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Addison’s Disease
Addisonian Anemia
Albright’s Syndrome
Alport’s Syndrome
Alzheimer’s
Argyll-Robertson Pupil

Arnold-Chiari Malformation
Barrett’s
Bartter’s Syndrome
Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy
Bell’s Palsy
Berger’s Disease
Bernard-Soulier Disease
Berry Aneurysm
Bowen’s Disease
Brill-Zinsser Disease
Briquet’s Syndrome
Broca’s Aphasia
Brown-Sequard
Bruton’s Disease
Budd-Chiari
Buerger’s Disease
Burkitt’s Lymphoma

Caisson Disease
Chagas’ Disease
Chediak-Higashi Disease
Conn’s Syndrome
Cori’s Disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
Crohn’s
Curling’s Ulcer
Cushing’s
Cushing’s Ulcer de Quervain’s Thyroiditis

Primary adrenocortical deficiency
Pernicious anemia (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells → ↓IF → ↓Vit B12 → megaloblastic anemia)
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café au lait spots, short stature, young girls
Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness
Progressive dementia

Loss of light reflex constriction (contralateral or bilateral)

“Prostitute’s Eye” – accommodates but does not react

Pathognomonic for 3°Syphilis

Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus
Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum = see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele
Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus (↑ risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal reflux
Hyperreninemia
Similar to Duchenne, but less severe (mutation, not a deficiency, in dystrophin protein)
CNVII palsy (entire face; recall that UMN lesion only affects lower face)
IgA nephropathy causing hematuria in kids, usually following infection
Defect in platelet adhesion (abnormally large platelets & lack of platelet-surface glycoprotein)

Circle of Willis (subarachnoid bleed) Anterior Communicating artery

Often associated with ADPKD
Carcinoma in situ on shaft of penis (↑ risk of visceral ca) [compare w/ Queyrat]
Recurrences of rickettsia prowazaki up to 50 yrs later

Somatization disorder

Psychological: multiple physical complaints without physical pathology
Motor Aphasia (area 44 & 45) intact comprehension
Hemisection of cord

(contralateral loss of pain & temp / ipsilateral loss of fine touch, UMN / ipsi loss of consc. Proprio)

X-linked agammaglobinemia (↓ B cells)
Post-hepatic venous thrombosis = ab pain; hepatomegaly; ascites; portal HTN; liver failure
Acute inflammation of medium and small arteries of extremities → painful ischemia → gangrene
Seen almost exclusively in young and middle-aged men who smoke.

Small noncleaved cell lymphoma (EBV)

8:14 translocation

Seen commonly in jaws, abdomen, retroperitoneal soft tissues

Starry sky appearance
Nitric gas emboli



Trypansoma infection - cardiomegaly with apical atrophy, achlasia

(AR) Phagocyte Deficiency = defect in microtubule polymerization

Neutropenia, albinism, cranial & peripheral neuropathy & repeated infections w/ strep & staph
Primary Aldosteronism: HTN; retain Na+ & H2O; hypokalemia (causing alkalosis); ↓ renin
Type III Glycogenosis – Glycogen storage disease (debranching enz: amylo 1,6 glucosidase def. ↑ Glycogen)
Prion infection → cerebellar & cerebral degeneration





Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated)
Glucuronyl transferase deficiency. Can progress to Kernicterus
Less severe form will respond to Phenobarbital therapy
IBD; ileocecum, transmural, skip lesions, cobblestones, lymphocytic infiltrate, granulomas
(contrast to UC: limited to colon, mucosa & submucosa, crypt abscesses, pseudopolyps, ↑ colon cancer risk)


Clinically: ab pain & diarrhea; fever; malabsorption; fistulae b/t intestinal loops & abd structures
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

Disease: Hypercorticism 2° to ↑ ACTH from pituitary (basophilic adenoma)

Syndrome: hypercorticism of all other causes (1° adrenal or ectopic)

moon face; buffalo hump; purple striae; hirsutism; HTN; hyperglycemia
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS trauma
Self-limiting focal destruction (subacute thyroiditis)

Page 1

DiGeorge’s Syndrome
Down’s Syndrome
Dressler’s Syndrome
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Edwards’ Syndrome
Ehler’s-Danlos
Eisenmenger’s Complex
Erb-Duchenne Palsy
Ewing Sarcoma
Eyrthroplasia of Queyrat
Fanconi’s Syndrome
Felty’s Syndrome
Gardner’s Syndrome
Gaucher’s Disease
Gilbert’s Syndrome
Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia
Goodpasture’s
Grave’s Disease
Guillain-Barre
Hamman-Rich Syndrome
Hand-Schuller-Christian
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Hashitoxicosis
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Hirschprung’s Disease
Horner’s Syndrome
Huntington’s (Chromosome 4)
Jacksonian Seizures
Job’s Syndrome

Kaposi Sarcoma
Kartagener’s Syndrome
Kawasaki Disease
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Kluver-Bucy
Krukenberg Tumor
Laennec’s Cirrhosis
Lesch-Nyhan
Letterer-Siwe
Libman-Sacks


Failure of 3rd & 4th pharyngeal pouches formation: Thymus & Parathyroid

Thymic hypoplasia → T-cell deficiency

Hypoparathyroidism
Tetany
Trisomy 21 or translocation – Simian Crease
Post-MI Fibrinous Pericarditis (autoimmune)

Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated) = bilirubin transposrt is defective not conjugation

Striking brown-to-black discoloration of the liver
Deficiency of dystrophin protein → MD (X-linked recessive)

Trisomy 18

Rocker-bottom feet, low ears, small lower jaw, heart disease
Defective collagen
Late cyanotic shunt (R→L) pulmonary HTN & RVH 2° to long-standing VSD, ASD, or PDA
Trauma to superior trunk of brachial plexus Waiter’s Tip
Malignant undifferentiated round cell tumor of bone in boys popliteal > carotid
Malignant melanoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Meckel’s diverticulum
Adeno – associated w/ blood group A
Seminoma = malignant painless testes growth
Thryoglossal duct cyst
Papillary CA
Lower esophagus joins trachea / upper esophagus – blind pouch – polyhydramnios association
Germ cell tumor
Benign vascular tumor = port wine stain = Hemangioma
CA of stomach (adenoCA)
Mixed Cellularity (versus: lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion, nodular sclerosis)
Follicular, small cleaved
Micronodular
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Temporal Arteritis (branch of Carotid Artery)
HSV
Pinworm (2nd – Ascaris)
Follicular CA
Strep. Pneumoniae
AIDS
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas
Specific phobia

Stanford Binet (ages 6 & under)

WIPSI (ages 4-6)

WISK-R (for ages 6-17)

WAIS-R (for > 17 year old)
Pedophilia
VMA: vanillylmandelic acid (NE metabolite)
Dysenteriae
Strep. Pneumoniae
A. Israelli
Campylobacter jejuni
S. Sonnei
Chlamydia trichomonas
Strep. Pneumoniae
N. ghonorrhea
IgA Nephropathy = Berger’s Disease




RSV – infants
Parainfluenza – kids
Influenza virus – adults
Page 12

Complication of COPD
Cause of Death w/ SLE
Atrial Septal Defect
Warm Antibody
Immunodeficiency
Congenital GIT Anomaly
Cause of Congenital Malformation


Adeno virus – military recruits
Pulmonary infections
Renal failure
Ostium Secundum Type



IgA

Most common form of immune hemolytic anemia
IgG auto antibodies to RBC
See spherocytosis; (+) Coombs’ test; complication to CLL
Deficiency

Meckel’s Diverticulum: persistence of vitelline duct/yolk sac stalk
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Page 13

Pharmacology
Autonomic Nervous System
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
GABA
Muscarinic-r
Bethanechol
Pilocarpine
Isoflurophate
Pralidoxime
Neostigmine
Myasthenia Gravis
Tubocurium
Trimethaphan
Pancurium
Succinylcholine α1 & Eye
M-r & Eye
Sympathetic
Parasym.
M3-r & Eye
M2-r & Heart
M3-r & Lung
M3-r & GI
Tacrine
Atropine
Glycoperrolate
Pirenzepine
Doxacurium
β bungarotoxin α bungarotoxin α1 & Eye α1 & Arterioles α1 & Venules α1 & Sex Function
↑ Diastolic
↓ Diastolic β1 & Heart
Phenylephrine
β2(+) Asma Drugs
Ritodrine/Turbutaline
Phentolamine
Terazosin
Yohimbine
Cardioselective NMJ

α1, α2, β1, β2 α1, α2, β1 (no β2 activity)
Causes an inhibitory cell hyperpolarization

Uses DAG & IP3 as 2nd messengers

Parasympathetic control
Cholinergic. ↑ GI & Bladder motility. Txt atonic bladder post-op (Txt=treatment)

Cholinergic. Pupillary constriciton= miosis. Ciliary constriction= accomodation.

