...Because of the human tendency to rank one another, inequality emerges. Soon some people are at the top of the hierarchy while others are at the bottom. In the classic novel animal farm, George Orwell created a barnyard society where pigs where ultimately take over the previous classless animal society by altering one of their cardinal rules " all animals are equal" to " all animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others. Sociologist call this social ranking social stratification. Social stratification is the creation of layers of a population who possess unequal shares of scarce desirables, the most important which are income, wealth, power, and prestige. Each of the layers are social class a segment of population whose members hold a relatively similiar share of scarce desirables and who share values, norms, and an identifiable lifestyle. A stratification structure might include upper upper, middle upper, lower upper,upper middle, middle middle and lower lower classes. Karl marx and max weber made the most significant contributions to the study of social stratification. Marx demonstrated the importance of the economic foundations of social classes, while weber accented the prestige and power aspects of stratification. Together the work of these two great minds reveal to us that stratification is multidimensional. Although both marx and weber were concerned with inequality their emphases were different. For marx, the economic factor was an independent variable...
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...widespread social processes #2 * Marx, Weber, and Durkheim were disturbed by the social processes they believed to be driving the change, such as the quest for solidarity, the attainment of social goals, and the rise and fall of classes, to name a few examples. * They were also the first to employ the sociological imagination which is the ability to situate personal troubles within an informed framework of social issues #12 * Armchair sociology is an attempt to understand how the social world works without employing scientific methods #5 * Genie Wiley was a feral child who was the victim of extraordinarily severe abuse, neglect and social isolation. Her circumstances are prominently recorded in the annals of abnormal child psychology. #1 * Quantitative sociology is generally a numerical approach to understanding human behavior. Surveys with large numbers of participants are aggregated into data sets and analyzed using statistics, allowing researchers to discern patterns in human behavior. * Qualitative sociology generally opts for depth over breadth. The qualitative approach uses in-depth interviews, focus groups, or analysis of content sources (books, magazines, journals, TV shows, etc.) as the data source. These sources are then analyzed systematically to discern patterns and to arrive at a better understanding of human behavior. #4 * A hypothesis is a theoretical explanation of the observations and/or measurements #3 * The positivist approach...
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...Chapter 6 Functionalists believe the function of media is to entertain. They also socialize us, enforce social norms, confer status, and promote consumption. Agent of Socialization – The media increase social cohesion by presenting a common, more or less standardized view of culture through mass communication. Enforcer of Social Norms – The media often reaffirm proper behavior by showing what happens to people who act in a way that violate societal expectations. These messages are conveyed when the bad guy gets clobbered in cartoons or is thrown in jail on CSI. Yet the media also sometimes glorify disapproved behavior, when it is physical violence, disrespect to a teacher or drug use. Media does also play a critical in human sexuality. Many people object to the widespread availability of pornography on the web. Others are concerned about the way sexual predators use chat rooms to take advantage of children. Conferral of Status – The mass media confer status on people, organizations, and public issues. Whether it is an issue like the homeless or a celebrity. They single out one from thousands of other similarly placed issues or people to become significant. Promotion of Consumption – Twenty thousand commercials a year is the average number of commercials the average child in the United States watches on television. Narcotizing Dysfunction – The phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of coverage that the audience becomes numb and fails to act on the information...
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...Methods Overt observation- the researcher makes their true identity and the truth as to what they are carrying out known to the people or subject being studied. It avoids ethical problems of deceit It allows them to ask obvious questions that would seem strange if they were using overt observation The observer can record research openly They can use interview methods The disadvantages: A group may refuse researchers study on their group The group or subject may act differently ‘’we only show you want you want to see’’ Covert observation- the researcher hides their true identity as a researcher from the group being studied Practical issues- it reduces the risk of altering peoples behavior and sometimes is the only way to get valid information Laud Humphreys (1970) study of gay men in toilets It requires the researcher to keep up an act, which could potentially be blown at any small mistake, which could determine the results of the study. (Could be practically dangerous if in a gang as violence or physical harm could come to the researcher) Ethical issues: Some people find it immoral to deceive people and obtaining information from them by pretending about who they are. Some researchers may have to abruptly leave a group without an explanation They may have to participate in violent or immoral or illegal activities They may have legal duty to report them Advantages of participant observation: 1. validity 2. insight 3. flexibility 4. practical...
