...Meta ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics 1 Running head: META ETHICS, NORMATIVE ETHICS, APPLIED ETHICS. Meta ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics Gina Padilla Crj 220 Ignacio V. Vila April 14, 2012 Meta ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics 2 Running head: Meta ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics. Meta ethics talks about the nature of ethics and moral reasoning. Discussions about whether ethics is relative and whether we always act from self-interest are examples of meta- ethical discussions. In fact, drawing the conceptual distinction between Meta ethics, Normative Ethics, and Applied Ethics is itself a "meta ethical analysis." Normative ethics is interested in determining the content of our moral behavior. Normative ethical theories seek to provide action-guides; procedures for answering the Practical Question ("What ought I to do?"). The moral theories of Kant and Bentham are examples of normative theories that seek to provide guidelines for determining a specific course of moral action. Think of the Categorical Imperative in the case of the former and the Principle of Utility in the case of the latter. Applied Ethics attempts to deal with specific realms of human action and to craft criteria for discussing issues that might arise within those realms. The contemporary field of Applied Ethics arouse in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Today, it is a thriving part of the field of ethics. Numerous books and web-sites are devoted...
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...Normative ethics are outlined in six approaches for managers to follow that include the utilitarian approach, individualism approach, moral rights approach, justice approach virtue ethics approach and the practical approach. The utilitarian approach began in the nineteenth century by two philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. They believed that moral behavior produced the greatest good for the greatest number of people possible. The decision maker of the organization is expected to consider the effect the decision will have on all parties. The manger is then to take the path that will improve the benefits for the greatest number of people. This approach is the basis of companies’ ethics regarding employee Internet usage and also personal habits such as alcohol and tobacco consumption since these habits and behaviors affect the entire work place. The individualism approach states that acts are moral when they encourage long-term interest with everyone within the organization learning to accommodate the long-term interests of the organization. The approach is noted to lead to honest and integrity. The individualism approach is not popular within highly organization groups of society because it is easily misinterpreted to support self-gain. The moral rights approach notes that fundamental rights and liberties cannot be taken away from human beings by an individual decision. The justice approach focuses on standards of equity, fairness and impartiality...
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...Can actions be judged to the extent to which they maximise happiness? Define utilitarianism: Is an ethical theory in normative ethics that has a core belief that the actions can be judged as right or wrong if they lead to a good consequence. Define: Act utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism created by Jeremy Bentham. Act utilitarianism is a theory that states happiness can be calculated via the 'the hedonistic calculus'. This included factors such as profundity, intensity, duration and others. Each of these are used in relation to the action and then one can calculate the best outcome. This led to Bentham arguing that every action can be deemed right if it leads to maximising utility. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that actions can be judged to the extent which they maximise happiness However, one can argue that act utilitarianism allows for barbaric actions to be taken place, which seem immoral. For example, torturing thousands of people in order to save millions. This entails some individuals will have to suffer hugely. This leads to swine ethics where cruel actions can be deemed good just because they lead to good consequences. However, one can argue that this form utilitarianism is a favourable one. That's because it is an egalitarian theory, which matches well with the concept of democracy. Since, democracy is for the people, by the people, one can assume that it is therefore right to support the majority. This would mean that act...
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...Matthew Lee 003929628 PS M122B Summer 2014 Paper #4 Normative Ethics In many parts of the United States, use of cannabis is either partially or completely illegal. However, many citizens still use cannabis for recreational and/or therapeutic purposes despite the drug’s illicit status. This paper will analyze the following question using normative ethics: Is the legalization of cannabis moral? I argue that under a normative ethics analysis the legalization of cannabis is moral. Let us first analyze the question under a utilitarian lens. The prohibition of cannabis is very costly to American society. The government’s efforts to police cannabis cost U.S. taxpayers millions of dollars. Furthermore, the illegal status of cannabis causes potential...