Txt acute glaucoma
Organophosphate. Irreversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r
“2PAM”. Reverses organophosphate binding to acetylcholinesterase

Reversible acetylcholinesterase (-)r

Txt Myasthenia Gravis
Anitbodies to Ach-r. ↑’g muscular weakness due to Ach’s weak postsynaptic effect @ NMJ. Inactivates-r

Nondepol. Competitive cholinergic N-r (-)r.

Prevents Ach binding but does not activate NMJ

↑ Histamine release= ↓ BP & ↑ bronchospasm
Nonselectively binds N-r of the PS- and SNS
More potent than tubocurium w/o histamine release
Depol. Non competitive (-)r of muscle aciton
Opens Na Ch.= fasciculations. Closes Na Ch.= paralysis. Continuous infusion.
Mydriasis due to norepinephrine. Prazosin (-).
Miosis due to Ach. Atropine (-).
Post ganglionic symapthetic fibers releases norepinephrine
Post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers release Ach
Contracts sphincter = miosis. Contracts ciliary = accomodation.
Negative chronotropy: ↓ HR = vagal arrest
Negative inotropy: ↓ contractility
Bronchospasm ↑secretions
↑ motility (cramps & diarrhea). Involuntary defecation
Acetylcholine esterase (-)r. Txt Alzheimer’s
DOC w/ vagal arrest
M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers.
M-r(-). Antispasmodic. Txt peptic ulcers.
Most potent competitive non-depol NMJ (-)r. No cardiovascular side effects. No Histamine release.
Prevent the releasal of Ach from vesicles @ the pre synaptic nerve ending
Irreversible N-r (-)r = ↓ action potentials
Contracts radial muscle = mydriasis (pupil dilation)
Constiction: ↑TPR = ↑ Diastolic pressure = ↑ Afterload
Constriction: ↑ Venous return = ↑ Preload
Ejaculation
↑ α1 = ↑TPR
↑ β2; Direct acting vasodilators; (+)Cholinergics

(+)chronotropism = ↑HR.

(+)inotropism = ↑ contractility; ↑SV; ↑CO; ↑O2 consumption.

↑ conduction velocity α1 (+) Nasal decongestant.
Metaproterenol; Albuterol; Terbutaline; Ritodrine; Salmeterol
Relaxes myometrium used in pre-mature labor pains
Epi reversal. Blocks α, vasodilation occurs. Pt goes from HyperTN to HypoTN.
Txt pheochromocytoma = ↓BP
Txt BPH
↑ sympathetic outflow = α2 (-). Txt impotence.
Pancuronium = ↑HR due to atropine-like anti muscarinic vagolytic effect & Gallamine (-)r
Page 14

Irreversible cholinesterase (-)r.

Ecothiophate
Pyridostigmine

Cholinomimetic that ↑s M & N-r effects. (-) acetylcholinesterase & plasma cholinesterase
DOC for the oral Txt of MG (DOC=Drug of Choice)

Cardio
Digoxin
Diltiazem
Quinidine
Verapamil
Propranolol
Diazoxide
Niroprusside
Reserpine
Dobutamine
Dopamine
Esmolol
Captopril
Digoxin
Dig. Toxicity
Quinidine
Lidocaine
Flecanide
Amiodarone
NE
Ach
Atenolol
Bretylium
Nimodipine
Atropine
Nitrates
Propranolol
Verapamil
Aspirin
Warfarin
Heparin
TPA
Streptokinase
Urokinase
Colestipol
Lovastatin
Losartan
Diazoxide
Clonidine
Methyldopa
Phenytoin
Procainamide
Indopamide
Thiazides
β(-)
ACEIs
Epinephrine

↓ AV nodal conduction/ inh. Na/K/Atpase = inc. Ca conc. in heart cells = inc. contraction force
Txt black men. Txt AV nodal re entrance
↓ AV nodal conduction. Cinchonism. Anticholinergic= aggravate MG. Hypotension= α block
↓ AV nodal conduction. ↓ BP. Negative inotrope= no CHF use
↓ AV nodal conduction. ↓ BP. Negative inotrope(= β block) Aggravates Asthma and Diabetes Melitus via β2 block.
Balanced vasodilator.
Balanced vasodilator. Unloads heart. ↑s cyanide= pre-txt w/ thiosulfate. Txt Acute HTN’v Crisis
Txt severe & resistant HTN. Depletes CA. See stuffy nose. No to pts w/ peptic ulcers.
At high doses β2(+) offsets α1 = β1 ↑ CO w/o systemic vascular resistance
At low doses Txt Shock= dilates renal and mesenteric aa= maintain urine output
Short acting β(-)
Balanced vasodilator. Txt Outpt. CHF see dry cough(bradykinin induced)
Txt CHF & Atrial Flutter - inotropic - ↓ K+ levels= dig. Toxicity
Fatal ventricular arrhythmias w/ sever AV block
ClassIa anti arrhythmic. Moderate Na Ch. Block
ClassIb anit arrhythmic. Normalizes conduction. Txt initial MI= control arrhythmias
ClassIc anti arrhythmic. Marked conduction slowing
Long t1/2= need potent doses to obtain desired level for action. See blue skin, ocular deposits, Pulmonary Fibrosis.
↑ AV nodal conduction via β1. Metoprolol(-) β1
↓ AV nodal conduction via M receptor. Atorpine(-) M-r
Controls catecholamine induced arrhythmias
Txt Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias but causes passing catecholamine release that can aggravate arrhythmias briefly
Txt Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage by preventing post hemorrhagic vasospasm
↓ excess vagal tone as seen in Sinus Bradycardia
↓ preload= venous pooling. ↓ MVO2= reflex tachy. ↑ ventr work= dec O2 demand
Blocks reflex tachy but causes excess brady= ↑ diastole time= ↑ EDV
↑ O2 supply via ↓ in vasospasm Txt Prinzmetal’s variant angina
Prevents arterial platelet adhesion (not DVThrombi). Inactivates COX= ↓ platelet production of TxA2, a potent vasoconstictor (-)Vit. K dependent gamma carboxylation of clotting factors= anticoagulation state
Dependent on Antithrombin III activation
Binds to fibrin clots & activates plasminogen on the spot. Short t1/2, given IV.
Does not discriminate b/t fibrin-based clots= bleeding & stroke complications arise
From bacteria= allergies arise. Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts.
Human source. ↑ plasmin. Can see excess bleeding in post-op pts.
Bile acid sequestrants. Interrupt bile acid reabsorption= ↑↑ LDL uptake. Cholestyramine same MOA.
HMGCoA reductase(-)= ↑ LDL-r synthesis. Pravastatin/ Mevastatin same MOA.
↓ Aldosterone. ↑ Renin 2-3x’s
Txt insulinomas. Not balanced vasodilator= onlt dilates arterial smooth muscle
Central α2(+). ↓ TPR via ↓ symapthetic effect
Central α2(+). (++) Coombs= Hemolytic anemia
ClassIb. Reverses mild AV block due to digitoxin toxicity
ClassIa. SLE like syndrome.
Only Thiazide that will have no effect on cholesterol levels
Older black men w/ HTN due to ↑ Renin.
Young white men w/o asthma (cause bronchospasm)





(-) change AI
AII. (-) Bradykinin inactivation. Captopril/ Enalapril
Cause renal failure = use w/ caution in the elderly
↑ contraction rate & force via β1.
↑ systolic but ↓ diastolic BP.
Page 15

Norepi.
Methyldopa
Quinidine pre-txt
ClassII
“Gray man”
Beperidil
ACEIs
Adenosine
Enoxaparin
Isoproterenol
Variant angina
Contraindicated in
CHF


↓ peripheral resistance via β2 vasodilaiton

↑ heart rate and ↑ systolic and diastolic BP

↑ peripheral blood vessel resistance
DOC for pregnancy induced HTN
Atrial arrhythmia pretxt w/ a drug that will ↓ ventricular response: Dig.;β(-); Ca Ch.(-) β(-) ↓risk fo reinfarction & sudden death following MI
Amiodarone: ClassIII antiarrhythmia
Ca Ch(-). Limited clinical use due to Torsades de Pointes




