Nationalism

The nature of the nation and the differences between nations and states.
- A nation can be defined as a group of people who consider themselves to have common circumstances at birth. These common circumstances are strong enough for them to adopt collective goals based on their national identity. Nationalism is therefore an emotional phenomenon felt by the people.
- There are a number of typical circumstances of birth that may give rise to nationhood including having a single common ancestor, a common historical experience, common culture, ethnic identity, geographical proximity, religion, attachment to territory.
- A state is a political reality. It either exists or it doesn’t. In contrast to the concept of nation, it does not convey a people’s state of mind or emotion. A state is a defined territory within which there is a centre of sovereignty that is, more or less, in control of the territory.

Differences between nationalism and racialism
-Racialism is where the basis of nationhood is founded on ethnic identity, which leads to a synthesis between racialism and nationalism. In extreme cases, the two terms become synonymous. Many nations based on race also adopt Darwinist views of the world.
-Racialist philosophers theorised that races were arranged in a hierarchy. In the struggle for superiority, those nations who showed the strongest unity would prevail.
- This differs from cultural nationalism as it attempts to protect minority cultures being threatened by another culture.

Inclusive/exclusive and civic/ethno cultural nationalisms * Civic nationalism: nationhood is defined by common citizenship. A civic nation consists of those who subscribe to its political creed, regardless of ethnicity, race, colour, religion, gender or language. IT has equal right bearing citizens united in patriotic attachment. They share a set of political