...accounting rate of return. In this paper, I will examine the use of the Net Present Value, and the provisions it makes for specific cases, such as unequal lives and mutually exclusive projects. Then I will conclude with the technique that has been proved the best for investment appraisal through the analysis and comparison of project appraisal techniques. The Net Present Value (NPV) method is used by 75% of firms when deciding on investment projects. The reasons for its wide use is that firstly, the NPV rule takes into account the time value of money, meaning that it recognises that a pound today is worth more than a pound tomorrow as the pound today can be invested to start earning interest immediately. Secondly, NPV depends solely on the forecasted cash flows from the project and the opportunity cost of capital. And the final reason for its preference is because the present values are all measured in today’s pounds they have the property of additivity. This property is important as it helps managers to not be misled into accepting a low NPV project just because it is packaged with a high NPV project (Brealey and Myers 116-19). Other reasons for this widely used...
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...TO CAPITAL BUDGETING 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 Overview 159 The NPV Rule for Judging Investments and Projects 159 The IRR Rule for Judging Investments 161 NPV or IRR, Which to Use? 162 The “Yes–No” Criterion: When Do IRR and NPV Give the Same Answer? 163 Do NPV and IRR Produce the Same Project Rankings? 164 Capital Budgeting Principle: Ignore Sunk Costs and Consider Only Marginal Cash Flows 168 Capital Budgeting Principle: Don’t Forget the Effects of Taxes—Sally and Dave’s Condo Investment 169 Capital Budgeting and Salvage Values 176 Capital Budgeting Principle: Don’t Forget the Cost of Foregone Opportunities 180 In-House Copying or Outsourcing? A Mini-case Illustrating Foregone Opportunity Costs 181 Accelerated Depreciation 184 Conclusion 185 Exercises 186 158 0195301501_158-192_ch7.qxd 11/3/05 12:47 PM Page 159 CHAPTER 7 Introduction to Capital Budgeting 159 OVERVIEW Capital budgeting is finance terminology for the process of deciding whether or not to undertake an investment project. There are two standard concepts used in capital budgeting: net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). Both of these concepts were introduced in Chapter 5; in this chapter we discuss their application to capital budgeting. Here are some of the topics covered: • Should you undertake a specific project? We call this the “yes–no” decision, and we show how both NPV and IRR answer this question. • Ranking projects: If you have several alternative investments...
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...CAPITAL BUDGETING DECISIONS 12/24/2012 Prof.Dr. Anuj Verma 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the nature and importance of investment decisions Explain the methods of calculating net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) Show the implications of net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) Describe the non-DCF evaluation criteria: payback and accounting rate of return Illustrate the computation of the discounted payback Compare and contrast NPV and IRR and emphasize the superiority of NPV rule 12/24/2012 Prof.Dr. Anuj Verma 3 Nature of Investment Decisions The investment decisions of a firm are generally known as the capital budgeting, or capital expenditure decisions. The firm’s investment decisions would generally include expansion, acquisition, modernisation and replacement of the long-term assets. Sale of a division or business (divestment) is also as an investment decision. Decisions like the change in the methods of sales distribution, or an advertisement campaign or a research and development programme have long-term implications for the firm’s expenditures and benefits, and therefore, they should also be evaluated as investment decisions. 12/24/2012 Prof.Dr. Anuj Verma 4 Features of Investment Decisions The exchange of current funds for future benefits. The funds are invested in long-term assets. The future benefits will occur to the firm over a series of years. 12/24/2012 Prof.Dr. Anuj Verma ...
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...investment decision depends upon the decision rule that is applied under circumstances. However, the decision rule itself considers following inputs. Cash flows, Project Life, and Discounting Factor The effectiveness of the decision rule depends on how these three factors have been properly assessed. Estimation of cash flows requires immense understanding of the project before it is implemented; particularly macro and micro view of the economy, polity and the company. Project life is very important; otherwise it will change the entire perspective of the project. So, great care is required to be observed for estimating the project life. Cost of capital is being considered as discounting factor which has undergone a change over the years. Cost of capital has different connotations in different economic philosophies. Hence, determination of cost of capital would carry greatest impact on the investment evaluation. A number of capital budgeting techniques are used in practice. They may be grouped in the following two categories: - I. Capital budgeting techniques under certainty; and II. Capital budgeting techniques under uncertainty 2. Capital budgeting techniques under certainty Capital budgeting techniques (Investment appraisal criteria) under certainty can also be divided into following two groups: 2.1 Non-Discounted Cash Flow Criteria: - (a) Pay Back Period (PBP) (b) Return On Investment (ROI) 2.2 Discounted Cash Flow Criteria: - (a) Net Present Value (NPV) (b)...
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...continuously throughout the period, and not at a single point in time. The payback is then the point in time for the series of cash flows when the initial cash outlays are fully recovered. The payback criterion decision rule is to accept projects that payback before this cutoff, and reject projects that take longer to payback. b. The payback period rule ignores the time value of money; requires an arbitrary cutoff point; ignores cash flows beyond the cutoff date; biased against long-term projects, such as research and development, and new projects. c. The payback period rule is often used by large and sophisticated companies when they are making relatively minor decisions. The primary reason is that many decisions simply do not warrant detailed analysis because the cost of the analysis would exceed the possible loss from a mistake. Second, because payback rule is biased towards short-term projects, it is biased towards liquidity. Third, the cash flows that are expected to occur later in a project’s life are probably more uncertain. 8.4 Average accounting return a. The average accounting return is interpreted as an average measure of the accounting performance of a project over time, computed as average net income divided by its average book value. The decision rule is that a project is acceptable if its average accounting return exceeds a target average accounting return. b. The average accounting return is not a true rate of return and time value of money is ignored;...