Low

Vasodilate renal efferents > than afferent arterioles: ↓GFR & Filtration pressure
↓ Diabetic renal failure progression
Its receptor is blocked by Methylxanthines (ie… Theophyline)
Favored for the Txt of Reentrant Supra Ventricular Tachycardia molecular weight heparin = Oral anticoagulant

↑HR & ↓MAP
Use Ca Ch. (-)r ie… Nifedipine β (-)r = you don’t want to ↓ the heart’s pumping strength

CNS
“TOM”

Butyrophenone
Atypical D4
Flumazenil
Methylphenidate
Phenytoin
Thiopental
Carbamazepine
Atypical D4-r
Pimozide
Risperidone
Thioridazine
Haloperidol
Imirpamine
Clomirpramine
Trazadone
Bupropion
SSRIs
Fluoxetine
Phenelzine
Lithium

Alprazolam
Propranolol
κ-r µ-r Morphine & O2
Morphine
Morphine OD
Meperidine
Hydromorphone
Tramadol


Short –acting BDZs:

Triazolam

Onazelam

Midazolam
Haloperidol & Droperidol
Clozapine – Thioridazine – Olanzepine – Risperidone = Do not cause EPS
BDZ antidote for OD
Txt attention deficit disorder
Causes aplastic anemia/ gingival hyperplasia/ cleft lip & palate
Short acting Barb
DOC trigeminal neuralgia. Txt lennox gestaut seizures in kids
Thioridazine; Olamzapine; Clozapine
Txt Tourette’s
Good for negative symptoms
Most anti cholinergic neuroleptic
Neuroleptic malignant hyperthermia due to chronic D2 block. give Dantrolene and Bromocriptine
Enurisis
Txt OCD See aggressive behavior w/ use
Priapism
Helps to quit smoking
Primarily used for OCD
Good for negative symptoms
Irreversible MAOI

Txt manic phase of Bipolar Disorder

Causes goiter by (-) conversion of T4 to T3

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Low salt diet will lead to Li toxicity
DOC stage fright
Social phobia
Spinal analgesia. Euphoria. ++euphoria. ++sedation. Constipation.
Supraspinal analgesia. Dysphoria. +respiratory depression. +sedation.
Admin. is contraindicated to pts on morphine sedation= ↓ CO2 sensitivity and O2 admin. can stop breathing.
↑ ICP = do not give to pt. with head trauma
1.pinpoint pupils 2.↓’d respiraiton 3.coma
Anesthetic used during labor µ(+) used in renal failure
Ambulatory txt for mod. to severe pain
Page 16

Naloxone
Pentazocine
Butorphenol
Nalbuphene
↓ GABA
↓ Fast Na Ch.
Methoxyflurane
Enflurane
Isoflurane
Halothane
Nitric Oxide
Thiopental
Kentamine
Droperidol
Fentanyl
Midazolam
Primidone
C & A delta Fibers
Esters
Amides
Amphetamine
Bromocriptine
Benztropine
Amantidine
Diphenhydramine
Pergolide
Ethosuximide
Tranylcypromine
SSRI & MAOI
Labor opioids
Desipramine causes

Txt opioid OD. Reverses respiratory depression
Part κ(+) & part µ(-)
Part κ(+) & part µ(-)
Part κ(+) & part µ(-)
↓ seizure focus= Barbs & BDZs
↓ electrical activity spread = Phenytoin & Carbamazepine
Can be nephrotoxic. Needs low MAC for anesthetic induction.
Can cause tonic/clonic muscle spasms
Can cause bronchospasm
Can cause ventricular extrasystoles & Malignant hyperthermia & Hepatitis
No effect on HR. Needs high MAC for anesthetic induction.
Short acting Barb.
Dissociative anesthetic




Pre

Can be used in combo w/ Fentanyl for neuroleptoanalgesic effect
Neuroleptic tranquilizer. Has mild alpha block
Can be used on combo w/ Droperidol for neuroleptoanalgesic effect
Used transdermally for chronic pain anesthetic. Induces amnesia

Biotransformed to Phenobarb.
First fibers to be blocked w/ anesthesia




DA

Procaine, Tetracaine, Benzocaine
Broken down and make PABA (allergen)
Lidocaine, Mepivaciane, Bupivaciane, Etidocaine= “i” before “caine” always an amide
Metabolized in the liver reuptake (-)’r. MAOI. Parkinson’s txt

D2(+). Used w/ L-Dopa for “on-off” phenomenon of Parkinson’s
Ant M w/ some DA reuptake (-). Parkinson’s txt
↓ DA reuptake. Can cause livido reticularis= skin mottling.
Txt early Parkinson’s stages
> Effective & longer acting than Bromocriptine
DOC for Absence seizures
MAOI = antidepressant
Fatal combo, especially seen with the use of Paroxetine or Fluoxetine (SSRIs) and Tranylcypromine (MAOI)
Meperidine & Nalbuphine
Sudden cardaic death in children

Anti-Infective
Primaquine
Ciporfloxacin
Sulfonamides
Tertacyclines, anuria & the exception
Ceftriazone
Hepatic coma DOC
Clavulanic acid
Piperacillin
Streptomycin (aminoglycoside)
Isoniazid


Malaria profylaxis

Used for extraerythrocytic forms Plasmodium vivax or P. ovale
Quinolone derivative

PABA structural analogs

Inhibit Folic acid synthesis

Should not be used in anuric pt due to production of (-) Nitrogen balance & ↑d BUN levels.

Doxycycline is the exception

3rd generation cephalosporin

DOC for bacterial meningitis in kids (ie… HiB)

One dose txt of gonorrhea
Neomycin (aminoglycoside) – it supresses the normal flora = ↓g NH4 production = ↓g free nitrogen levels in the bloodstream.
Irreversible (-)r of β lactamases, but ot of transpeptidase = use w/ a β lactamase sensitive penicillin •
Txt Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Klebsiella

Broad spectrum antibiotic
Txt Mycobacterium tuberculosis




Most commonly used drug for TB.
Usually combined w/ Rifampin and/or Ethambutol
Pre Txt w/ Pyridoxine (Vit B6) can prevent peripheral neuritis‘
Page 17

Pyrantel Pamoate
Buy “AT” 30, “CELL” at 50

Cefoxitin
Chloramphenicol

Nifurtimox
Metronidazole

Txt P. carinii
Tetracycline
TMP-SMX
Benzathine Penicillin G
Praziquantel
Melarsoprol
Stibogluconate
Fluconazole
Amphotericin B
Ketoconazole MOA
Griseofulvin MOA
Mefloquine
Chloroquine
Nifurtimox
Erythromycin
Nystatin
Acyclovir
Imipenem
Cefoperazone side effects
Vancomycin
Meropenem
Nafcillin
Peripheral neuropathy
Sulfonamides & newborns
“O.N.E.” for gonorrhea

Ribavirin
















Txt

Txt of Hookworm disease
Depolarizing NMJ (-)r
A = Aminoglycosides
T = Tetracyclines
C = Chloramphenicol
E = Erythromycin (macrolide)
L = Clindamycin
L = Lincomycin
Txt intraabdominal infections (ie… w/ Bacteroides fragilis)
Traditional txt has been Clindamycin & Gentamycin
Broad spectrum antibiotic
Bone marrow depression (common) – Aplastic anemia (rare)
Gray baby syndrome (chloramphenicol cannot be conjugated)
DOC Typhoid Fever (symptomatic Salmonella infection)
DOC HiB meningitis in kids – especially resistant strain to ampicillin trypanosomiasis •
Txt Leishmaniasis & Amebiasis

Good for anaerobic bacteria = Bacteroides fragilis

DOC Trichomoniasis

DOC Giardia lamblia
TMP-SMX & Pentamidine

Txt of Brucellosis & Cholera

Txt Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Txt spirochete infections = Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
(-) dihydrofolate reductase activity
Long duration of action = given once every 3-4 weeks for Txt of Syphilis
Txt Schistosomiasis (trematode [fluke] infections)
Txt Trypanosomiasis that has neurological symptoms
Txt Leishmaniasis
Txt fungal encephalitis
Polyene antifingal
(-) fungal ergosterol synthesis = disrupts membrane
Accumulates in keratinized layers of the skin = used in dermatomycoses infections

