels being used. Hybrid vehicles also cost less to operate because of the decreased fuel usage. The gasoline-electric hybrid car is a cross between a gasoline-powered car and an electric car. Hybrid vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. According too How Cars Work, Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric buses these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they are away from the wires. There are two kinds of hybrids. The parallel hybrid has a fuel tank which supplies gasoline to the engine. But it also has a set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time, and the transmission then turns the wheels...
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...3/17/2011 Efficiency of Hybrid cars Have you been to the gas station lately? Have you been shocked with the high fuel prices? When the price went beyond $40 or higher you must have thought for a second to trade in your SUV for a car with a better gas mileage, or you even might have thought about global warming. The car industry has found a technology that has an answer for these questions. The answer is the hybrid car. Most of the big car manufacturers have a hybrid model on the market. You might have heard about some or even seen some driving down the street already. Hybrid cars work differently than other cars, they are made differently than other cars, they perform differently than other cars and they are more efficient than other cars. How does a hybrid car work? What is it that a hybrid car is so much more efficient than a normal car, and is it really better for the environment because the gas mileage is so much better? In this essay I want to explain how this amazing technology called hybrid car works. What makes a car a hybrid car? Every vehicle is a hybrid when it uses two or more energy sources. In fact, a lot of people have owned or still own a hybrid. For example, an electronic bike is a hybrid because it combines the power of an engine with the force that comes from people using the pedals. Hybrid vehicles are everywhere around us. A lot of diesel locomotives pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. In cities like Seattle, they use diesel-electric busses...
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...Tecnologia/Technology THE USE OF HYBRID VEHICLES AS A PROPOSAL FOR REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS C. A. R. de Carvalho, and W. Q. Lamas University of Taubate Postgraduate Programme in Mechanical Engineering Rua Daniel Danelli, s/n – Jd. Morumbi 12060-440, Taubate, SP, Brazil carlosalfredo.carvalho@hotmail.com, wendell@unitau.br ABSTRACT The problems related to energy consumption and pollutant emissions for the transport sector represent a major global concern regarding climate changes caused by greenhouse gases, directly related to the increased level of gas emissions from fossil fuels , the main one being carbon dioxide. One way to minimize this problem is through the introduction of new technologies. Hybrid cars are one of the new technology options that has the main advantage of reducing fuel consumption and therefore reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. This paper gives an introduction to hybrid vehicles, with the aim of presenting their main advantages and evaluate their impact on emissions of CO2 in the Brazilian fleet, compared to conventional vehicles. Keywords: CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, hybrid vehicles. NOMENCLATURE AR ER PEF N average round by a vehicle, km/year emission rate of CO2 per vehicle, t/year pollutant emission factor, g/km number of vehicles in the year INTRODUCTION Climate change and the increase in greenhouse gases are the main topics of discussion today in global discussions...
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...Hybrid Cars Hybrid Cars “Some hybrid cars are ahead of our current times. Others tend to turn heads because of their cut and dry appearance as they travel the streets. Either way, they are becoming increasingly popular. Many drivers have decided that hybrid cars are more adept because of their fuel efficiency and their ability to conserve our environment. Others appreciate the savings at the pump and admire the convenience of filling up less often” (Hewitt, Lyons, Suchocki, & Yeh, 2007). So which hybrid cars have the best technology, manufacturing, price, and impact on our environment? According to Kelley Blue Book, as of June 2012, the highest consumer rated hybrids are listed below along with their scores: 1. 2012 Toyota Prius C 9.7 / 10 2. 2011 BMW X6 9.5 / 10 3. 2011 Mercedes-Benz S-Class 9.4 / 10 4. 2011 Lincoln MKZ 9.2 / 10 5. 2011 Honda CR-Z 9.2 / 10 (Listing provided by Kelley Blue Book, www.kbb.com, 2012) “The 2012 Toyota Prius C is the number one choice of consumers. The biggest advantages begin with the low starting price below $20,000. It has an augmented body and great battery and powertrain position. It is great for fuel economy as it allows better than 50 miles per gallon. The size of this vehicle is also admirable because it is convenient when trying to find a place to park. The gas engine is conjoined with an electric motor and the system also holds braking energy in a nickel metal hydride battery...
