...Noise 1. Calculate for the noise power if the temperature of the conductor is 290 K, the bandwidth is 200kHz. PN=kTB PN=1.38x10-23290(200kHz) PN=8.004x10-16 W 2. With a resistance of 200k ohms, a bandwidth of 500khz and a temperature of 500 K calculate for the noise voltage. VN=4kTBR VN=41.38x10-23500(500k) VN=1.17x10-7 V 3. Given a noise power of 3000kW and a bandwidth of 2.5Mhz. Compute for the noise density No=PNB No=3000kW2.5Mhz No=1.2 WHz 4. Given a noise temperature of 350K calculate for the noise factor. Teq=ToF-1 F=TeqTo+1 F=350290+1 F=2.2 5. With a bandwidth of 450 hz and a current of 50mA. Compute for the shot noise. IN=2BIq IN=(2(450)(50mA)(1.6x10-19) IN=2.68 nA 6. Calculate for the Bandwidth if the noise power is 500kW and the temperature is 279K PN=kTB B=PNkT B=500kW1.38x10-23279 B=1.3x1026Hz 7. If the noise voltage is 20V and the resistance and temperature is 200 ohms and 273 K respectively, calculate for the bandwidth. VN=4kTBR B=Vn24TR B=2024200(273) B=1.83x10-3Hz 8. Given a signal voltage of 55V and a noise voltage of 35 V calculate for the signal-to-noise ratio in decibel form. SNdB=20logVsVN SNdB=20log5535 SNdB=3.93 dB 9. Given a signal power 60W and a noise power of 43W. Calculate for the signal-to-noise ratio in decibel form. SNdB=10logPsPN SNdB=10log6043 SNdB=1.45 dB 10. Given a signal power 80W and a noise power of 33W. Calculate for...
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...The effects of populations and noise go hand-in-hand, or have a cause and effect relationship. If there are larger amounts of people in a smaller space, there will be more noise. The amount of noise a human can tolerate changes from each person’s own perspective. Most people have a desired level of noise, and a desired amount of personal boundaries. Cultural factors affect the way human beings determine what is appropriate personal space, or what is uncomfortable for each individual. Environment has a huge impact on what one considers privacy. The comfort level in which individuals interpret their own privacy varies, also has to do with how one is brought up and what their personal culture has taught him or her or privacy. For example, in certain cultures the people feel it is appropriate to keep the women covered up as much as possible. Traditional Muslims wear head pieces that cover everything except their eyes. African tribal groups will show their women wearing next to nothing, they may have their breasts exposed or it may be customary for the whole tribal community to wear nothing at all. If there is no stigma taught by the social norms of that society, then the people do not feel as though they are exposing themselves. Individuals are a product of their environment. If what they are doing is taught to be right, then they will not have the feeling that they are doing something wrong. Human territoriality is the predisposed feeling to control one’s own surroundings and...
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...Signal Processing and Noise Reduction, Second Edition. Saeed V. Vaseghi Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons Ltd ISBNs: 0-471-62692-9 (Hardback): 0-470-84162-1 (Electronic) 2 NOISE AND DISTORTION 2.1 Introduction 2.2 White Noise 2.3 Coloured Noise 2.4 Impulsive Noise 2.5 Transient Noise Pulses 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 Thermal Noise Shot Noise Electromagnetic Noise Channel Distortions Modelling Noise N oise can be defined as an unwanted signal that interferes with the communication or measurement of another signal. A noise itself is a signal that conveys information regarding the source of the noise. For example, the noise from a car engine conveys information regarding the state of the engine. The sources of noise are many, and vary from audio frequency acoustic noise emanating from moving, vibrating or colliding sources such as revolving machines, moving vehicles, computer fans, keyboard clicks, wind, rain, etc. to radio-frequency electromagnetic noise that can interfere with the transmission and reception of voice, image and data over the radio-frequency spectrum. Signal distortion is the term often used to describe a systematic undesirable change in a signal and refers to changes in a signal due to the non–ideal characteristics of the transmission channel, reverberations, echo and missing samples. Noise and distortion are the main limiting factors in communication and measurement systems. Therefore the modelling and removal of the effects of noise and distortion have been...
