...Malcolm X , I read the book The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told by Alo simply take my old paper, which was research based, and fashion it into an argumentative thesis. I am now more mature as a student and my perspectives and ideas regarding both the man Malcolm X, and his autobiography, have changed. Where I once thought he was a radical, and sought to prove why his earlier ideas were dangerous and violent, I have come to grow from emotionally reacting to his ideas with volatility to accepting them with a more open mind; I now want to examine the philosophical roots and the more psychologically significant events that he underwent during his life that justify his ideas. As one set of events happened, he’d be polarized in the direction of success in c of ma, but Malcolm X underwent sets of events in his life that caused him to bounce back and forth, radically so, between two juxtaposing constants—conformity and non-conformity. Though with most of his later life and political-religious endeavors he is largely rebelliouat I will pay close attention to. I will discuss these instances and how his personality served as proverbial gunpowder to the flames that were the rauses, I will argue that, throughout his life, he has steadily been climbing toward a psychological equilibrium. As each set of events shiftedemonstrated having multiple times throughout the book with every endeavor he sought was conducive to this process of polarization. The first instance of consolidated...
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...Abstract Kowalski, R.,& Westen. D. (2005). Psychology (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley This paper will examine basic concepts of human interaction from a psychology perspective. It will describe at least two examples of how human behavior changes based on social situations. The two behaviors that this paper will examine are teenagers who drink in a crowd of their peers but don't drink when they are alone and taking part in bullying in a group but not alone. In both of these scenarios the individual who participates in the behaviors to fit in are “changing their attitudes or behavior to accommodate the standards of peers or group by a process called conformity (Kowalski & Westen, 2005).” The paper will also discuss precursors and consequences of both of these behaviors. Next, the paper will analyze and identify any associated phenomenon like social facilitation, social loafing , or groupthink. Last, there will be some discussion from the NIMH on whether or not these behaviors necessitate intervention. Social Influences Paper Introduction “Sociologist and philosophers have recognized that people behave different in crowds than they do as individuals and that a crowd is more than the mere sum of its parts (Kowalski & Westen, 2005).” Human behavior changes based on the social situations they encounter. This paper will examine basic concepts of human interaction from a psychology perspective. It will describe at least...
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...foreign annual reports at Harvard University’s Baker Library, and the many hours that our research assistant K. Tam spent there. We would like to thank N. Barsky, M. Bongiovanni, T. Clausen, D. Dekadjevi, Y. Eisler, R. Fermin, F. Kapmeier, and H. Lee for their help with data collection, analyses, and translations into the English language. We are also grateful to the two anonymous referees and participants at the AAA/KPMG Peat Marwick International Accounting Research Conference and the accounting workshop at the University of Connecticut for their valuable comments and suggestions. Harmonization of the Auditor’s Report 1. Introduction The globalization of capital markets and the growth of international capital flows have heightened the significance of cross-national comprehension of corporate financial reports as well as the associated audit reports. The accounting literature is replete with assessments of the harmonization efforts and the international differences in the financial accounting area (Nair and Frank, 1981; Evans and Taylor, 1982; McKinnon and Janell, 1984; Doupnick and Taylor, 1985; Nobes, 1987; Archer, et. al., 1989; and Guenther and Hussein, 1995). However, there have been only three previous attempts to study the international differences and harmonization in the auditing area (Hussein, et. al., 1986; Archer, et. al., 1989; and Jones and Karbhari, 1996). The paper extends the work in the latter studies to study the impact on the harmonization of audit reports...
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...FASB Codification Orientation Paper Sara Litko ACC/497 June 15, 2015 Teresa Jenkinson FASB Codification System Orientation This paper will describe the FASB codification system and the purpose of it. This paper will describe the nine content areas located in the FASB codification system. Finally, this paper will describe the types of items that are located under each content area. What is FASB Codification System and its purpose? The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) developed a database and research system. A codification is given FASB for which all accounting standards in a single system known as FASB Codification. The purpose of the FASB codification system is to have a better organized accounting principles and laws to make it easier for the user. In fact, FASB codification reduces the research time as all information available with single search at one place. The nine content areas and the items under them in the codification system The nine content areas located in the FASB Codification system are General Principles, Presentation, Assets, Liabilities, Equity, Revenue, Expenses, Broad Transactions and Industry. The General Principles are used to recognize the accounting principles and framework sources and use them to select the principles that will be used in preparing the nongovernmental entities financial statements. These financial statements are presented in conformity with the GAAP. “Presentation offers guidance on income statement preparation...