Anti malarial

Txt Chloroquine resistant strains = P. falciparum
Txt for Malaria when inside RBC
DOC Chagas disease due to Trypanosoma cruzi
Used in pts allergic to penicillins
Topical txt of superficial mycotic infections = Candidiasis

Guanine analog

Txt Herpes infections

Used w/ Cilastatin

Can cause seizures

Bleeding due to vit K level alterations

Contraindicated in pts w/ bleeding disorders

Used for MRSS (methicillin resistant Staph. Aureus)

“Red neck”: due to histamine release causes facial flushing

used w/ Cilastatin

Does not cause seizures (cf w/ Imipenem)
Only penicillin that does not need dose adjustment in renal impairment

Seen w/ use of:

Metronidazole – Isoniazid – Vincristine – ddI – AZT – Allopurinol
Kernicterus can occur




Txt

Fluoroquinolones used in a one dose deal for gonorrhea:
O = Ofloxacin
N = Norfloxacin
E = Enoxacin
RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
Page 18

Anti-Neoplastics
Cyclosporine
Cyclophosphamide
Cisplatin’s toxicities
Methotrexate
Leucovorin Rescue
Bleomycin toxicities
Azathiorine
MOPP

Tamoxifen
Flutamide
Megestrol
Fluoxymesterone
Methotrexate
Brain tumor Txt
Streptozocin
Cytarabine (AraC)
Dactinomycin
Etoposide
Paclitaxel
Amifostine


Protects against rejections from organ transplants

Does not induce bone marrow depression

Alkylating agent of both purine & pyrimidine bases of DNA

Txt CLL
Nephro- & Ototoxicity
Antimetabolite of folic acid: (-)dihydrofolate reductase
Can block/reduce Methotrexate = ↑ folic acid via a reduced folate
Pneumonitis & pulmonary fibrosis



Used in organ transplantation = kidney allografts
Allopurinol can ↑ its activity by (-) its biotransformation to xanthine oxidase


Chemotherapy used in the txt of Hodgkin’s disease

M = Mechlorethamine – nitrogen mustard

O = Oncovin (Vincristine) – prevents microtubule assembly

P = Procarbazine

P = Prednisone – glucocorticoid, inducing apoptosis

(-) estrogen receptor

Txt of breast tumors, can see associated endometrial CA

Antiandrogenic

Used w/ Leuprolide (LH-RH analog)

Txt prostatic CA

(-) progesterone receptor

Txt endometrial CA

Androgenic steroid

Txt mammary CA in postmenopausal women

Folic acid analog that (-) tetrahydrofolate synthesis by (-) dihydrofolate reductase

Txt of ALL

Txt of Psoriasis

Lomustine

Carmustine – Causes pulmonary fibrosis

Attaches to β cells

Txt of pancreatic insulinomas

Pyrimidine analog

DOC for AML
Used for Wilms tumor & rhabdomyosarcoma
Used for oat cell CA
Used for ovarian CA
Can ↓ nephrotoxicity due to chronic use of Cisplatin

Page 19

Pathology
Mobitz I
Mobitz II
P wave a wave
T wave
Wavy fibers
Janeway’s lesions
Osler’s nodes
Thiamine defcy
Fibrinous Pericarditis
Serous Pericarditis
Friction Rub
Hemorrhagic Pericarditis
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
PML’s infectious agent
Edema

Adult Polycystic Kidney
Disease
Malignant HTN & Kidneys
Nephritic signs
Nephrotic signs
Podocyte Effacement seen w/
ASO seen in
Crescentic GN
Hereditary Nephritis
Membranoproliferative GN
TypeI Membrano
Proliferative GN deposits
TypeII Membrano
Proliferative GN deposits
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis deposits
Cold agglutinins
Scrofula
Aspirin-Asthma Triad
Ferruginous bodies
Pancoast’s tumor causes
Fatty degeneration
Cloudy swelling


Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block.

Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.
BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.
Atrial depol.
LA contraction
Vetricular repol.
Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.

Acute bacterial endocarditis.

Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.

Subacute bacterial endocarditis.

Tender lesions of fingers & toes.

Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption

Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy

Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss
Associated w/ MI: Dressler’s
Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.
Pericarditis association
Associated w/ TB or neoplasm



JC

Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart
Due to amyloidosis in the elderly
Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young ( than upper lobe involvement
Found w/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae








α1 – antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase ↑ = ↑ compliance in the lung
Associated w/ Emphysema = “Bleb” = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax
Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)

Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes)

Inhalation of sugar cane dust
Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn

Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans

Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs
Sickle Cell Anemia
Lytic lesions of flat bones (“salt & pepper lesions”) = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-Jones protein casts

Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection

Reed Sternberg cells

Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall

Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag

Can see fever; abd.pain; ↓ wt; HTN; muscle aches

Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted

High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & ↑ IgA levels

Crohn’s Disease

Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum
Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome
Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas

Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ ↑ colon CA incidence

Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn

Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep

Not transmural involvement

Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy

Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix
Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis – most common type of breast carcinoma
Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations

Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ ↑ respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune diseases

If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction
Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. ↑ risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease.
Page 22

Secondary Sjorgen’s
LDH1 & LDH2
LDH3
LDH4 & LDH5
Keratomalacia
Metabisfite Test
Microangiopathic Hemolytic
Anemia
Wright’s stain
Mononucleosis
T(8;14)
T(9;22)
Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis
Myeloid Metaplasia
Multiple Myeloma

T(14;18)
Focal Segmental GN exs
Nephrotic Syndrome exs
Schistosoma Haematobium
Penicillin Resistant PID
Duret Hemorrhages
Hypertensive Hemorrhage
Cerebral Embolism from
Neurosyphilis
5pTrisomy 13
Acute Cold Agglutinaiton
Chronic Cold Agglutinaiton
RBC Osmotic Fragility
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas

Singer’s Nodules
Paraseptal emphysema
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Betel nuts
Fundal (Type A) Gastritis
Antral (Type B) Gastritis


Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association

RA association shows HLA-DR4
Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction
Lung tissue
Liver cells
Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitot’s spots in the eyes = gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET





Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution
Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2
Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
See Helmet cells

Stain for Burkitt’s lymphoma

Due to EBV infeciton

If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur.
Burkitt’s lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression
CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation
Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma
Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape
Alkaline phosphatase ↑/normal compare to CML = low to absent
Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis
Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; ↑ proliferation of plasma cells in BM = plasma cell dx

Serum M protein spike – most often of IgG or IgA

Hypercalcemia (↑ bone destruction)
NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicualr) Lymphoma







IgA Focal GN = Berger’s disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)
Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B;
Syphilis; Penicillamine

Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the Bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional cell type)

Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction
PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides species
Severe ↑ in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain

Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas
Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhages


MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; Paradoxical
Embolism of septal defect

Tabes Dorsalis = ↓ joint position sensation, ↓ pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils

Syphilitic meningitis

Paretic neurosyphilis
Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat-like cry
Patau’s: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers

Abs to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM Abs

Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections
Associated w/lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM Abs
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. Related to CLL.
Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene
Large Cell
Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL
Small Non Cleaved = Burkitt’s: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo appearance.
T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL
Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice







Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax
Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis.
Associated to oral cancer.
Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune diseases
Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer
Page 23

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Acute Pancreatitis
Radiating Back Pain
Complete Hydatidiform Mole
Partial Hydatidiform Mole
Cold Nodules
Acidophils
Basophils
Lacunar Strokes
CSF of Bacterial Meningitis
CSF of Viral Meningitis
Marble Bone Disease
C5a
C3b
Anaphylotoxins
Vasoactive Mediators
Platelet Aggregation
Platelet Antagonist
Intrinsic Pathway
Extrinsic Pathway
Lines of Zahn
Currant Jelly appearance
Emigration: Chemotaxis

Transudate
Exudate
Hurler’s
Galactosemia
Phenylketonuria
Autosomal Dominant Diseases

Autosomal Recessive Diseases


Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondrial Abs

Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas)

↑ pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; ↑ serum amylase

Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back
Chronic pancreatitis
No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX
Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs
Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine. [Opposite: hot & do take up iodine]



Mammotrophs = Prolactin
Somatotrophs = GH


Thyrotrophs = TSH

Gonadotrophs = LH

Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH

Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory.