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...noise pollution definition of noise noise is a sound ,especially one that is loud or unpleasant or that causes disturbance. Sources of noise pollution 1-Household sources Like food mixer, grinder ,vacuum cleaner ,washing machine and air conditioners can be very noisy and injurious to health. others include loud speakers of sound systems and TVS, ipods and ear phones. Another example may be your neighbor’s dog barking all night everyday at every shadow it see. 2-Social events Places of worship, parties and other social events also create a lot of noise for the people living in that area. In many market areas , people sell with loud speakers , others shout out offers and try to get customers to buy their goods. 3- transportation Think of aero planes flying over houses close to busy airports ,over ground and underground trains, cars , vehicles on road – these are making a lot of noise Effects of noise pollution Generally, problems caused by noise pollution include stress related illness, speech interference .hearing loss, sleep disruption , and lost productivity. Most importantly , there are two major effects 1- Hearing The immediate and acute effect of noise pollution to a person, over a period of time, is impairment of hearing. Prolonged exposure to impulsive noise to a person will damage their eardrum, which may result in permanent hearing 2- Effects on general health Include anxiety and stress reaction . the physiological manifestations are headaches...
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...Effects of Population Density and Noise Population density is a term described as the ratio of people and organisms in relation to the size of the area they inhabit. This ratio is derived by taking the number of people in the given area and diving the number by the area occupied. As of the 2010 Census, there were 308,745,538 people in the United States. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2013). This means the population density is on average 87.4 people per square mile in the United States. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2013). Some states, like California and Florida have a density of 200 people per square mile. These figures are a prime example of crowding in many places. As population density increases, the noise from the population is going to increase especially in crowded areas. As people are moving into smaller and more confined areas, the ability to maintain their privacy and a sense of territoriality will change and be forced to adapt. In order to understand how population density truly affects people, the concepts of noise, privacy, territoriality, and personal space must be acknowledged and applied to the subject of populations. Territoriality, Privacy, and Personal Space Individuals will experience proximity or closeness with every other person in the world at one time or another. Proxemics is the actual term used when describing the person-environmental associations and covers the terms of territoriality, crowding, and personal space. Territoriality The term territoriality...
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...NOISE POLLUTION IN DHAKA: CURRENT SITUATION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR ACTION Amit Ranjan Dey Nazneen Kabir Debra Efroymson Work for a Better Bangladesh House #49, Road #4/A Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209 tel. 966-9781 fax (8802) 862-9271 wbb@pradeshta.net http://wbb.globalink.org Report Highlights □ 97% of students reported that their studying is disrupted by horns. □ 86% of the general population consider noise pollution a big problem; only 1% said it is not a problem. □ Among the general population, 78% experience aggravation, 71% experience headaches, 49% bad temper, 43% difficulty concentration and trouble sleeping, and 33% experience hearing problems from noise pollution. □ 45% of drivers say they honk in traffic jams. □ The general public strongly support actions to reduce noise pollution, with the vast majority supporting improved traffic control, banning industrial activity and brick breaking machines in urban areas, placing limits on the decibels allowed in different areas, and banning miking for processions, advertising, and election campaigns. METHODOLOGY Survey During the months of May and June 2002, Work for a Better Bangladesh (WBB) surveyed a total of 2,500 people—500 drivers, 1,000 students, and 1,000 members of the general public—to understand their opinions about noise pollution, the problems they experience, and what they feel should be done. Focus group In order to gain better understanding of people’s feelings...
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...CONTENTS S.No Titles Page No Introduction 1. Classification of Noise 1 1.1 Community Noise 2 1.2 Occupational Noise 2 2 Effect of Noise on Public Health 3 3 Noise Standards in Pakistan 4 3.1 Motor Vehicle Rules, 1969 5 4 Studies and Data for Removal of Pressure Horns in Different Cities of Pakistan 6 4.1 Environmental Protection Agency, NWFP 6 4.2 Environment Protection Department, Punjab 6 5 Major Steps Taken by Ministry of Environment 7 8 References 8 INTRODUCTION Noise is an unwanted, unpleasant and annoying sound caused by vibration of the matter. Vibrations impinge on the ear drum of a human or animal and setup a nervous disturbance, which we call sound. When the effects of sound are undesirable that it may be termed as “Noise”. Noise from industry, traffic, homes and recreation can cause annoyance, disturb sleep and affect health. Thus, sound is a potentially serious pollutant and threat to environmental health. The response of the human ear to sound depends both on the sound frequency (measure in Hertz, Hz) and the sound pressure, measured in decibels (dB). A normal ear in healthy young person can detect sounds with frequencies from 20Hz to 20,000 Hz. Noise measurements are expressed by the term Sound Pressure Level (SPL) which is logarithmic ratio of the sound pressure to a reference pressure and is expressed as a dimensionless unit of power, the decibel (dB). The reference level...