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...Journal of Psychology, 6(3), pp. 46-70 www.ejop.org Is It You or Is It Me? Contrasting Effects of Ridicule Targeting Other People Versus the Self Leslie M. Janes Brescia University College James M. Olson University of Western Ontario Abstract In this paper, we describe a program of research on the topic of ridicule, which explored the differing effects of observing either ridicule directed at other people or selfdisparaging ridicule. In three studies, participants listened to humor that either ridiculed another person, ridiculed the self (the person expressing the humor), or involved no ridicule. Results in two studies showed that observing ridicule that targeted another person led participants to conform more to the alleged attitudes of others and to behave in ways suggesting a heightened fear of failure, compared to self-ridicule or no ridicule. In contrast, results in a third study showed that observing self-disparaging ridicule led participants to generate more creative ideas, compared to other-ridicule or no ridicule. The implications of these “inhibiting” effects of other-ridicule and “disinhibiting” effects of self-ridicule are discussed. Keywords: ridicule, disparagement humor, self-ridicule, conformity, creativity Ridicule is defined as “the act of making someone the object of scornful laughter” (Webster‟s New World Dictionary, 2002). This type of humor is common in modernday society. It is a staple in late-night comedy shows, political campaigns, advertising...
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...She is Professor of Communication and Professor of Family Studies and Human Development at the University of Arizona. She is also Director of Human Communication Research for the Center for the Management of Information and Site Director for Center for Identification Technology Research at the university, and currently holds an appointment as Distinguished Visiting Professor with the Department of Communication at the University of Oklahoma, and the Center for Applied Social Research at the University of Oklahoma. She has published over 240 articles and 7 books. Among the theories that she is most notably linked to are: Interpersonal Adaptation Theory, Expectancy Violations Theory, and Interpersonal Deception Theory. This paper will give insight about two journals that elaborate on Burgoon’s Expectancy Violations Theory. It will also compare the difference of the journals with Em Griffin’s approach about the theory and how I personally feel that the journals may be the same or different than the views of Griffin. Journal 1: “Nonverbal Expectancy Violations: Model Elaboration and Application to Immediacy Behaviors” By: Judee Burgoon & Jerold Hale The journal discusses that nonverbal expectancy violations theory holds that positive violations produce more favorable communication outcomes than conformity to expectations, while negative violations produce less favorable ones, and that reward characteristics of the communicator mediate the interpretation and evaluation...
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...higher stages. The SCT has substantial correlation with tests of related conceptions, such as Kohlberg’s test of moral maturity, and with measures of ego level applied to other behavior samples. Correlations with isolated traits characteristic of specific stages range from negligible to positive. Studies of external validity in general yield positive results, though theory does not sharply define what results should be considered positive. At lower ego levels there is behavioral evidence confirming the syndromes; at higher levels differential evidence lies in attitudes and ideas. Overall, the test has adequate validity for research purposes when administered and scored with sufficient care, but not for individual diagnosis unsupported by other data. Evidence for construct validity is substantial, but falls short of clear proof of sequentiality. tence This paper reviews studies bearing on the convalidity of the Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development (SCT), emphasizing the logic of construct validation and...
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research project would not have been possible without the support of many people. The authors wish to express their gratitude to the following individuals who generously offered help, invaluable assistance, support and guidance: The Almighty God, for giving the researchers the strength, courage and good health to carry out this study. Parents of the researchers, for their never-ending all out support morally and financially, for the encouragement that made the completion of this work possible; Mr. Paul Sherwind Belciña, the adviser, for being there, guiding the researcher and sharing his expertise and knowledge; Dr. Imelda Lagrito, the Chairman for the Social Behavioral Sciences, for assisting and permitting the researchers to conduct this study in the Department’s Psychotherapy Laboratory and for being one of the respectable panelists, for her intellectual advice and support in pursuing this research to its completion; Dr. Arlene Sotelo, the researcher’s thesis coordinator for her patience and understanding towards blemishes. To the panel members; Miss Najie B. Responte, Dr. Virginia P. Mollaneda, Dr. Araceli P. Villacarlos, and Dr. Louise Anne D. Librando for their valuable suggestions and intellectual advice for the refinement of this study; Dr. Leovigildo Manalo, the researcher’s statistician for sharing his knowledge and skills with the statistical procedure needed for the study. Dr. Renita Calago, Principal for the Elementary Department...