Sensory: lesion of thalamus

Motor: lesion of internal capsule
↓ Glucose; ↑ Protein; ↑ Neutrophils; ↑ Pressure
Normal Glucose; +/-↑ Protein; ↑ Lymphocytes
Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of ↑d bone density, many fractures = ↓ osteoclasts
Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)
Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)
C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells)

Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF

Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2α; Bradykinin; PAF

↑d Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2α; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF
ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
F XII (Hagman): APTT
F VII: PT
Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi)
Post mortem clots
1.
Margination
2. Pavementing
3. Adhesion
4. Chemotaxis
5. Phagocytosis
6. Intracellular microbial killing
Specific gravity < 1.012 – low protein
Specific gravity > 1.020 – high protein
Lysosomal storage disease α L Iduronidase – Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate accumulation
Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase. ↑ Galactose 1 Phosphate



Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. ↑ Phenyalanine & degradation products
Mousy body odor
















Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease
Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu)
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Huntington’s Disease (chromosome 4p)
Marfan’s Syndrome
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s)
Tuberous Sclerosis
Von Hippel Lindau Disease
Tay-Sachs
Gaucher’s
Niemann-Pick
Hurler’s
Von Gierke’s
Page 24

X Linked Recessive Diseases

Hypersensitivity Reactions
“ACID”
















Pompe’s
Cori’s
McArdle’s
Galactosemia
PKU
Alcaptonuria
Hunter’s Syndrome

(L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy, ↑ Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate)

Fabry’s Disease (α Galactosidase A deficiency, ↑ Ceremide Trihexoside)
Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X chromosome is bad, ↑ Ceremide Trihexoside)
Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, ↑ Uric acid)
G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, ↑ Ceremide trihexoside)
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficinecy, ↑ Ceremide Trihexoside)
Type I (Anaphylactic): IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever; Allergic asthma; Hives
Type II (Cytotoxic): Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions;
Erythroblastosis Fetalis; Grave’s Disease; Goodpastures



Transplant Rejections

Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs: Serum sickness; Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune Complex Mediated Glomerular Disease
Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity): Delayed hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells. Exs:
Tuberculin reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally infected cell killing




Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of transplant. Ab mediated.
Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy.


Blood Metastasis
Lymph Metastasis
Aflatoxin
Cleft Lip
Cleft Palate
Craniopharyngioma
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Medial Geniculate Body
Lung Development

Heart’s 1st Beat
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons
Type I Error
Subdural Hematoma
Epidural Hematoma
Type II Error
Power
Sensitivity
Specificity
Positive Predictive Value
Negative Predictive Value
Odds Ratio d-Dimers Delusion
Loose Association

Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage.
Sarcoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
Carcinoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
Seen w/ Aspergillus. ↑ risk for Hepatocellular CA
Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence
Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other & median nasal prominence & medial palatine prominence Pituitary tumor - usually calcified
Inolved in Vision relay
Involved in Hearing relay






Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks
Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks
Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth

Alveolar period birth-8yoa
21-22 days
Mouth

Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery

Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct
Splenic flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior Mesenteric artery Splenic Flexure
Butt crack supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery
Narcolepsy
α: “Convicting the innocent” – accepting experimental hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis
Ruptured cerebral bridging veins
Ruptured middle meningeal artery “intervals of lucidness”, 2ry to Temporal bone fracture β: “Setting the guilty free” – fail to reject the null hypotesis when it was false
1-β
TP/TP + FN
TN/TN + FP
TP/TP + FP
TN/TN + FN ad/bc DIC
Disorder of thought content
Skip from topic to topic
Page 25

5 Stages of Death
1st Branchial Arch
2nd Branchial Arch
Median nerve lesion
Radial nerve lesion
Common peroneal lesion
Diract inguinal hernia
Indirect inguinal hernia
@ Diaphragm T8, T10, T12
Hemiballism
O Linked Oligosaccharide
N Linked Oligosaccharide
MLF Syndrome
ADA Deficiency
Raphe Nucleus β waves
Irreversible Glycolysis
Enzymes
Irreversible Gluconeogenesis
Enzymes

Pellagra

TLCFN
LCAT or PCAT
HMGCoA Reductase
Ketogenic amino acids
Glucogenic amino acids
Keto & Gluco amino acids
Carnitine Shuttle
Cori Cycle
(-) Na+ Pump (ATPase)
TCA Cycle Products
Cones
Rods
Gastrula
Epiblast

Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression – Acceptance
Meckel’s cartillage – gives rise to incus/malleus bones of ear
Reichert’s cartillage – gives rise to stapes bone of ear
No pronation
Wrist drop – seen w/ humerus fracture
Foot drop. No dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot

Goes through superficial inguinal ring.

Medial to inferior epigastric artery

Seen in older men

Goes through deep & superficial inguinal ring

Lateral to inferior epigastric artery

Seen in young boys – processus vaginalis did not close

T8 = Inferior vena cava

T10 = Esophagus/ Vagus

T12 = Aorta/ Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein
Wild flailing of 1 arm. Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus
In the Golgi
In the RER
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye.
Seen w/ MS
SCID
Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance
Alert; Awake; Active mind – also seen in REM, therefore we say “paradoxical sleep”
Hexokinase
PhosphoFructo Kinase = Rate Limiting Step
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
PyruvateCarboxy Kinase
PEPCarboxyKinase
Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase
Glucose 6 Phosphatase
**muscle dose not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only takes place in the liver, kidney & GI epithelium
Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia
Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency)
Hartnup’s Disease
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
INH use
Needed as co-factor for Pyruvate DH complex & α Ketoglutarate DH complex
Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase
Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase
Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis
Changes HMGCoA
Mevalonate
(-) by Lovastatin
Leucine & Lysine
Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine
Phenylalanine, Trytophan, Isoleucine
Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption
Keeps muscles working anaerobically.
Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is sent back into the muscles for energy use
Ouabain [(-) K+ pump]
Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation]
Digoxin [↑ heart contractility]
“Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation” α Ketoglutarate
Succinyl
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Citrate
Aconitate
Isocitrate
OAA
Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific pigment. For acuity.
Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity. Concentrated in the fovea. Night vision.
Seen @ 3rd week: Ecto, Meso & Endo
@ 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso & Endo come from. Directly gives rise to Ecto.
Page 26

Sydenham’s Chorea
(+) Frei Test
Sabouraud’s Agar
FMR1 Gene Defect
Barr Body
Aortic Insufficiency Signs
Scleroderma :”CREST”
Cretinism
Hemochromatosis Triad

Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the caudate, putamen, thalamus
Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum
Culture for all Fungi

ie…Culture Cryptococcus neofromans which is found in pigeon droppings

Fragile X Syndrome: macro-orchidism; long face; large jaw; large everted ears; autism, mental retardation
Present in Kleinfelters: Male: XXY
Not present in Turner’s: Female: XO
Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over the femoral vessels
Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over coratid artery = aortic regurgitation
Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl; Telangiectasis
Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental failure of thyroid formation
Endemic: no Iodine in diet: protruding belly & belly button
Micronodular pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin pigmentation = due to ↑ Fe3+ deposition

Signature Drug Toxicities
Agranulocytosis
Aplastic Anemia
Atropine-like Side Effects
Cardiotoxicity
Cartilage Damage in Children
Cinchonism
Cough
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Disulfiram-like Effect
Extrapyramidal Side Effects
Fanconi’s Syndrome
Fatal Hepatotoxicity (necrosis)
Gingival Hyperplasia
Gray Baby Syndrome
Gynecomastia

Hemolytic Anemia in G6PD-deficiency

Hepatitis
Hot Flashes, Flushing
Induce CP450

Inhibit CP450
Interstitial Nephritis

Monday Disease

Clozapine, Chloramphenical o o o Chloramphenicol
NSAIDs
Benzene
Tricyclics

o o Doxorubicin
Daunorubicin
Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin & Norfloxacin)
Quinidine
ACE Inhibitors
Lithium (Txt w/ Amiloride)

o o Metronidazole
Sulfonylureas (1st generation)
Antipsychotics (Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine)
Tetracycline

o o o

Valproic Acid
Halothane
Acetaminophen
Phenytoin

o o o o o o o o o

Cimetidine
Azoles
Spironolactone
Digitalis
Sulfonamides
Isoniazid
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Primaquine
Isoniazid

o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Niacin
Tamoxifen
Ca++ Channel Blockers
Barbiturates – Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Cimetidine
Ketoconazole
Methicillin
NSAIDs (except Aspirin)
Furosemide
Sulfonamides
Nitroglycerin Industrial exposure → tolerance during week → loss of tolerance during weekend → headache, -