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...following as the 5 top rated Hybrid cars. 1. 2016 Ford Fusion Hybrid 2. 2016 Toyota Avalon Hybrid 3. 2016 Toyota Camry Hybrid 4. 2016 Chevrolet Volt 5. 2016 Toyota Prius US News & World report ranking and reviews, new car rankings are based on a consensus of America's top automotive experts, as well as safety and reliability data. The reliability score contributing to the U.S. News rankings is the Predicted Reliability rating provided by J.D. Power and Associates. This score is based on the past three years of historical initial quality and dependability data from J.D. Power's automotive studies, specifically the Vehicle Dependability Study (VDS) and the Initial Quality Study (IQS).The rankings do not rely on our own tests or U.S. News editors' preferences. They combine two types of information: published reviews from respected automotive critics and safety and reliability data from third-party sources. Source: US News & World report. In analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each cars technology, price, manufacturing, and the impact on the Environment, I find that the comparisons of the 5 different models may vary slightly, but the end goal of the manufacturer is to produce a vehicle that is high on Safety and the impact on the Environment. Hybrid cars, the combination of an electric and gasoline powered car, function based upon certain principles that govern their operation. All gasoline vehicles utilize a battery, and the hybrid is no different except for the...
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...Clean Automotive Technology Program Developing Cleaner and More Efficient Vehicles and Engines for Tomorrow 2006 Progress Report Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 What Is the Clean Automotive Technology Program? . . . . . . 3 Summary of Recent Key Accomplishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Program Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Advancing Promising Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Pursuing the Next Generation of Clean Engines . . . . . . . . 13 HCCI—Diesel Fuel Efficiency with Gasoline Emissions . . . 13 FPE—A Simpler, More Efficient Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Introduction Background ransportation and mobility are central to the American economy and way of life. While the world’s desire for personal mobility and commer cial transportation has evolved, so have the geopolitical and environmental landscapes. Global demand for oil is at an all-time high, driving up the price of gasoline and diesel fuel, and the environmental consequences of mobile source emissions have become more and more apparent. More than 100 million Americans live in coun ties that do not attain federal clean air standards for ozone (O3), sulfur...
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...Sales of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles fell to a 16-month low in May, dragged down by real and imagined supply constraints and increased competition from lower-priced gas-powered small cars, reports Edmunds’ AutoObserver.com, the premier online resource for automotive industry analysis. May sales of hybrid and electric-drive vehicles were off 35.8 percent from a year earlier, lead by dramatic declines in sales of Toyota and Honda models. Overall, Toyota and Lexus hybrids dropped 45.1 percent for the month. Honda, the second-largest producer of hybrids, saw its sales in the segment fall 29 percent in May. "For those selling hybrids, it is incredibly bad luck that the Japanese earthquake and associated production disruptions occurred as gas prices were reaching their highest levels in three years," said Edmunds.com Chief Economist Lacey Plache. "While Japanese automakers may well gain back their lost share on other vehicles, hybrids will face an even steeper climb back to previous levels, given the greater and growing competition from fuel-efficient, non-hybrid vehicles." Leading the slump was the decline in Toyota Prius sales, which traditionally account for about half of the hybrid market. A total of 6,924 Priuses were sold in May, down 51 percent from the same month last year. Low supply and higher prices have made the popular hybrid less palatable to consumers. A pricing analysis by Edmunds.com found that the effective cost of a new Prius was $2,500 more in May than...
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...M3_A2 “A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) and a fuel based power source for vehicle propulsion. These vehicles use much less fuel than their counterparts and produce less emissions. Hybrid vehicles recharge their batteries by capturing kinetic energy through regenerative braking. Some hybrids use the combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning a generator to either recharge the battery or directly feed power to an electric motor that drives the vehicle. This takes place when cruising or in other situations where just light thrust is needed.” (Orloff) Hybrid Car Advantages Clean energy. An electric motor together with a gas powered engine make a vehicle that has lower emissions and better gas mileage. It conserves energy while having the power of a standard engine. Performance improvements. New technologies allow hybrids the same kind of performance as normal cars, and they are continuing to develop, improving efficiency, getting better mileage, and reducing emissions even further. Incentives. Varying from state to state and federally, hybrids may come with a tax benefit and savings in the form of much less money spent on fuel. Regenerative braking. Each time you brake, the battery is recharged a little, eliminating the need for stopping to recharge the battery periodically. Lower fossil fuel dependence. Because hybrids are much cleaner and require...