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...scientific community have explored the question of why people commit crime. This paper will discuss several theories that have developed over the years, how those theories have grown and changed and which theories seem to be the most prevalent today. The theories that will be discussed revolve around the biological and psychological study of crime, the strain and cultural deviance studies of crime and the social control aspects of crime. All of these studies and theories will be compared and examined to understand the standing of criminology today. The first study of why people commit crime revolved around the belief that criminal behavior resulted from a persons� abnormal psychology. These theories suggest that criminal behavior is caused by some underlying physical or mental condition. These conditions separate the societies criminals from the non- criminals (Adler et. al, 2007 p.116). The first people to study this rationale where called Positivist Criminologist and believed that; Human behavior is determined by forces beyond individual control and that is it possible to measure those forces�{They} view criminal behavior as stemming from biological, psychological and social factors. (Adler et. al, 2007 p.60) In the late 1870�s, Cesare Lombroso developed the theory that some people are just �born criminal� and have certain traits called atavistic stigmata that distinguish them from non-criminals. (Adler et. al, 2007 p.68) This theory soon lead to similar theories...
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...firms. These emerging markets are usually categorized as countries with low–to-middle per capita income and often considered the world’s fastest growing economies. Countries in Asia, Latin America, Africa and Eastern Europe are seeing a growth in local business activities as well as international business activities, both of which are stemming from multinational firms primarly located in North America or Europe. Understanding the best ways to work with individuals from these emerging markets can be valuable during negotiations. There are five cultural factors that most often affect negotiations among cultures: 1. use of time; 2. individualism versus collectivism; 3. role orderliness and conformity 4. patterns of communication; (Acuff, 2008) and 5. corruption. The goal of this research paper is to discuss cultural factors that affect negotiation and find examples from different regions on how those factors affected business negotiations and to conclude by providing ideas to deal with those challenges faced during negotiations. Use of time Individuals in different countries perceive time and use time in different ways. There are two major ways that cultures understand time: monochronic perception and polychronic perception of time. Monochronic countries conceive of time as inflexible. In monochronic cultures, time can be divided easily and schedules are adhered to closely. Polychronic countries conceive of time as flexible. In polychronic cultures, time cannot easily be divided...
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...Social Psychology Definition Paper PSY/400 October 28, 2013 Social Psychology Definition Paper Social Psychology is the branch of psychology that would deal within the social interactions. This has to deal with where it came from (the origin) and how it affected or the effects on an individual. Many different social topics are covered in social psychology like group behavior, social perception, non-verbal behavior, leadership, aggression, conformity and prejudice. It is used to explain and understand how a thought, feeling or behavior of a person is influenced by actual other human beings. Research has been done to determine what is the best way to find out how others influence the decisions that are made in everyday life (Myers, D. G. 2010). Define Social Psychology Understanding social psychology can be a bit difficult. It looks at the behavior of humans that is influenced by others and what social context to which will occur. Social psychology is the scientific field that searches to understand the nature and the causes in an individual’s behavior during social situations. The behavior of humans is formed by different influences. Some can be internal as well as some external. Humans are all social animals so our tendencies through our culture can define our circumstances. The personality and attitude plays a big part in forming behavior but it can also offset and reinforce social pressures. There are some main ideas in which social psychology inquire about to address...