Chloramphenicol

ach, dizziness upon re-exposure

Page 27

Rifampin

Orange Body Fluids
Osteoporosis

o o o o Positive Coombs’ Test
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Red Man Syndrome
Severe HTN with Tyramine
SLE-like Syndrome
Tardive Dyskinesia
Tinnitus

Heparin
Corticosteroids
Methyldopa
Bleomycin
Amiodarone
Vancomycin
MAOIs

o o o o o o o

Procainamide
Hydralazine
INH
Antipsychotics (Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine) Clozapine: only antipsychotic to not give you tardive dyskinesia
Aspirin
Quinidine

Page 28

Microbiology
Lactose formers

Non lactose formers

May lack color

↑ cAMP

Have Capsules [ie… are Quellung Reaction (+)]

Dimorphic Fungi

Have β Prophage

Spore Forming Bacteria
IgA Proteases
Widal Test
Wayson’s Stain
Pneumonic Plaque Transmission
Splenectomy
Invasins
Fusiform
S. viridans
Obligate Aerobes
Obligate Anaerobes
Staph aureus
Spirochetes
Non Motile Gram (+) Rods
Acid Fast Organisms
Pigment Producing Bacteria

1.
“CEEK”
2. Citrobacter
3. Enterobacter
4. E.Coli (K1 capsule most important)
5. Klebsiella
1.
“SHYPS”
Motile:
2. Shigella make H2S
3. Yersinia enterolytica (AKA Pestis)
4. Proteus
Non Motile: noH2S
5. Salmonella
1.
“These rascals may microscopically lack color”:
2. Treponema
3. Ricksetta
4. Mycobacterium
5. Mycoplasma
6. Legionella
7. Chlamydia
1.
“CAPE”
2. Cholera
3. Anthracis (Poly D glutamate capsule)
4. Pertusis (via Gi)
5. E.coli (LT enterotoxin)
1.
“Some killers have pretty nice capsules”
2. Strep. Pneumoniae
3. Klebsiella
4. HiB
5. Pseudamona Aeroginosa
6. Neisseria meningitis
7. Cryptococcus neoformans (only encapsulated fungal pathogen)
1.
“Can Also Have Both Shapes”
2. Cocciodes
3. Aspergillus
4. Histolpasma
5. Blastomyces
6. Sprothrix schenkii
1.
“OBED”
2. O = Salmonella
3. B = Botulinum
4. E = Erythrogenic strep
5. D = Diptheria
Bacilus & Clostridium (have calcium di-picolinate)
Neisseria, Haemophilus, S. pneumoniae
Salmonella (Salmonella begins in the ileocecal region)

agglutination indicates Abs to O, H, Vi Salmonella Ags

Yersinia
Person to person cf w/ Bubonic plaque that was via infected flea
Predisposes to septicemia
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Vincent’s trench mouth
Dextran mediated adherence
Pseudomonas & Mycobacterium
Clostridium, Actinomyces, Bacteroides
A Protein, Catalase +/ Coagulase +
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
Corenybacterium D & Nocardia
Mycobacterium; Cryptosporidium; Nocardia (partially); Legionella micdadei; Isospora
1.
2.
3.

Serratia – red (can cause pseudohemoptysis)
Pseudomonas A – piocyanin blue/green
Staph Aureus – yellow – Protein A
Page 29

Bacterial Morphology

Inclusion Bodies

Schistosoma Japonicum Monsoni
Schistosoma Haematolium
Non Human Schistosom
Clonorchichis
Fasciola Hepatica
Fasciola Biski
Paragonimus Westermani
Oxidase (+)
Micro Aerophilic
Urease (+)

Coagulase (+)
Obligate Intracellular Bacteria
Protozoa
Obligate Non Intracellular Parasites
Haemophilus Factors
All cocci are
“Eaton Fried Eggs”
Mycoplasma

Sabrands
Malassazia furfur
Measles’ 3C’s
Non Motile Bacilli & Clostridium
Bloody diarrhea agents
YW-135CA
Indian Ink
Naegleria causes

4. Mycobacteria – photo/scoto chromogenic – caritinoid – yellow/orange
5. Corneybacterium D – black/gray – pseudomembrane plaque in throat
6. Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) melaninogenicus – black (heme)
7. E. coli – irredescent green sheen
1.
Pneumococci – lancet shaped diplococci
2. Neisseria – kidney bean shaped diplococci
3. Camphylobacter – gulls’ wings/comas
4. Vibrio Cholera – coma shaped
5. Corneybacterium D – club shaped (nonmotile, G+Rod)
6. Yersinia – safety pin seen in Wayson’s stain
1.
Rabies – Negri bodies – intracytoplasmic
2. Pox virus – Guarnieri – intracytoplasmic & acidophilic
3. CMV – Owl’s eyes – intracytoplasmic & intranuclear
4. HSV – Cowdry bodies – intranuclear
Intestinal – contact w/ bad water
Vesicular – contact w/ bad water
Swimmer’s itch – contact w/ bad water
Chinese liver fluke – eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel
Sheep – eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel
Giant intestinal flukes – eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel
Lung fluke – eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel
Neiserria and most Gram (-)s
Camphylobacter & Helicobacter
1.
All Proteus – can cause Staghorn/Struvite calculi (NH4- Mg2- stones): alkaline urine
2. Ureaplasma
3. Campylobacter pylori (Helicobacter)
4. Cryptococcus
5. Nocardia
Staph A & Yersenia pestis
Chlamydia Pistacci (Chlamydia do not make own ATP); Mycobacterium Leprae; all Rickettsia except Roachalimea (make suficient ATP to survive)
Plasmodium; Toxoplasma ghondi; Babesin; Leishmania; Trypanosoma Cruzi
Treponema palidum & Pneumocystis Carinii (cannot be cultured on inert media but be found extra cellularly in the body)
X = Protoporphyrin & V = NAD

can

Gram (+) except for Neisseria & Moraxella
Mycoplasma pneumoniae has fried egg colonies on Eaton agar (needs cholesterol)
1.
No cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol. Smallest living bacteria.
2. P1 protein inhs ciliary action
3. Fried egg colonies
4. Atypical pneumonia – young adults
Fungal media
Spaghetti & meat ball
Cough – Coryza – Conjunctivitis. Can also have photophobia
May lead to subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
B. Anthracis & C. Perfringens
EIEC – EHEC – Shigella - Yersenia enterocolitica – Entaemeba histolytica – Salmonella –
Campylobacter jejuni
N. meningitidis vaccine capsualr polysaccharide strains
Cryptococcus neoformans
Colonization in the nasal passages after swimming

Page 30

Need Cysyeine for growth

Endotoxins, G(+) or G(-)
Ecthyma Gangrenosum, seen w/
Endospores G(+)
Multi Brain Abscess
Single Brain Abscess
↑ risk for Strep pneum Infection α Hemolysis/Optochin Sensitive α Hemolysis/Optochin Resistant
Staph. Saprophyticus
Staph. Epidermidis β Hemolysis/Bacitracin Sensitive β Hemolysis/Bacitracin Resistant
EFII Ribosylation
Bacillus Anthracis: 3 toxins
(work via adenylate cyclase)

Woolsorter’s Disease
Grows in Rice
Clostridium Perfringens
Clostridium Difficile
Spastic Paralysis toxin
Clostridium Botulinum
Infant Botulinum
Thayer Martin Agar
DOC for N. gonorrhoeae
K1 E. Coli Capsular Ag
The A’s of Klebsiella
Rice H2O Diarrhea
Raw seafood intoxicaiton
Helicobacter Txt
↑ risk of P. aeroginosa infection
Contact lens’ infection
Cat Bites
Undulant Fever
Bordet Gengou Agar
Lowenstein-Jensen medium
Cat Scratch Disease
Pink Eye
True Hemaphrodite
Pseudo Hemaphrodite
Male Pseudo Hemaphrodite
HLA Genes Location
Parvovirus B19