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...Chapter 1 What is sociology? * Seeks to explain, describe, and predict human behavior * Not concerned with individual human beings * Concerned with human beings in reaction to other human beings * Puts emphasis on group behavior (two or more people) (small group/large groups) * Looks at group social interaction, social behavior an influence of social structures on people How old is sociology? 200 years Why did sociology (as social science develop)? Who was the founding father of sociology? Main contributions of Sociology Early Auguste compte: Founding father of sociology, coined the word sociology How is Sociology different from other social sciences? Emile Durkheim: influenced development of functionalism 4 types of suicide by Durkheim: Egoistic: Mentally ill, lonely, social outcast, depression Altruistic: Kamikaze pilots, suicide bombers, cult members, obligation to the group, Fatalistic: Inmates, elderly, terminally ill, hopelessness Anomic: Anyone who cant deal with chaos, such as stock market crash or 1929-Insecurity Anomie: When society’s norms are questions, much social change, Society is rapidly changing Institutions are weakened, family, religion. Gender norms are questioned; values and belief systems are questioned Theory of structural functionalism 1 If a structure exists in society its because its functional, the social structure exists because it works Social structures: anything...
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...FUNCTIONALISM DURKHEIM’S FUNCTIONALIST THEORY * functionalists see society as based on value consensus – it sees members of a society as sharing a common culture * sharing the same culture produces social solidarity – binding individuals together and telling them how to behave in order to achieve solidarity, SOCIETY HAS TWO KEY MECHANISMS: SOCIAL CONTROL -rewards for conformity -punishments for deviance -ensures that individuals behave in the way that society requires SOCIALISATION -instils the shared culture into its members. -insures that people internalise the same norms and values. -so they act in the way that society requires * While functionalists see too much crime as destabilising society, they also see crime as inevitable and universal. * Every known society has some level of crime and deviance – a crime free society is a contradiction in terms. * DURKHEIM: ‘’is normal... an integral part of all healthy societies’’ REASONS WHY CRIME IS FOUND IN ALL SOCIETIES: In complex modern societies, there is a diversity of lifestyles and values. Different groups develop their own subcultures with distinctive norms and values, so what a subculture sees as normal may be seen as deviant in mainstream society. In complex modern societies, there is a diversity of lifestyles and values. Different groups develop their own subcultures with distinctive norms and values, so what a subculture sees as normal may be seen as deviant in mainstream...
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... ABBAS (Samir Abood). Strategies of petro-chemical industries in Arabian countries. 1988. Delhi, University of Delhi. 412p, Bibliography: P 354-84. (University of Delhi, Commerce (Deptt of-), Thesis). (Thesis, University of Delhi, Commerce (Deptt of-). {Note: Appendix: P 354-412}. X9(F555).46.N8 M8/Th 00914764 ABBI (Kavita). Life style of Indian women (working V/s non working). 1987. Delhi, University of Delhi. 110p. (University of Delhi, Commerce and Business (Faculty of-), Dissertation). (Dissertation, University of Delhi, Commerce and Business (Faculty of-). Y15.2.N8 M7/Th 00914439 ABERRA (Yohannes). Problems of irrigation in the drought prone region on Northern Ethiopia: A case study of the Mekele Plateau. 2001. Delhi, University of Delhi. xiii, 309p, Bibliography: P 275-92. (University of Delhi, Geography, Deptt. of-), Dissertation). (Dissertation, University of Delhi, Geography, Deptt. of-). {Note: Appendix: P 293-309}. U672(J):(D2).682.P P1/Th 01117400 ABRAHEAM (Khazel Asmail). India-Iraq trade and economic reltions. 1986. Delhi, University of Delhi. 345p,...
