...Abstract In the lab we examined the effects of tobacco smoke on mollusc gill cilia. To conduct this lab a cigarette with a filter was used and a cigarette without a filter was used to determine which ones affected the mollusc gill cilia in a negative way. It was hypothesized that the cigarette without the filter would slow the movement of the cilia down and we could determine this by counting the BPM (beats per minute). While we did use filtered and non-filtered cigarettes we also had a control for the experiment which was the seawater. After conducting the experiment we hope that the hypothesis is supported. Introduction The experiment conducted in the laboratory was on the effect of cigarette (tobacco) smoke on mollusc gill cilia. The cigarette smoke is composed of many toxins and chemicals that will...
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...An Inquiry into the Effects of Tobacco Smoke on the Lungs Using a Hooka To begin with, the experiment that was conducted in the laboratory was on the effect of cigarette smoke on mollusc gill cilia. The cigarette smoke is composed of toxins, and oxidative chemicals that poses a major stress on the airway epithelium. “Each puff of cigarette smoke contains >1014 oxidant molecules and >1000 xenobiotics , and exposure to cigarette smoke evokes significant biologic changes in the airway epithelium, even though many smokers are phenotypically normal” (Leopald, 2009). Smokers are subjected to about 4,000 toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke, including arsenic, methane, and carbon monoxide. The continuation of smoke exposure on the lungs effect the cilia because the dirt, environmental pollutants, and toxins from cigarette smoke accumulate in the cilia causing the toxins to remain in the lungs. Furthermore, these toxins migrate from the lungs by the means of blood transportation to other organs. The smoke from all cigarettes is not necessarily equivalent, with the amounts of toxic substances varying from one brand to another. It is possible to specify the amount of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide that is delivered by a cigarette under experimental conditions, which is what we will be observing in this experiment. The source of the tobacco, the length of the cigarette, the type of paper and filter used, how densely the tobacco is packed, the temperature at which it burns, and...
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...Title: A comparison between the fitness of smokers and non-smokers. Introduction: When smoking tobacco, the blood vessels are being constricted (why???Mention how this happens), which raises the blood pressure and causes hypertension that can lead to heart attacks. Consuming tobacco furthermore damages the lungs and its capacity. (say how it damages lung capacity and what effects it has on the human, when the lung capacity is damaged.) With this experiment I want to investigate how smoking affects the fitness of the human body focusing on the blood pressure and the capacity of the lungs. Research Question: How does smoking affect fitness, in terms of lung capacity and blood pressure? Hypotheses: I believe that the lung capacity of smokers will be lower and the blood pressure will be higher, compared to the lung capacity and blood pressure of the non-smokers. This is due to the effect tobacco has on the lungs and the blood pressure. As mentioned already, smoking, and with it consuming tobacco, causes the blood vessels to …(mention briefly again what happens to blood vessels and lungs to verify ur hypothesis) Material: • Blood pressure measuring instrument • lung capacity measuring instrument Method: The first step of this experiment is to measure the lung capacity, blood pressure and pulse of each of the 3 smokers and 3 non-smokers before they exercise so that we will be able to see how the initial value for their lung capacity and blood pressure...
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...up the null thus helps us to understand that though the null hypothesis itself is not testable, it helps to decide whether we should accept or reject the alternate. 6. Develop a conceptual model for the scenario below. Incidence of smoking in movies has started to increase again, after having declined for several decades. According to the National Cancer Institute smoking is seen in at least three out of four contemporary boxoffice hits. What’s more, identifiable cigarette brands appeared in about one-third of all movies in 2008. Exposure to smoking in movies is an important predictor of adolescent smoking initiation: smoking in movies has been shown to affect adolescents’ intentions to start smoking. In turn, the intentions to start smoking are determined by a more positive attitude toward smoking after seeing a film character smoke. Recent research has revealed that the relationship between seeing a film character smoke and the attitude toward smoking is stronger when a person’s identification with a film character increases. These findings are consistent with social learning theory, which predicts that attitudes and behaviors are modeled by observing the behaviors of others. Exposure to smoking in movies Attitude toward smoking Smoking intentions...
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...Heart Rate Experiment: A Study of the Effects of Chronic Smoking on Resting Heart Rate Student Name Grand Canyon University: Bio 202 Lab October 20, 2015 Abstract Heart rate is an important health factor affected by most factors that produce a change in the body physically. Heart rate varies among individuals according to many factors, one including whether or not an individual identifies as a chronic smoker. Smoking is the largest contributing detriment to preventable deaths. Smoking causes many cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases that have been proven through many studies to correlate strongly with heart rate response (“Smoking-Suppressed Heart Rate Recovery in Young Male College Students Who Regularly Exercised”, 2015). This study evaluates a group of individuals and their resting heart rates and how those averages vary between smokers and non-smokers. The hypothesis is that individuals who smoke at least 3-5 times a week have an overall higher resting heart rate than those who do not. This speculation was proven wrong as the results maintained a consistent correlation with a decrease in resting heart rate among those who smoked. This result is due to a number of things, mostly pertaining the decrease in overall cardiac function in those who inhale nicotine on a regular basis. Heart Rate Experiment: A Study of the Effects of Chronic Smoking on Resting Heart Rate Introduction Heart rate is another name for the pulse of the heart, described as the speed...