1.
“Ella likes cysteine”:
2. Francisella
3. Brucella
4. Legionella
5. Pasturella
Gram (-): N. meningitidis
Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Target shaped skin lesions w/ a black center and red ring surrounding the lesion
Gram (+): Bacillus & Clostridium – made up of dipicolinate & Keratin
Nocardia
Actinomyces israelli
Asplenic; Sickle cell anemia; immunocompromising illness
Strep. Pneumoniae
Strep. Viridans (Subacute Endocarditis)
Novobiocin Resistant (UTIs)
Novobiocin sensitive (Endocarditis in IVDUs)
Strep. Pyogenes (pharyngitis; Scarlet fever; cellulitis; impetigo; Rheumatic fever))
Hyaluronic capsule; non-motile; M proteins; Endotoxin A
Strep. Agalactiae (Diabetes predisposes to infection)
Diphtheria toxin & Pseudomonas exotoxon A
1.
Protective Antigen (PA)
2. Lethal Factor = toxic to macrophages
3. Edema Factor = ↑ cAMP
Bacillus anthracis. DOC: Penicillin
Bacillus Cereus
Double Zone β Hemolysis (test)
Lecithinase: α toxin = lyses RBCs
80% of gas gangrene (myonecrosis) cases
2 Toxins: Enterotoxin (Exotoxin A) & Cytotoxin (Exotoxin B)
Pseudomembranous colitis (can be precipitated by clindamycin/ampicillin)
Clostridium Tetani toxin
Bad canned foods have neurotoxin = flaccid paralysis (block Ach release)
Floppy Baby Syndrome. Pre formed toxin in honey
Neisseria ID
Ceftriazone
Related w/ neonateal meningitis
1.
Alcoholics
2. Aspiration pneumonia
3. Abscesses in the lungs
Vibrio Cholera: metabolic acidosis
Vibrio parahemolyticus
Bismuth salts; Metronidazole; Tetracycline (or amoxicillin)
Burn patients & Cystic fibrosis
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Pasteurella multocida
Brucella
Bordetella pertusis ID
M. tuberculosis ID
Bartonella henselae. Lesion can resemble Kaposi’s sarcoma.
Toxoplasma
Adenovirus (type 8)
Testes & Ovaries are present
External genitalia does not coincide w/ gonads
Testicular Feminization
6p
Fifth Disease: Erythema Infectiosum (ssDNA). Linked w/ sicle cell anemia
Page 31

Interferon MOA
Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
Parainfluenza Causes…
Swimming Pool Conjunctivitis
RSV
Removed tonsils, find what virus
Bone Fever
HbsAg
HbeAg
Anti-Hbc
Filamentous Bacteria
Listeria contaminates
Shiga like Toxin
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Relapsing Fever
Loffler’s Medium
Chlamydiae Developmental Cycle

Trench Fever
“Spotted Fever” Members
Thrush Txt
Rose Bush Thorns
Contact lens solution infection
Filiariasis Causant
Freshwater lake infection
Reduviid bug bite
Schistosoma Haematobium causes
Schistosoma Mansoni causes
Snail, intermediate host of…
Ixodes scapularis transmits
Nantucket Protozoa
Infection by Reduviid Bug
Infection by TseTse Fly
Infection by Sandfly
Infection by Ixodes Tick
Infection by Anopheles Mosquito
Trophozoites w/ “Face-Like” Appearance
Nonseptate Hyphae
Histoplasmosis Geography
Coocidioidomycosis Geography
Blastomycosis Geography
Paracoccidioidomycosis Geography
Roseola Infection, aka
Herpangina

Inhibits viral replication (translation or transcription)
Seen w/ infections from Enterovirus & Coxsackie A
Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
Adenovirus (types 3 & 4)
Bronchiolitis in infants
In 80%, Adenovirus. In the immunosuppressed, activation can occur
Dengue: Group B Togavirus, from the Arbovirus, transmitted by mosquitos
Appears in blood soon after infection, before onset of acute illness
Disappears w/in 4-6 months after the start of clinical illness
Appears early acute phase, indicates higher risk of transmitting the disease
Disappears before HbsAg is gone
Present in beginning of clinical illness
Seen in the “window phase”
Actinomycetes = Nocardia; Actinomyces; Streptomyces
Milk, cheese, vegetables (coleslaw) in recent infections
E. Coli 0157/H7: Hemorrhagic colitis & Hemorrhagic uremic syndrome
Group A Streptococci
Borrelia recurrentis
Corneybacterium diphtheriae
1.
2.

Elementary Body: infeccious particle that Enters the cell
Reticulate Body: made from elementary body. Replicates, differentiates and releases elementary bodies to infect other cells
3. W/ infection you will see Glycogen containing inclusions
4. Cell wall lacks muramic acid
Rochalimaea quintana
1.
Rickettssia rickettsii (RMSF) & R. akari (rickettsial pox) in the U.S.
2. R. sibirica (tick typhus in China) & R. australis (typhus in Australia)
Nystatin txts candidiasis of the mouth
Have Sporothrix schenckii
Acanthamoeba
Wucheria bancrofti (infection aka elephantitis & wucheriasis
Causes amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri
Transmits Trypanoma cruzi (Chagas’ disease): Romana’s Sign
Bladder calcificaiton & cancer
Presinusoidal HTN, splenomagaly, esophageal varices
Schistosomiasis
Babesia (clinically rembles malaria) & Borelia burgdorferi
Babesia microt
Trypansoma cruzi: Chagas’ Disease
Trypansoma brucei gambiense & rhodiense: African Sleeping Sickness
Leishmaniasis: Mucocutaneous Diseases by L. braziliensis & Visceral Disease by L. donovani & Dermal
Leishman by L. tropica, mexicana, peruviana

Babesia microti: Babesiosis & Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme Disease
Malaria
Giardia lamblia
Zygomycosis: Rhizopus & Mucor. Only mycosis w/o septate. Infect Ketoacidotic Diabetics.
Ohio, Mississippi, Misouri River valleys
Southwestern deserts, California
States east of Mississippi River
Latin America
Exanthema Subitum: “Sixth Disease” (Human Herpes Virus-6 dsDNA, enveloped)
“Hand-Foot-and-Mouth” Disease: Coxsackie A (Picornavirus +ssRNA)

Page 32

Orthomyxovirus

Paramyxovirus

Togavirus

Flaviviris
Bunyavirus
IgA Protease Activity

Diphtheria: ABCDEFG

Only ssDNA
Only dsRNA
Naked RNA
2 circular DNAs
BK
Hepadna, Retrovirus?
Picornovirus: “PERCH”
Hemorrhagic Fevers
Segmented viruses
Eclipse Phase
Latent Phase
Naked Capsid Virus
Enveloped Virus
Interferon
AIDS structural prots
AIDS regulatory prots
AIDS gp41 env prot
AIDS gp120 env prot
AIDS p17 gag prot
AIDS p24 gag prot
AIDS p7p9 gag prot

1.
2.

–ssRNA, enveloped virus.
Spike Glycoproteins (peplomeres): HA = Hemagluttinin & NA = Neuraminidase. These peplomeres are what give the virus antigenis variation
3. Influenza A & B
1.
–RNA, enveloped. Most common cause of respiratory infections in kids
2. Mumps
3. Croup(Parainfluenza virus)
4. Rubeola(Measles virus)
5. RSV
1.
+ssRNA, enveloped
2. 3 Day Measles: German Measles: Rubella/ Rubivirus
3.
Encephalitis viruses: Alphaviruses: Eastern (more severe) and Western Equine
Encephalitis
1.
Dengue Fever – icterus & hemorrhage w/ blac vomit
2. Yellow fever
3. St. Louis Encephalitis – no hepatitis or hemorrhage
1.
–ssRNA, enveloped
2. California Encephalitis – severe bifrontal headaches
3. Hantavirus – hemorrhagic fever w/ acute resp. distress syndrome
1.
H. Influenzae (needs factors V & X for growth)
2. Strep. Pneumoniae
3. N. meningitidis
4. N. gonnorhoae
5. W/ this activity these bugs are able to colonize the oral mucosa.
1.
Adenopathy
2. β Prophage encodes the exotoxin
3. Corneybacteria is Club shaped
4. Diphtheria
5. Elongation Factor II
6. Granules (metachromatic)
Parvovirus: “Part of a virus”
Reovirus, “RepeatOvirus”
“Naked for CPR”: Calcivirus; Picornovirus; Reovirus
Papovavirus & Hepadnavirus
Papovavirus. Seen in kidney transplant patients (causes renal disease)
No, but has reverse transcriptase
Poiliovirus; Echo; Rhino; Coxsackie; Hep A
Filovirus & Bunyavirus (Hantavirus)
All are RNA: Orthomyxo; Arena; Bunya; Reo
No internal virus. 1 total virus per cell
No external virus. Extracellular virus found
Nucleocapsid. DNA or RNA + Structural proteins
Membrane. Nucleocapsid + Glycoprotein
Non virus specific. Works by RNA endonuclease = digests viral DNA + inh viral prot synth
Gag, pol, env
Tat, rev, nef
Transmembrane
Surface
Matrix
Capsid
Nucleocapsid

Page 33

DNA Viruses

A = Adeno
H = Herpes
H= Hepadna
P = Pox
P = Parvo
P = Papova

E

Brick. Rep
In Cyto
AH H PPP --- ico Rep in Nuc
SS
Circ
E

(+) RNA Viruses

C = Calici
P = Picorno
R = Reo
F = Flavi
T = Toga
C = Corona

C P R F T C ------ ico (+) Linear.
No segment. Rep in Cyto
Helical
R-Tase &
Rep in Nuc
8

(-) RNA Viruses

2

3

F O R P A B ---- (-) E Helical
Linear. Non seg.