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...Homework#1: What is Sociology? For your first homework assignment, I want you to think about the discipline of sociology, and how acquiring a sociological perspective can be useful, even if you do not major in sociology. Your response should be uploaded to Blackboard using the "view/complete" link at the bottom of this prompt no later than 11:59pm on WEDNESDAY, October 29th. Respond to each of the 'prompts' in bold (there are six--Path 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and "Why Sociology?"). Watch this brief video featuring NKU sociology students describing how the discipline of sociology has pushed them to think sociologically about the world around them, and how the sociological perspective is benefitting them in their careers. Watch the (11 minute) video, and write a brief response (described below). The video can be accessed here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sj9POR7YTww&feature=youtu.bev NOTE: If clicking the link does not work, try to copy and paste the link into a web browser. THE ASSIGNMENT The video describes five ‘paths’ towards the creation of knowledge in sociology, and concludes with a description of why students might study sociology. As you watch the video, pay attention to the questions related to each path/topic (listed below). For each item, write a short (~1 paragraph) response that addresses the question(s). NOTE: There are no ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ answers. The purpose of this assignment is to get you started in thinking about the discipline of sociology and what sociologists...
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...Samuola Vernet Professor Amanda Weir English 100 11/26/12 Academic Literacies Project Sociology is the study of social behavior and the socio-cultural settings in which it occurs. It involves the study of whole societies and their basic institutions as well as smaller scale groups such as the family, peer group and neighborhood. (Undergraduate Programs University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. n.d) By examining different social groups in economic, political and religious contexts, the effects on human attitudes, actions and opportunities can be discovered. With the understanding of sociology in mind I expect the academic literacy workload for sociology to require a lot of reading and writing. Examining human behavior demands a lot of analyzing and research. When analyzing a text it is expected that the author reasoning will be looked for. To fully comprehend a text when reading one must take good notes, summarize and/or paraphrase the main idea. A sociology course requires a lot of precise thinking and reflection. By doing so the text is questioned and allows thoughts about personal emotions and affects as well as whether it connects text to text, self or world or another text. In an informal discussion with an upperclassman in philosophy, I was told that there will be two types of assigned papers study and theory. A thesis is needed when writing a theory paper. Theory papers tend to have readers think and evaluate them critically and address the issue of how...
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...Tuesdays 11:00 A.M. – 12:00 P.M. COURSE DESCRIPTION This course is designed to help you learn about the Sociology of Religion, with special attention paid to contemporary issues in religion and society in the United States. This course will set out to explore the various rituals, values, and customs that a society embraces, and through this, find the hidden meaning behind the cultural knowledge that these values, rituals and customs provide. While people use these values, rituals, and customs to interpret the world around them, it will be our job to discuss the implications and unconscious assumptions that these interpretations provide using a number of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. TEXTS AND READINGS REQUIRED • Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments (2nd edition) by Kevin J. Christiano, William H. Swatos Jr., and Peter Kivisto, ISBN 978-0-7425-6111-3 • Additional readings to be posted to Blackboard SUGGESTED • Durkheim, Emile. 1965. Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. New York: Free Press. • Marx, Karl and Frederich Engels. 1978. "The Communist Manifesto" and “the German Ideology,” in The Marx-Engels Reader. Ed. Robert Tucker. New York: W.W. Norton. • Weber, Max. 1958. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Charles Scribner. • Weber, Max. 1978. "Religious Groups (The Sociology of Religion)". Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press. • Geertz, Clifford. 1973. "Religion...
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...Welcome to the continuing story of sociology, a discipline that challenges the way we think about our world. Introduction to Sociology II builds on the foundational knowledge and concepts gained through Sociology 111. Therefore, this course continues our introduction to sociology, and explores the range of topics studied by sociologists. This semester, we will consider deviance as a social structure, recognize social difference through social inequalities based on class, “race,” ethnicity, gender, and sexuality, and analyze social inequalities in various social institutions, including family, religion, education, work, and health and medicine. Through course readings, lecture, and class/small group discussions, we will examine how social forces impact individual lives as well as how individuals shape the social world. LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of the course, students should be able to: * understand sociology as a social science and recognize the range of topics studied * develop critical and analytical thinking skills to question various assumptions about the social world * describe significant theoretical perspectives and research methodologies within sociology * locate, analyze, and critique relevant academic sociology journal articles * understand and implement skills and knowledge relevant to writing and editing an academic paper REQUIRED TEXTBOOKS: Steckley, John and Guy Kirby Letts. Elements of Sociology: A Critical Canadian Introduction...