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...traditional tobacco smokers stop smoking. Substantial evidence backing both sides of this debate have been analyzed. An electronic cigarette is a battery-powered device designed to resemble a regular tobacco cigarette. Almost every e-cig is composed of the following key components: a mouthpiece for inhaling vapor and holding the cartridge of juice, an atomizer which acts as a heating element, and a rechargeable battery to power the device (M. Johnson, N. Pennington, 2014 #612). “The use of the electronic cigarette simulates the act of smoking, and the colored light emitting diode even simulates the glow of tobacco. However, no actual smoke is generated with this device” (M. Johnson, N. Pennington, 2014 #612). Because there is no tobacco combustion in e-cigs, they are a much lower risk alternative when compared to traditional cigarettes. This also means that the absence of tobacco results in minimal regulation of the product (M. Johnson, N. Pennington, 2014 #612). Electronic cigarettes are available in stores and online to anyone regardless of age. Consumers of this product range from smokers trying to quit, to the nation’s youth who have never smoked before. Flavors such as gummy bear, cookies, and bubble gum get the attention of a youth market and poses a risk of encouraging nicotine addiction among children. [Choi, et al. 2012] On the contrary, providing lower-risk nicotine substitutes can offer immense public health benefits to smokers and non-smokers alike (Sweanor et al...
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...Marshmallow Test Walter Mischel and Delayed Gratification Walter Mischel, an American psychologist who’s experiments pulled the outcome that self-control is the key to personal success. Mischel was born in Vienna Austria in 1930, the youngest of two brothers. His father following the Nazi occupation moved his family to the United States, landing in Brooklyn New York in 1940. In the early 1960’s he devised a study on preschool aged children on delayed gratification. Placing the children in a barren room with noting to entertain or distract them, only themselves and the table. Entering the room with a tasty treat such as a marshmallow he offered it to the children but not before presenting them with a choice. The children could have the marshmallow immediately or they could receive two marshmallows upon awaiting the return of Michel. Through these experiments Michel was able to conclude that self-control is the key to personal success. I have had the blessing to not have an addictive personality so to quit smoking was not a difficult task for me, however the struggle with that one task is what lead Walter Mischel to the development of his experiment on self-control. Walter Michel started smoking at a very young age and continued his habit...
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...underlie message effects. The experiment reported here is designed to contribute new insight into how media producers can meet the challenge of producing effective health messages. The objective of this study is to advance understanding of how anti-tobacco videos are processed and responded to by smokers. According to the...
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...Students at the University of California, Irvine (UCI) that are enrolled in a Physiology laboratory course measured a series of cardiovascular and respiratory variables for students during the experiment outlined below. Before participating in the experiment, students provided personal information such as exercise and smoking habits. This data was then compiled into a database, which was made available to the current class. From this data, I selected 4 variables (RQ, SV, ⩒O2, and MAP) to analyze in relation to 2 populations (10 male smokers versus 10 male non-smokers). I averaged the data from each population, then performed 4 unpaired t-tests to determine if there was a relationship between smoking and each individual variable. In the experiment, students rested for approximately 5 minutes to establish baseline resting values, then had their blood pressure...
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...Causes of Eating Disorders Elwyn Daroya Ryerson University Word Count-1695 For a lot of people, eating is a major aspect of everyday life; you eat to keep your energy up and to stay alive. There are however, people who face varying degrees of psychological problems in regards to eating. Eating disorders are a major concern, more so for women than men. According to Statistics Canada, women are ten times more likely to develop eating disorders than men, and of these individuals that suffer from eating disorders, the majority start developing eating disorders in their teenage years. Binge eating, which is an eating disorder where in which an individual uncontrollably eats, is the more prevalent eating disorder among many age groups in Canada. Furthermore, the latest studies have shown that in Canada, the two most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. Among young people in Canada today, 0.04% of females are diagnosed with the complete definition of anorexia nervosa, while young males are 0%. Bulimia nervosa on the other hand is common among 0.3% of young women and 0.2% on young men. Anorexia nervosa in the simplest terms is a condition in which a person is unwilling to maintain a healthy body weight. Likewise, bulimia nervosa is a condition in which an individual uncontrollably over eats in one session, then tries to balance this action of over-eating by getting rid of it through various ways (usually vomiting). Unlike bulimia nervosa, people who...
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...PSYCHOLOGY 110– LAB EXPERIENCE PAPER MEMORY in HUMAN BEINGS SECTION I: OVERVIEW Memory, is an abstract term with no real concrete definition or absolute understanding thus making the word intriguing enough to draw attention to the greater subject of what it is, how it works and why it goes wrong. It is an essential concept in our daily life yet is the most elusive and misunderstood human attribute. Its constant presence in our everyday and its intricately complex mysteries is what ignites my interest in the research conducted in this field of Psychology. As a college student memory plays a great role in our academic performance, from weather we can recall mathematical formulas to recalling something a professor said in class to remembering certain solutions, key words and definitions we read in course material. Therefore from a personal standpoint the topic of memory interests me, as by understanding this complex concept and going into the depths of it’s functioning, I might be able to improve my own. Memory is formed from childhood and I am interested to see if memory is an natural capacity, and if so what factors lead to a better memory and if not can memory be affected by daily everyday factors. From a Psychological perspective memory excites me because the way we remember things and how can help us understand behavior and reactions to various situations. Memory hence affects decision-making and all other spheres of human life. The recollection of memory,...
