1.
The idea that “existence precedes essence” is that, for human beings, there is no predefined pattern that we must fit into. We live our lives which defines what we truly are, not any idealized set of characteristics. This idea is the heart of Sartre’s existentialism. We must create our own meaning, place our own value on our acts, and make our individual freedom absolute and unbounded.
Sartre, although an atheist, stated the meaning that God is the full existential realization of every perfect, ideal or essential attribute of God. Sartre described that as an impossibility, but it is also a good description of what a believer believes God to be.
2.
The first principle of existentialism is humanism. Atheistic existentialism declares with greater consistency that if God does not exist there is at least one being whose existence comes before its essence, a being which exists before it can be defined by any conception of it. That being is man or the human reality. In addition, this is what people call its “subjectivity,” using the word as a reproach against us. For we mean to say that man primarily exists – that man is, before all else, something which propels itself towards a future and is aware that it is doing so. Man is, indeed, a project which possesses a subjective life, instead of being a kind of moss, or a fungus or a cauliflower. Before that projection of the self nothing exists; not even in the heaven of intelligence: man will only attain existence when he is what he purposes to be.
3.
For anguish, anguish is felt by a person who involves himself and who realizes that he is not only the person he chooses to be, but also a ruler, choosing all mankind as well as himself. For example, Abraham believing that an angel of God has ordered him to sacrifice his beloved son, Isaac, this shows the anguish of trying to act rightly without ever being able to secure any conclusive evidence of what is the right course of action. The second emotion, forlornness, Sartre says that God does not exist, because all possibility of finding values in a heaven of ideas has disappeared; there cannot be an a priori Good, since there is no infinity. The third and last emotion, despair, is the realization that we cannot ultimately rely on anyone else for anything. Human is free, and there is no human nature to depend on. We cannot count on them since we rely on human goodness or man's concern for the good of society.
4.
When Nietzsche says “God is dead”, he is saying that God no longer is relevant, or be used as a basis for moral code. The loss of an absolute basis for morality does not, for Nietzsche automatically arrive at Nihilism, although he recognizes the crisis which the death of God represents for existing moral considerations. This is why Nietzsche has written the words “God is dead” like a madman. The madman runs into the market square screaming that he is looking for God, but he can't find him. The madman is mainly speaking to Atheists when he is shouting at people in the market place; the problem with Nihilism is it is hard to retain any system of values in the absence of a divine order. What Nietzsche wanted people to do, after they reject religious morality, is evaluated their basis for human morality, and arrive at an ethical system based purely on human values, with which one can make a judgment for morality, not involving God or any higher cosmic order. We are our own authority, and need to make our own values. An philosopher who is not affirmative would not take steps, after this rejection of God, to rebuild any meaning to life. They would be happier to exist within Nihilism.
5.
Nihilism is a non-Christian belief that in the end, “nothingness” prevails in a world that is totally meaningless. Nihilism teaches that God does not exist or that God is dead. Nihilism says there is no higher purpose in life, that life is simply futile.
Nihilism takes numerous forms. Ethical or moral nihilism rejects the existence of ethical or moral values, which designates such values as “good” and “evil” are seen as indistinct, and values are simply a result of social and emotional pressures. Existential nihilism declares that life has no inherent meaning or purpose. Political nihilism promotes the obliteration of all existing political, social, and religious institutions as a precondition for any and all future advancements in society.
6.
At the top of the very large pyramid base, the Masters pursued excellence, compared themselves to no one, created their own values, created themselves. They considered what they did as good, noble and the actions of “lesser” people as bad, weak, pathetic. Nietzsche clearly distinguishes “good and evil” from “good and bad”. They were also very focused on this world, which is something that plays an important role in Slave Morality.
Slave morality is, on the other hand, a response to Master Morality. Its creators were, for the most part, actual slaves, who deeply resented their masters.
Theirs was a moral of reaction, of subversion, of self-denial, where the values of their masters were turned upside down, viewed as evil. Note here how “evil” in the slaves’ perspective is about something strong while “bad” in the masters’ view is about weakness. You can see how quickly excellence, pride, creativity, being strong willed and even egoistic can be turned into mediocrity, humbleness, resentfulness, altruism and self-deception. Seeking knowledge and perfection was no longer admirable and ignorance almost became nonsense.