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...Paper about Thucydides versus Plato on the nature of the Good Life 1: Thucydides versus Plato on the nature of the Good Life. Some have claimed that Thucydides is making empirical claims, whereas Plato is making normative claims. Is that true? Support your answer in your paper. Plato and Thucydides together had strikingly dissimilar views on their tactic on the good life. Many have demanded that Plato is making normative rights, whereas Thucydides has made empirical claims. Let's first take a look at Plato. Plato's philosophy on the decent life was based on the confidence that all has an objective or use that is classically suited for asset, beauty, fairness, and excellence of the exact thing, and all will depend on the conclusion of that role. He reflects the decent life as being reached and finished by the flawless love and lack of wish. Plato states that the good life is the disorder a person exhibits regarding entire virtue. Virtue inclines to come after the nonappearance of desires, or prospects, so true contentment means being satisfied to the opinion one doesn’t have needs. He’s persuaded that everyone has the control to be virtuous. He too believed the gentleman and citizens are the formation of the City; they are it’s slaves and it’s broods, and the separate has no right to assert separate rights against the Urban. In his circumstance, justice is putative as a compromise, and appreciated, not as good in itself, nonetheless for lack of control to do wrong; no...
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...These groups are usually secondary and can be identified in three different types. Compared to formal organizations a century ago, there has been much evolvement. There are many trends in the formal organizations today and many different characteristics. There are three types of formal organizations that need to be considered. The first type is the Utilitarian organization. This is the most common type. The majority of people in the world will choose to join one of these organizations in their lifetime. This is the organization one will join if an income in being made. Being a member of this type of organization has the purpose of making a living. The second type is the normative organization. This is an organization that someone joins to serve a purpose. According to Macionis (2005), “People join normative organizations not for income but to pursue some goal they think is morally worthwhile.” (p. 119). This type can also be known as a volunteer group. The final type of formal organization is the coercive organization. These are the groups that others are forced to join such as a prison or hospital. It is very important to realize that any formal organization can meet the characteristics of one or all of these types. Formal organizations have been around for many years. Over the past century there have been many changes in the formal organizations. Organizations in the past faced many challenges. They did not have the technology that is available today. Due to this, information...
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...Actions done by reason of ignorance Every action one proceeds in doing will always have its consequences whether they are good out bad. All actions are governed by two main categories: voluntary and involuntary. It is through these two categories can one determine where the responsibility of the action lies and what is the proper outcome that the person who performs the action should receive. As Aristotle has mentioned, if the act is voluntary one should be praised or blamed, but should be given reason to be pardoned and sometimes even forgiveness if involuntary. However, what can be said about action done out of ignorance? It seems that some actions can be blame on the person who acted and others cannot. The following essay will discuss the concerns on when one is blameworthy for their action and when one is not. An action performed out of ignorance is, as it said, a deed that one carries out unknowingly or not understanding/given complete information of the situation. An example of that would be, if Anne was driving on a highway and a person, Carl, jump out of nowhere. Anne hits Carl and kills him. Anne cannot be blame for killing Carl because Carl had no reason to be there and Anne had no idea if she had continued down the highway she would have killed someone. Of course one could argue that driving can be considered a dangerous act to begin with and that Anne should have been aware of the consequence that might transpire. In spite of this, Anne still should not be blame...
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...Does marketing contain a set of well-defined principles that can help managers to make better decisions? If so, are these principles communicated effectively? We assumed that the answer to the first question was ”yes,” and undertook a project to see how much progress has been made in developing marketing principles. Our goal was to develop an inventory of marketing principles and to see how this inventory changed over time. But in trying to develop this inventory, we were confronted by the second question, that is, the communication of knowledge. Thus, we sought to develop an inventory of the principles that are actually being communicated. As a working definition, we defined principles as normative statements that specify a condition followed by a suggested action. That is, marketing principles should provide operational guidelines, telling managers how to act in a given type of situation. An example of a principle is that the illustration in a print ad should be placed above the copy. Principles should help marketing managers to make better decisions because they incorporate marketing knowledge derived through previous research and experience. A well-developed set of principles can act as a basis for an expert system. For example, Burke et al. (1990) developed an expert system in advertising based heavily upon the principles presented in the advertising textbook by Rossiter and Percy (1987). Well-supported principles of marketing should be of interest to marketing practitioners...