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...town, was now surrounded by suburban neighborhoods. People who bought houses near a small airport in the 1950s and '60s had no idea that soon, its largest tenant FedEx, would make the airport the busiest in the world between 10 pm and 3 am. People living near the airport began complaining about a whole range of discordant sounds, from the banshee wail of taxing jets to the ceiling shaking thunder of the engines on takeoff. Noise pollution became an unfortunate side effect of the jet age. The U.S. began enacting legislative controls with the Aircraft Noise Abatement Act in 1968. This authorized the FAA to prescribe standards for the measurement of aircraft noise. This act was later modified by the Noise Control Act of 1972 which now required consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). "The Congress declares that it is the policy of the United States to promote an environment for all Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their health or welfare" (Noise Control Act of 1972). Other federal programs provided money for noise reduction projects such as sound proofing nearby buildings to include homes and schools, and land acquisition to acquire homes surrounding airport property and relocating them to quieter locations (Government Accountability Office, [GAO], 2001). Land use guidelines and zoning laws addressed land use in the...
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...The effects of noise pollution (final draft) Noise pollution is a common phenomenon in our daily society. It is any sound that is interfere with human life. The noise is commonly produced by vehicular traffic, construction sites and other sources. It is the unpleasant sound that may affect nearly every aspect of life. It is unlikely produce the physical substances such as environmental pollution, but it will cause a lot of damages to both human and animals in many ways. Noise pollution has serious effects on human health. This is a matter of great concern to the society. Hearing loss is the most probable outcome to the people who are always under this type of pollution. The sustained and loud noise can cause hearing loss. We may suffer from hearing impairment if we are exposed to this excessive noise for a long time. Therefore, occupational hearing loss is one of the common problems among the industrial diseases. Construction workers are most likely to be influenced by the noise pollution among all other jobs. The noise is hazardous to hearing in the construction industry. They are exposed to the excessive noise pollution in a long period. By retirement, many of them are having a noticeable hearing loss problem. This type of permanent hearing loss can never be repaired. It is sadly that it is impossible to restore hearing. Hearing impairment may lead to some accidents, because the people cannot hear the waning signals from others clearly, they may ignore the dangerous. It...
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...NYAMWEYA INSTRUCTOR: PROFESSOR THUMBI ASSIGNMENT: NOISE FROM CONSTRUCTION, CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS AND ITS CONTROL Contents INTRODUCTION 3 MEASURES THAT CAN BE TAKEN TO CONTROL NOISE POLLUTION FROM CONSTRUCTION SITES. 4 Community notification 4 Operate plant in a quiet and efficient manner 4 Involve workers in minimizing noise 5 Handle complaints 5 Location of plant 5 Alternatives to reversing alarms 5 Maximize shielding 6 Schedule activities to minimize noise impacts 6 NOISE FROM CONSTRUCTION SITES INTRODUCTION Construction sites are often located near existing residential accommodation and by their nature are noisy and open sites. Residents will in general accept construction site noise due to their temporary status. However, if works starts early or finishes late or if it takes place on a Saturday afternoon, Sunday or public holiday noise complaints may be likely. In many areas, the recommended hours of operation for construction are: * Monday - Friday: Start 7:30am (with a restriction on the hours of operation heavy plant and machinery and major demolition and construction works until 8:00am) and finish at 6pm. * Saturday: Start 9am. And Finish at 1pm. * Sundays and Bank Holidays: No work permitted. Construction plant and equipment noise levels can be described in two ways: * sound power level (Lw or SWL), or * Sound pressure level at a given distance (Lp or SPL). The sound power level is the intrinsic noise output of plant or equipment, and does not depend...
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...Environmental Psychology Week 3: Individual Assignment The Effects of Population Density and Noise Paper “A man's home is his castle” always has been an English common law for centuries, and is even a saying that is very familiar among many individuals within today’s society. In addition, individuals within today’s society have created numerous ways of defending what they may consider to be their own land, turf, or spread. This allows others to understand the difference or features conscientiously labeled among territory of an individual, which is considered private property and opened territory meant to be shared by a group that is public property. This paper will attempt to define and explain the concepts of territorial, privacy, and personal space. Even though society views these terms as somewhat similar to each other, they are very distinct in their own respected way. Territoriality is defined as a “persistent attachment to a specific territory: the pattern of behavior associated with the defense of a territory” (Merriam-Webster, 2011). This basically means that territoriality is viewed as a behavior in which a species lays claim to an area and shields it against members of its own species. Various key functions are expressed in territoriality, for instance it confirms the procreation of the species by regulating density as well as providing an outline in how things are simply done. Proper spacing is vital because it protects the species against over-exploitation...