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...of credit cards, cash or checks had been reduced due to the advancement of technology and emergence of e-Wallet. E-Wallet is an easy-to-use, convenient electronic prototype which acts as a secure global payment system by using only a mobile smartphone. This study is directed towards developing a model to explain the consumer's’ intention to adopt e-Wallet in the social context. It adopts Consumer Need for Uniqueness Theory based on the concept of Counter-Conformity Motivation (CCM) also known as Need For Uniqueness. Many researchers had explored the relationship of consumer’s intention to adopt on the technological usage context. However, little research in social context had been carried out. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the factors affecting the consumer adoption intention in social context. This paper found that CCM, self-identity and word-of-mouth (WOM) are the salient determinants in this study of knowledge of consumer adoption intention in e-Wallet. Keywords: e-Wallet, intention to adopt, counter-conformity motivation, need for uniqueness 1.0 Introduction According to the historical evidence, the first use of money is assumed to have started around 600 BC in term of coins (Davies and Davies, 2002). However, the world is evolving, due to the rapid change in technology. Most of the consumers have changed their ways of making bill payment. E-Wallet is the latest trend and phenomenon as the outcome of technology advancement (Patel,V, 2016). Not only that, Doan...
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...Institutional Theory Part One Introduction of Institutional Theory What are institutions? The general understanding of institutions can be defined as a set of formal and informal rules of conduct, made by humans that facilitate coordination or govern relationships between individuals, organizations or government. Examples of institutions include laws, regulations, customs, social and professional norms, culture, and ethics. Selznick (1949) notes that "the most important thing about organizations is that, though they are tools, each nevertheless has a life of its own". While he acknowledges rational view that organizations are designed to attain goals, he notes that the formal structures can never conquer the non-rational dimensions of organizational behaviour. Individuals do not act purely based on their formal roles. Organizations do not act purely based on formal structures. Selznick notes that individuals bring other commitments to the organization that can restrict rational decision-making. Institutions exert a constraining influence over organizations, called isomorphism that forces organizations in the same population to resemble other organizations that face the same set of environmental conditions (Hawley, 1968). Then, the isomorphism was further discussed by DiMaggio and Powell (1983) where the analysis of institutions exert three types of isomorphic pressure on organizations: coercive, normative, and mimetic. Coercive isomorphism refers...
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...Pimenta de Devotto, R. Adaption- Innovation Theory and Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI): contributions to collaborative problem solving. Rita Pimenta de Devotto “The process of collaborative problem solving needs to be better understood so that it can be applied more insightfully.” Kirton, 2003. SUMMARY This article aims to introduce Adaption-Innovation Theory (A-I) and the Kirton AdaptionInnovation Inventory (KAI) to readers not familiar with this subject. It will explain the origins of both, the theory and the psychometric instrument and give an overview of the core concepts of the theory. It will also discuss the contributions of A-I and KAI to management practice and explore its current use in organizations for improving team’s problem solving. Introduction In a world of complex and diverse problems, where change is constant, which is better: Adaption or Innovation? Following the current trend we probably should choose innovation betting it will solve most of the problems. However, accordingly to Kirton (2003), which is better depends on the problem-solving context. The current trend underplays adaption and ignores all creative solutions that come from “doing things better” (Kirton, 2003 p.55). Adaption-Innovation theory (A-I from now on) proposes that a diversity of problem solvers (“more adaptive” to “more innovative”) is required to solve a diversity of problems. Not only innovators are creative and capable of bring about change...
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...Impact of Peer Pressure on Alcohol Consumption among Adolescents Halamehi R Abstract This paper addresses the impact of peer pressure on risky behaviour such as alcohol abuse among adolescents focusing on high school students from 12-19 years. Peer pressure in relation to alcohol use include peer norms, peer approval to drinking and the need to conform. Studies show that peer pressure does have an impact on alcohol use. However, other factors such as intrapersonal or psycho social forces, as well as parental influencess also have an effect on adolescents decisions to drink. The following literature reviews show the extent of peer pressure on adolescent alcohol and the other factors that may have a contribution to it. Impact of Peer Pressure on Risky Behaviour (alcohol abuse) Peer pressure refers to the influences that a group of friends or peers can have over each other. It is common among adolescents who are at a time in their lives where development of a separate identity from the identity perceptions their parents have of them is at a peak. Additionally, it is at this time that peers are trying to fit in with their group and therefore find themselves in activities or risky behavior that they would otherwise partake in. Peer pressure has no demographic boundaries affecting males and females over a wide age range in different ways with negative implications. Such negative implications of peer pressure include risky behaviors such as alcohol abuse. Alcohol consumption...
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