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...Virtue ethics is one out of three major parts of normative ethics. As the word ‘virtue’ describes the whole concept of virtue ethics i.e. it points to a set of character which leads to good behaviour. It portrays the behaviour of an individual not overall society. It includes the behaviour of a person towards others and is based on moral characters and virtues. Virtue ethics helps in encouraging people to adapt good behaviour in order to attain a good life. It is not based on duties or consequences unlike other two normative ethics. Virtue ethics indicate to help other because it is the kind thing to do. For example helping a old women to cross the road, is the kind thing to do but in helping her you are not getting any benefit it just a act of kindness. Virtue ethics add lots to morality as sometimes, there is necessity to think more than duty and consequences as a life exist between a person’s duty and consequences. Ethics of care often considered a part of virtue ethics. This theory also describes the character of individual and not of society as whole. It is based on the emotional relation i.e. friendship, care etc of an individual with other people. It gives significance to humanity and relationship with human. Family comes in the first step of care ethics. For example if a person mother is suffering from cancer in the last stage, and plead to award her death in order to free her from suffering and not be more burden on other family members. Ethics of caring is also...
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...Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property LEG 500 August 26, 2014 Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property Ethical dilemma may be defined as a situation where one has to make a decision but the decision to be made has some impact on either of the choices taken. In different organizations, there are times where a manager may be faced by ethical dilemmas that he or she is supposed to look into. The process may be difficult since the manager has to deal with such situations without discriminating on any individual. Any activity that relate to business management in relation to the society, consumers, and the business itself should consider all ethical issues relating to the environment. It is important for business owners to alight ethical issues to their business plans. Ethical issues may relate to advertising and marketing, regulation of product safety, and intellectual property. Marketing and advertising, relating to any industry in the market, may have different forms of ethical issues. For example, advertising may be unethical when the content in the advertisement has unethical issues such as the use of harsh language or pictures that may not be pleasant to all age groups (Ashcroft, 2007). It is important for advertising agencies to consider all ethical factors while posting any advertisement to the public. In addition, marketing may lead to unethical issues...
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...this intergration of conceptual and ethical issues seriously from a research point of view requires that they are very strongly interconnected, i.e. mere studies of the way in which concepts are in fact informed by moral opinions and social values is not siffucient. Outright normative analyses of underlying ethical views need to underpin suggestions with regard to the way in which central concepts should be employed in policy contexts. This has been recognised in research on the basic ethical issue of what should be seen as the basic determinant of the quality of life or well-being (Brülde 1998, 2006), as well as research on applied ethics of relevance for disability (Brülde 2003; Munthe 1996, 1999; Juth 2005; Juth & Munthe 2006), and concepts such as happiness, health, illness, and mental disorder (Brülde 2000, 2006a, 2006b). Research on several of the conceptual issues has demonstrated how they are strongly connected to ethical problems related to health care policies and public health practices, in particular issues about what are the appropriate goals of medicine as a whole, or parts thereof, e.g. the goals of palliative care, psychotherapy, rehabilitation, or treatments of chronic illnesses. Normative theories about appropriate goals are necessary to come up with plausible grounds for diagnostic categories, outcome measures and policy guidelines in different areas. Some attempts...