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...A hybrid car is a motor vehicle that uses two or more different sources of power. In most hybrids, you will find an internal combustion engine in addition to an electrical motor. Depending on how the vehicle is driven and the availability of power, the car uses gasoline and battery power alternately. In this assignment, you will research five different hybrid cars and evaluate their impact on the environment. Using the readings for this module, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, do the following: * Identify the top five most popular choices of hybrid cars. Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each car’s technology, price, manufacturing, and impact on environment. Include the scientific principles involved in the technology. * Determine which type of car would work best for you and your family. Justify your decision based on your analysis of the five hybrid cars. * Explain the impact these cars will have on the United States’ economy. Consider the following issues in your analysis: consumer buying, sustainability, recycling, and fuel economy. * Evaluate the impact that hybrid-car technology has had or could have on the United States’ political relationships with oil-producing countries. Be sure to include an analysis of economic issues such as production, supply, and trade. Describe how this technology will influence world politics. Include an analysis of economic issues such as production, supply, and trade. The top...
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...Hybrid Cars Let us go green! If one was to walk into a supermarket or even look at a street curb in a suburban area there would be something signifying a green environment. Researchers and others are looking for many ways to make the environments we live in safer and cleaner. A huge aid in the amount of pollution that is put into the environment is caused by what many would say is essential to life, a car. One of the big solutions researchers have come up with to reduce the amount of pollution and stepping into a greener society is the use of hybrid vehicles. Hybrid vehicles are a good solution to a green society with a few adjustments to be made in order to be an even better solution. In order to find out how green a hybrid vehicle is depends on the type of environment a person live in (Moyer 1). After a long day of driving the battery pack must be recharged for the next day. This is done by a power plant near by (Moyer 1). Places where natural gas is the primary source of energy will have a better experience with hybrid vehicles being a solution to being green (Moyer 1). Using natural gas will decrease carbon dioxide emission by at least 40 percent, however if coal is the primary source in the environment more carbon dioxide is released into the environment (Moyer 1). This small problem with the environment is one of the few reasons using hybrid vehicles is not a universal solution to a green society. In attempt to find a solution for pollution many other benefits came...
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...do not develop any substitutes to burning fossil fuels in the next few decades, people will experience a new and large-scale energy crisis. In the U.S., there is a high demand for gasoline. However, if people start to use alternatives fuel vehicles, it can lower the demand of oil, which will in turn minimize the oil-dependence and potential environmental problems. Jim Motavalli, the editor of E: The Environmental Magazine, once said in his book Forward Drive, that “At long last, technological wizardry is being applied to the automobile, with the result being a new generation of cleaner cars. The gasoline engine represents yesterday’s solution to our transportation problems” (Motavalli, XIII) Today, hybrid cars are the best solution for America’s addiction to fossil fuels because they use clean energy to power vehicles, have compatible performance compared to conventional gasoline and diesel cars, and provide economic incentive for buyers. People believe that carbon dioxide (CO2) is one the causes of greenhouse effects. Scientists claim that CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere and traps the heat from getting out of the Earth. Thus, global temperature is increasing. As the problem of global warming and greenhouse effect become more evident, Americans have to find more renewable and cleaner energy sources...
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...Advertisements have led people to believe that hybrid cars pollute less, will save money and reduce dependence on natural fuel sources. The encompassing question answered in this paper is; do hybrids live up to expectations that society has suggested of them? The push to develop green technologies stems from the fact that the earth’s ozone layer is quickly changing due to the recent rapid growth in modern industry. This change is largely due to human activity; industry, transportation, waste, and everyday living. Everyday large amounts of pollutants are released into the atmosphere leading to the greenhouse effect and global warming. This global warming can cause major issues such as the melting of polar ice caps and a rise in sea level, which in turn would cause intense flooding in most if not all coastline areas, giving cause to other disasters such as mass erosions,mud slides, outbreaks of disease to more humid climates coastal reformation, and other disasters. Given enough time, a steady increase of these gasses would also change the length and intensity of the seasons, create droughts, and increase the frequency and impact of large storms causeing troubles for farmers and possibly wreaking havok on the global economy. Conjoined efforts are being made by countries to understand this growing dilemma, and scientists are trying to theorize ways to slow its effects. One of these theorys is to lower our carbon emmissions that cars put...