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...Cover page: Writing Assignments 1 & 2 William H Johnson Jr. Survey of the Sciences Week 1 Assignment 1 – Writing Assignment 1: Science in the media Assignment 2 – Writing Assignment 2: The Process of Science Date of assignment: 12/18/2013 Date turned in: 12/18/20 My best teacher was my French language instructor by the name of Cilote Yves, from France and he was the most encouraging and patient professor I have ever met. He always went the extra mile to make sure that his students understood what they were been taught and in turn have them implemented in real-time scenarios. He was both an instructor and a mentor and made his course very interesting and likeable. He provided all the tools and incentives that were needed for us to accomplish whatever project we undertook! He was also very involved in our lives on and off campus and was very, very, down-to-earth and did everything he could to make sure no one dropped out of school and stayed to the very end. He will truly remain one of the best to me! Cover page: Writing Assignments 1 & 2 William H Johnson Jr. Survey of the Sciences Week 1 Assignment 1 – Writing Assignment 1: Science in the media Date of assignment: 12/18/2013 Date turned in: 12/18/2013 Unit 1: writing Assignment 1. Science in the Media Title 1: Kids' Reading Success Boosted by Long-Term Individualized Instruction Results were based on studies and research carried out by scientists and psychologists, and teachers and...
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...cigarette smoking contributes to the monthly burden substantially. 2. REASONS FOR STARTING THE HABIT IN THE FIRST PLACE .There are five developmental stages of smoking-first is the( preparatory stage) adolesents view smoking as having a useful propose; to appear mature, cope with stress, or fit in with a new peer group. (Tobacco advertising and adult or sibling role models who smoke may provide influence at this stage. Second stage- is termed the (trying stage) young teens experiment for the first time with cigarette smoking; usually smoking two to three times .psychosocial risks in this stage are peer reinforcement or encouragement to try smoking and the availability of cigarettes. Third stage- (experimental stage) is when adolescents engage in repeated but irregular smoking. risk factors-social situations such as parties where smoking is excepted and important peers such as best friend who encourages smoking , low efficacy or the inability to refuse offers. The fourth stage –termed (regular use) when adolescents smoke on a regular basis at least weekly and more frequently across a variety of situations. Psychosocial influences are socializing with peers that smoke and reinforce smoking, the perception that smoking reduces stress, or weight loss. The final stage is (nicotine dependency and addiction stage) this involves the physiological need for nicotine. This involves tolerance for nicotine, withdrawal symptoms if the person attempts to quit. Social smoking is the number...
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...Laboratory Experiments A laboratory experiment takes place in an artificial and controlled setting, which is not natural to the participants of the study. There is an independent variable, which is purposefully manipulated by the researchers, and the dependent variable is measured, to see the effect of changing the IV on the DV. All other variables other than these are controlled to the best of the researchers’ ability, which are called extraneous variables, but sometimes other variables can affect the results – these are confounding variables. With laboratory experiments, cause and effect conclusions can be drawn * Careful controls mean they are replicable so can be tested for reliability – if carried out again and findings are similar, then it is likely to be reliable * Good controls mean there should be few confounding variables, so experiment is objective (e.g. there should be no subjectivity from the experimenter’s interventions and interpretations) and scientific * By isolating variables, the situation is not as in ‘real life’ so findings are not likely to be valid * Laboratory experiments usually lack validity of the task and therefore are not representative of true behaviour Milgram (1963) Study of Obedience Aim: To see whether people would obey and inflict harm on each another person using electric shocks, by following the orders of an authority figure. This was to see whether all individuals had the potential to cause harm like the Germans and the...
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...minds be influenced and persuaded negatively. Drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and using drugs are a large part of these negativities. However, these individuals do not lack rational thought. One can be persuaded out of addiction and also one can be persuaded into addiction. Therefore, individuals can rationally choose to become addicted, and according to the increase in addiction rates over the last 50 years, they have. The reasons however, are different depending on the age group. The age groups that will be focused on are baby busters and echo boomers. Each of this age groups have progressed to certain stages in life where rational thought has been renovated. Therefore the idea of addiction can seem to be an appropriate compromise to an individual. Baby busters and echo boomers are often the generations that are associated with abusing alcohol, cigarette, and drug usage. These are generations that include pre- and early post-adulthood which have shown to be experimental with the many dangerous risks in life. The reasoning behind their rational thinking has been studied by many scientists and the most popular reasons are peer-pressure and personal problems. Peer-pressure can be defined as an influence strained on an individual by his peers; this process has proven to be effective on these generations. School friends or perhaps work colleagues can be present in some negative form of pressure to experiment. Pressure can even be provoked through an individual indirectly...
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