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...right on this page] This includes sub-topics discussing information privacy, privacy laws, applications and court rulings (case law is usually an extension of the basic law based on the facts from specific cases and real-world court decisions), and key privacy and anonymity issues. While the sites provide many interesting topics, be sure to focus on our class IT topics. Use the template below and the list of suggested workforce privacy topics from one of the sites above to produce a matrix to map a key organizational ethical (or personal, if not in the job force) issue and how this issue is affected by laws, regulations, and policies. Use the list of normative ethics below to help you complete the matrix. Choose any three (only three) of the following list of twelve (12) principles of normative ethics described below. Prepare the Ethical Issue matrix and include the following explanation (200 words) —double-space your narrative—below the matrix: Why I chose the dilemma; Why I chose the three principles; and An analysis of the research used to identify the actions in the matrix. The completed matrix allows you to weigh the different issues involved and assign a rank as to the importance of the actions based on the effect on the stakeholders. Submit the matrix for grading to the Assignments Module. Indicate appropriate APA in-text and source citations for all...
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...com/product/bus-309-week-2-quiz-new-strayer/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM BUS 309 WEEK 2 QUIZ NEW STRAYER BUS 309 Week 2 Quiz Normative Theories of Ethics - NEW Strayer Activity mode aims to provide quality study notes and tutorials to the students of BUS 309 Week 2 Quiz NEW Strayer in order to ace their studies. BUS 309 WEEK 2 QUIZ NEW STRAYER To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/bus-309-week-2-quiz-new-strayer/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM BUS 309 WEEK 2 QUIZ NEW STRAYER BUS 309 Week 2 Quiz Normative Theories of Ethics - NEW Strayer Activity mode aims to provide quality study notes and tutorials to the students of BUS 309 Week 2 Quiz NEW Strayer in order to ace their studies. BUS 309 WEEK 2 QUIZ NEW STRAYER To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/bus-309-week-2-quiz-new-strayer/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM BUS 309 WEEK 2 QUIZ NEW STRAYER BUS 309 Week 2 Quiz Normative Theories of Ethics - NEW Strayer Activity mode aims to provide quality study notes and tutorials to the students of BUS 309 Week 2 Quiz NEW Strayer in order to ace their studies. BUS 309 WEEK 2 QUIZ NEW STRAYER To purchase this visit here: http://www.activitymode.com/product/bus-309-week-2-quiz-new-strayer/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM BUS 309 WEEK 2 QUIZ NEW STRAYER BUS 309 Week 2 Quiz Normative Theories of Ethics - NEW Strayer Activity mode aims to provide quality study notes and tutorials to the students of BUS...
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...in the areas of medical sectors. Many people have access to patient’s medical records including the attending physician, house staff, student, consultant, nurses, social workers, pharmacists, billing staffs and insurance company employees. Although computerized medical records have vital roles to improve the access to medical information efficiently, they allow more serious breaches of confidentiality. For example, confidentiality can be violated at any computer station, and fax and e-mail also present opportunities for confidentiality to be broken. I think in my opinion, keeping medical information confidentially shows respect for patents that except physician to maintain confidentiality, and it plays a vital role in improving employees ethics at work. Furthermore, maintaining confidentiality also has beneficial consequences for patients and for the doctor –patient relationship. It encourages people to seek medical care and discuss sensitive issues; moreover, treatment for these conditions benefits both the individual patient and public health. On the other hand, confidentiality prevents harmful consequences to patient, such as stigmatization and...
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...Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property Name: Hanadi Rabadi Course: LEG 500 Professor: Gus Weekley Date: 09/01/2014 Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Propertyt Inreduction Ethical dilemma may be defined as a situation where one has to make a decision but the decision to be made has some impact on either of the choices taken. In different organizations, there are times where a manager may be faced by ethical dilemmas that he or she is supposed to look into. The process may be difficult since the manager has to deal with such situations without discriminating on any individual. Any activity that relate to business management in relation to the society, consumers, and the business itself should consider all ethical issues relating to the environment. It is important for business owners to alight ethical issues to their business plans. Ethical issues may relate to advertising and marketing, regulation of product safety, and intellectual property. Marketing and advertising, relating to any industry in the market, may have different forms of ethical issues. For example, advertising may be unethical when the content in the advertisement has unethical issues such as the use of harsh language or pictures that may not be pleasant to all age groups (Ashcroft, 2007). It is important for advertising agencies to consider all ethical factors while posting any advertisement to the public...
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