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...Research Paper on Hybrid Cars The cars we use all over the world are detrimental to our Earth’s environment. In the United States, air quality often fails to meet federal standards. Air pollution, water pollution, global warming, and ozone depletion are some of the problems we face each day that reflect the consequences of our actions. The cars we drive emit exhaust gas, whose harmful elements cause acid rain and global warming. As a result of growing environmental concerns, the US government has been trying to resolve these problems. One such solution is the Hybrid car, which can save resources by giving off less emission. However, among the many benefits of Hybrid cars, there are also some drawbacks as well. Hybrids still exhaust some emissions, and their large batteries require frequent replacement. Now, fortunately, many companies are thinking of ways to improve Hybrid cars because if we don‘t stop driving gasoline powered vehicles, the earth’s resources will be destroyed. Driving a car is the worst pollutant. Despite attempts to make engines more fuel efficient and the increase in antipollution devices, emissions from passenger vehicles are increasing in Canada and the US. The main cause of this problem is that cars are getting bigger and consumers are driving pick-up trucks and sports vehicles instead of smaller, lighter passenger vehicles. The average new car in 2001 consumed more fuel than the average car in 1988. In 1987 cars averaged 25.9 miles to the gallon in...
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...Physics (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter 1 and 2)(Physical World, Units and Measurements) (Class 11) Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each) Question 1: State one law that holds good in all natural processes. Answer 1: One such laws is the Newton’s gravitation law, According to this law everybody in this nature are attracts with other body with a force of attraction which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportionally to the square of the distance between them. Question 2: Among which type of elementary particles does the electromagnetic force act? Answer 2: Electromagnetic force acts between on all electrically charged particles. Question 3: Name the forces having the longest and shortest range of operation. Answer 3: Longest range force is gravitational force and nuclear force is shortest range force. Question 4: If ‘slap’ times speed equals power, what will be the dimensional equation for ‘slap’? Answer 4: Slap × speed = power Or slap = power/speed = [MLT-2] Question 5: If the units of force and length each are doubled, then how many times the unit of energy would be affected? Answer 5: Energy = Work done = Force x length So when the units are doubled, then the unit of energy will increase four times. www.tiwariacademy.in A free web Support in education 1 Physics (www.tiwariacademy.com) (Chapter 1 and 2)(Physical World, Units and Measurements) (Class 11) Question 6: Can a quantity...
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...Renewable Energies GEL632 Parts II Tilda AKIKI 1 Part I - Introduction to Renewable Energy Resources Hydrogen Solar and Photovoltaic Geothermal Biomass Ethanol Wind Water / Tides Part II - Modeling converters in microgrid power systems DC/AC inverters DC/DC converters AC/DC rectifiers Part III - Microgrid solar energy systems Photovoltaic power conversion Modeling of a Photovoltaic Module Part IV - Microgrid wind energy systems Wind power - Modeling of induction machines Load Flow Analysis of power grids and microgrids Part V – Solar water heating systems Part VI – Fuel Cells: Components and operation Part VII - Renewable Energy Impacts Methodology of Energy Planning / Life-cycle Analysis / Greenhouse Warming / Ecological Sustainability 2 Part II – Modeling converters in microgrid power systems Single-phase DC/AC inverter with 2 switches (single-phase half-bridge inverter) P: 94 Objective: Convert power from DC to AC at the system frequency of operation. • The PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) technique is used to achieve an AC voltage with a fundamental frequency of 60 or 50Hz. • The two power switches are sequentially turned on an off. • If SW1+ is on, potential in a is the same as potential of the positive DC bus, that is: Van = Vidc. • If SW1- is on, potential in a is the same as that of the negative DC bus, that is: Van = 0. • To generate a time-varying voltage at point a, a sine wave with the desired frequency is compared with a triagular wave to determine the switching...
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