Bullet

Hepatitis Window Period
Hepatitis

A
Picorna

Downey Type II cells
Infection by Aedes Mosquito
“Hot T-Bone stEAk”: ILs

ILs Secreted by CD4s
ILs Secreted by Macrophages
C5a

F = Filo
O = Orthomyxo
R = Rhabdo
P = Paramyxo
A = Arena
B = Bunya

Anti sense

After HbsAg disappears & Before HbsAb appears
B
Hepadna
EBV

C
Flavi

D
Delta

E
Calici

Yellow Fever: Flavivirus: Black vomit, jaundice, high fever
IL1 = ↑ Temp: HOT
IL2 = stimulate T cells
IL3 = stimulate Bone Marrow stem cells’ growth & differentiation (GM CSF)
IL4 = stimulate IgE (& IgG)
IL5 = stimulate IgA (& eosinophils)
IL2, IL4, IL5, IFN gamma
IL1 & TNF α
Neutral chemotaxis.
When it is w/ C3a, participates in anaphylaxis
When both Alternative and Classic pathways come together
Alternative: C3b, Bb, C3b + C3a
C5
Classic: 2b, 3b, C3a + C4b
C5

C5 Convertase
Only Richettssia not Intracellular
Plasmodium Life Cycle

Quintana

Acanthamoeba
Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia
Cryptococcus Neoformans
Candida
Aspergillus Fumigatum
Cocciodes

Star shaped cysts

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Sporozoites: from blood to liver
Primary tissue schizont
Trophozoites: in RBC
Erythrocytic schizont
Merozoite: ruptured RBC
Gametozyte
Zygote: inside the mosquito

Nonseptate, filamentous, 90 degree branching, indian in, capsular halos
Monomorphic
Yeast normally, pseudo & true hyphae in tissue infections
45 degree branching point, asoc’d w/ cystic fibrosis & burns pt
Hyphae in wild. Artroconidia. Arthocondida & Hyphae. Sherules w/ endospores
Page 34

Hyphae in wild. Microcondida w/ tuberculate macrocondida. Fac intracellular. In the tissue it’s a yeast w/ a small neck.
Hyphae in wild

Histoplasma Cap
Blastomycosis
Sporothrix Schenkii
PCP
Gram (-) Bugs w/ Exotoxins

Hypahe in wild. Potas iodide in milk. Pneumonia in alcoholics.
Obligate parasite. Kills type I pneumo cells. Ground glass
E. Coli; V. Cholera; Bordetella Pertussis

Dermatophytes

Transmission
E. Histolitica
Giardia
Cryptosporidium
Balantium C.
Trichomonas V.

Fever

Cysts
Cysts
Cysts
Cysts
Trophozoites

Trichophyton: SHN
Microsporium: SH
Epidermophyton: SN
Tinea tavus: permanent hair loss

Diagnosis

Fever Spike

Trophozoites or cysts in stool
Trophozoites or cysts in stool
Acid fast oocysts
Trophozoites or cysts in stool
Motile trophozoites

Vivax

Benign 3 degrees

48h

Enlarged Host Cell

Ovale

Benign 3 degrees

48h

Oval/Jagged

Malariae

4 degrees of Malarial

72hrregular

Crescent

Falciparum

Malignant 3 degrees

Miscellaneous

1. Fastest growing tumor – Burkitt’s
2. PE’s are found in half of all autopsies
3. Courvoisier’s Law: tumors that obstruct the common bile duct cause enlarged gallbladders, but obstructing gallstones do not (too much scarring), so if you can palpate the gallbladder you’e probably looking at cancer.
4. Only DNA virus to replicate in cytoplasm: Pox
5. Only RNA virus to replicate in nucleus: Influenza
6. Bacillus anthracis has the only protein capsule
7. Bordetella pertussis (Whooping Cough) elicits lymphocytosis rather than granulocytosis
8. Bronchioalveolar carcinomas grow without destroying the normal architecture of the lung
9. Cryptococcus neoformans often lacks a capsule and, when stained with GMS, looks just like Pneumycistis carinii, except that Cryptococcus lacks the prominent nucleoli.
10. Weil Felix reaction: (+)R. rickettssi & (+)Proteus vulgaris & P. mirabilis
11. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) tests: 1)VDRL 2)FTA-Abs: most widely used 3)TPI (immobilization test – most expensive but the Gold Standard)
Cytokine
IL 1
IL 2
IL 3
IL 4
IL 5
IL 6
IFN α
IFN β
IFN gamma
TNF α
TNF β

Source
Monocytes, macrophages
Macrophages, T & NK cells
T cells
T cells
T cells
T cells, monocytes
B cells, macrophages
Fibroblasts
T & NK cells
Macrophages, T & NK cells
T cells

Function
Stimulates T cell proliferation & IL2 produciton
Stim prolif of B, T & NK cell
GF of tissue mast cells & hematopoietic stem cells
↑ growth of B & T cells/ ↑ HLA II Ags
Maturation of B plasma cell
Maturation of B & T cell/ (-) fibroblasts
Antiviral activity
Antiviral activity
Antiviral activity, (+) macrophages, ↑ HLA II Ags
T cell prolif, IL 2 prod, cytotoxicity
T cell prolif, IL 2 prod, cytotoxicity

Page 35

Tumor Suppressor Genes
Genes
VHL
APC
WT-1
Rb
BRCA-2 p53 NF-1
BRCA-1
DCC
DPC
NF-2

Chrom.
3p
5p
11p
13q
13q
17p
17q
17q
18q
18q
22q

Associated Tumors
Von Hippel Lindau, Renal Cell CA
Familial adenomatous polyposis, Colon CA
Wilm’s tumor
Retinoblastoma, Osteosarcoma
Breast CA
Most human Cas
Neurofibromatosis type 1
Breast CA, Ovarian CA
Colon & Stomach CA
Pancreatic CA
Neurofibromatosis type 2 = bilateral acoustic neuroma

Physio Equations:
Resistance in Series: Add all
Resistance in Parallel: Invert the answer
RENAL:
Filtration Fraction =

GFR
RPF

Filtered Load = GFR x [Conc]

Clearance =

GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate RPF: Renal Plasma Flow

Excretion Rate = [Urine] x VUrine

Excretion
[Urine]xV (Urine) or [ Plasma]
[ Plasma]

Renal Blood Flow =

ERPF
1 − Hct

Clearance of PAH = [ERPF]

Free Water Clearance = VUrine -

ERPF: Eff renal plasma flow

Urine(osm) xV (urine)
P(osm)

CARDIO:
CO = HR x SV

CO =

O 2(consumed )
PulmonaryA − VO 2difference

MAP = Diastolic + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

CO =

MAP
TPR

Page 36

Pulse Pressure = Systolic – Diastolic

MAP = TPR x CO

F=

P1 − P 2
R

LUNGS:
PAO2 = (760 – 47) FO2 Where:
FO2 = [O2]

Flow =

PACO 2
R

PACO2 = Alv. Press. Of CO2

O 2consumed
AtoVO 2difference

Velgas Diffusion =

VentTot = VentTidal x #of Respirations
Compliance =

Vol
Pr ess

P=

R = Resp. Exchange Ratio

Tension
Radius

Resp Doubles: 150mmHg & 40mmHg

CO 2 produced
≅ .8 or 1
O 2consumed

Area x Gas Diffusion Constant x Difference of Partial Press
Thickness

VentAlv = (VentTidal – VentDead) x # of Respirations
1.0 =

Va/Q

New PCO2 = 20

Diffusing Capacity =
New PO2 = 170

Page 37

COuptake
PACO 2

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