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...or symbols, and thus act on their own interpretation of that language or symbol in a given situation, and not the situation in and of itself” (Basirico et al., 2014 p. 45). This theory, known as symbolic interaction, is an approach to understanding the relationship between humans and society…the basic notion of symbolic interactionism is that human action and interaction are understandable only through the exchange of meaningful communication or symbols (Boundless, 2015). Such an example of this theory was demonstrated by this event in York, England. A recent article contributed to Fox News by Tribune Media Wire explained that a woman “went to her local supermarket where she parked in a handicapped spot…when she returned she found a note on her windshield that read: ‘Being fat and ugly doesn’t count as disabled – park elsewhere’” (Tribune Media Wire, 2015). The article continues by saying the woman “recently...
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...Current Sociological Theories and Issues in Tourism Your Name Institution Name Current Sociological Theories and Issues in Tourism The journal studies the development of sociological issues from the 20th century to the present day. It traces the foundation of these theories to the current events that are studied today. The author notes that postmodern era arguments were based on relations between western modernity and tourism. In the recent past, sociology theories have changed due to dynamism in human behavior and a broader definition of authenticity. Due to the different shifts occurring in the society today the journal concentrates on current sociology theories. The theory discussed in this article are reviewed in through three perspectives of the modern world that are Mobility, Performativity approach, and the actor network theory (p. 2178). The journal outlines the chronology of various changes that have been witnessed in the tourism sector over the years. The journal elucidates the significant historical events affecting contemporary tourism. Three theories are used to explain these changes and their impacts on tourism, these include performativity, mobilities, and the ANT approaches (p. 2195). Through evaluating the three postulations, a shift that occurred from the earlier authenticity discourses to tourist gaze is well evident. Moreover, the problems in the tourism sector are also evaluated. However, the article concentrates only with the Western travel...
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...Introduction to Sociology SOC101 Summer 2014 Muntasir Masum NAC 914 LIBRARY RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT Scholarly papers require scholarly resources. This library assignment will help you identify and locate scholarly resources related to your paper topic. In this assignment, you will use the library databases to locate academic journal articles in sociology on the topics you select from the list below. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY These skills include: • • • When you have completed this assignment, you will have enhanced the skills necessary to successfully locate, obtain and use scholarly resources found through the library. You will also have a start on your essay, which is due later in the term. creating successful keyword searches to find resources for your topic; using databases to find relevant articles for your topic; and, assessing the scholarly nature of a resource. Identify a topic for your essay using the lists below – this will be the same list from which you will choose your research paper topic. Pick one topic from column A and one topic from column B, and study the work in that area (for example, race and education). You may choose any combination. A Race Age Gender Immigration B Social Movements Health Poverty Crime This assignment is an annotated bibliography containing five peer-reviewed sociology journal articles on your topic. Submit this annotated bibliography (it should be about one page, single-spaced) to www.schoology.com, before noon on Monday, June...
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...This brief abstract is a concept note on the subject of sociology of health and illness. It is going to give a brief sketch background of medical sociology, highlight various definitions of what is health, illness and how the production, distribution and patterns of diseases are influenced by the context in which they occur. The biomedical understanding of health and illness was entirely in the context of bacteriology and immunology dominated the subject of heath care systems for centuries. The history of medical sociology began in the 1800 with extensive contributions of Virchow to social medicine (Virchow, 1864). The resurgence of medical sociology and its institutionalization emerged in the 1960s and 1970s following the deficiencies of biomedicine to account various diseases which came about on the eve of industrialization and urbanization. Some diseases have their roots in the economic, social, cultural, political and environmental context. It is in these backdrops among other reasons that the sociology of health and illness gained recognition and institutionalization. Medical sociology did not discredit biomedical explanations and practice but have attributed that production, patterns, distribution and reproduction of health and illness is socially constructed (Waitzkin et al., 2001; Foucault, 1977; White, 2006). Sociology of health and Illness uses sociological perspectives such as the Sick role (Parsons, 1951), historical materialist approaches (Engels, 1844/1973), interactionist...
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