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...The Effects of Population Density and Noise Population density and noise can have many effects on individuals. Population density is the amount of people, which live in a particular area. Along with population density, comes noise; noise is typically an unwanted distraction. In this paper the subject to discuss is the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and personal space; examine how the concepts of territoriality, privacy, and personal space have become increasingly important as populations become denser; clarify the effect nature has on individuals living in urban environments, describe the concept of noise and examine the effect it has on individuals; and examine strategies that can be used to reduce noise in the workplace or in the living environment. Concepts of Territoriality, Privacy, and Personal Space Territories are areas marked and defended by their owners and often used for life-sustaining activities (Territoriality, 2004). The most common example of a person's territory would be his or her home because one tends to personalize and defend what is theirs. A person identifies themselves with his or her territory and any threat to that territory feels like a threat to themselves (Territoriality, 2004). A person feels connected to his or her territory and sees it as a means to satisfying his or her needs within society. Privacy is the selective control of access to oneself and group (Privacy, 2004). A person has the ability to decide who to allow in his or her...
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...Noise in communication systems Name: Course: Instructor’s Name: Date: Introduction Noise is always present in all systems and any receiver must in one way or another contend with noise. Noise is a limiting factor in communication systems that involve unwanted signals interfering with a wanted signal. The unwanted signals originate from different sources mainly from two categories that is, naturally occurring, and manmade interference. The naturally occurring noise comes from atmospheric disturbance or from extraterrestrial noise. Manmade interference noise originates from other communication systems and harmonics. This research paper discusses noise in communication systems, different types of noise, as well as how different frequencies and filters eliminate the noise. Noise in communication system In communication systems, noise is an unwanted disturbance that interferes with a useful signal and hence obscures the content of the information. In an electrical system, noise is any unwanted energy form that usually interferes with correct reception and produces unwanted signal(Mayor, 1992). Noise is therefore random and undesirable energy in a communication system.Noise in communication systems can be classified into external and internal noises. a. External noises These include noise in the communication system that originates externally. External noise can be either atmospheric, extraterrestrial or manmade noises. i. Atmospheric noise- Also known as static...
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...Federal Aviation Authority Advisory Circular (AC) 150/5020-1 Noise Control and Compatibility Planning Eric v. Walker Embry Riddle Aeronautical University ASCI-617 Airport Safety and Certification 01 October, 2012 ABSTRACT This paper attempts to summarize key points such as the purpose, intent, and contents of the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) Advisory Circular 150/5020-1 on Noise Control and Compatibility planning for Airports. The effect of noise on communities around the United States and has been a well-publicized concern of both airport managers and legislatures from both local and national levels. The federal government has been addressing the issue from as early as the 1920’s, but demand for change in the effects of airport and airplane related noise truly came to the forefront with the growth of use in jet engine driven aircraft and vast increases in air travel across the country. Today, the primary objective is to create a cooperative environment where airports, communities, professionals, and legislatures work as a team in utilizing the available mitigating options to ensure noise is much less of an irritant and well-managed in relation to land use in and around airports. Advisory Circular (Ac) 150/5020-1 Noise Control and Compatibility Planning Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Part 150 is the governing document provided to establish and sustaining guidelines to be used by airports in planning for expansion and development. The FAR Part 150...
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...No matter the demographic of people being questioned, we as people can all relate to the need for clear and distinct territories, a sense of privacy and a desire for personal space, however as individuals we all experience the same events and situations entirely differently, depending on such factors as pervious experiences, personality type, cultural influences, age, socio-economic status, gender, etc. When taking into account the above referenced “factors” a clear and distinct definition of the key concepts , being discussed, is in order. Territory, Privacy, and Personal Space: Concepts such as Territory, privacy, and personal space take on a new meaning in relation to the ever-increasing population density. Here we take a brief look at the definition of each concept, as well as how each concept relates to high-density populations. Territory: The term territory refers to an area of land under the ruler ship or jurisdictions of a governing power (weibster.com). A similar term called, Territoriality refers to manner in which both Humans as well as animals utilize and defend, usually via physical acts of aggression, their physical space. (Territoriality, 2004). According to Abu-Ghazzeh (2000) “no area can be called a territory unless it is characterized by its owner's personal means of identification and unless it constitutes a component of the social behavior of its related group” (para. 1). What this means is that, behaviors are the catalyst to what truly define...
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