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...Business Administration University of Pittsburgh Capital Budgeting: Investment Criteria BUSFIN 1030 Introduction to Finance Capital Budgeting Decisions Examples of decisions addressed: 1. What products should the firm sell? 2. In what markets should the firm compete? 3. What new products should the firm introduce? Roles of managers: 4. Identify and invest in products and business acquisitions that will maximize the current market value of equity. 5. Learn to identify which products will succeed and which will fail. The capital markets will send the firm signals about how well it is doing. Net Present Value (NPV) The net present value is the difference between the market value of an investment and its cost. [pic] NPV is a measure of the amount of market value created by undertaking an investment project. The interest rate, r, will reflect the risk of the cash flows. Finding the market value of the investment 6. Use discounted cash flow valuation (calculate present values). 7. Compute the present values of future cash flows Net Present Value Rule (NPV): An investment should be accepted if the net present value is positive and rejected if the net present value is negative. Positive NPV projects create shareholder value. Using NPV The marketing department of your firm is considering whether to invest in a new product. The costs associated with introducing this new product and...
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...MBA7001 Accounting for Decision-Makers Week 6 Lecture – Capital Investment Appraisal Slide 10.2 Chapter 10 Making capital investment decisions LEARNING OUTCOMES CHAPTER 10: Investment Appraisal Methods You should be able to: Explain the nature and importance of investment decision making First hour – 23.11.11 Identify the four main investment appraisal methods found in practice •Payback •ARR Use each method to reach a decision on a particular investment opportunity Discuss the attributes of each of the methods 1 Atrill and McLaney, Accounting and Finance for Non-Specialists, 7th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Investment Appraisal Investment appraisal methods used in practice Investment appraisal – the process of appraising the potential investment projects. Assessment of the level of expected returns earned for the level of expenditure made. Estimates of future costs and benefits over the project’s life. 3 • Every business would like to do everything • But it all costs • Capital expenditure on new projects or purchases (fixed assets) needs to be planned • Capital is always rationed Scenario: • Your business wishes to expand its product line • It is considering Products A and B but it can only afford to do one. • How does it decide? What main factors affect the investment decision • How much will it cost ? Investment appraisal methods used in practice • How much will I get back ? • When will I get the income ? • 4 main techniques available ranging from ...
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...Budgeting Projects Capital Budgeting Decision Criteria • • • • • Net Present Value (NPV) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) Profitability Index (PI) Payback Period (PB) Evaluate a Project with the Following Cash Flows Net Present Value • NPV is the present value of all project cash flows Year Cash Flow 0 (100) 1 25 2 75 3 25 – – – – Discount at weighted average cost of capital (WACC) Assumes cash flows are reinvested at WACC NPV varies inversely with WACC Decision Rule: • Accept if NPV ≥ $0 • Reject if NPV < $0 – NPV represents change in the value of operations from accepting a capital budgeting project • Thus, NPV accrues to shareholders and creditors WACC = 10% Net Present Value Year 0 Cash Flow (100) 1 25 2 75 3 25 N CFt NPV = CF0 + ∑ t 1 t =1 ( + r ) NPV = (100 ) + = $3.49 25 75 25 + + (1.10 )1 (1.10 )2 (1.10)3 Internal Rate of Return • IRR is the discount rate making NPV = 0 – Assumes cash flows are reinvested at IRR – Single IRR for a project (assuming normal cash flows) – Decision Rule: • Accept if IRR ≥ WACC • Reject if IRR < WACC – IRR represents the return on a project, while WACC represents the cost of financing a project. WACC = 10% 1 2/19/2014 Internal Rate of Return Year 0 Cash Flow (100) 1 25 2 75 NPV Profile NPV = CF0 + ∑ CFt t 1 t =1 ( + IRR ) ...
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...CHAPTER 10 The Fundamentals of Capital Budgeting Learning Objectives 1. Discuss why capital budgeting decisions are the most important decisions made by a firm’s management. 2. Explain the benefits of using the net present value (NPV) method to analyze capital expenditure decisions, and be able to calculate the NPV for a capital project. 3. Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the payback period as a capital expenditure decision-making tool, and be able to compute the payback period for a capital project. 4. Explain why the accounting rate of return (ARR) is not recommended for use as a capital expenditure decision-making tool. 5. Be able to compute the internal rate of return (IRR) for a capital project, and discuss the conditions under which the IRR technique and the NPV technique produce different results. 6. Explain the benefits of a postaudit review of a capital project. I. Chapter Outline 10.1 An Introduction to Capital Budgeting A. The Importance of Capital Budgeting • Capital budgeting decisions are the most important investment decisions made by management. • The goal of these decisions is to select capital projects that will increase the value of the firm. • Capital investments are important because they involve substantial cash outlays and, once made, are not easily reversed. • Capital budgeting techniques help management to systematically analyze potential business...
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...techniques of capital budgeting as well as compare and contrast their strengths and weaknesses. Capital budgeting is the process used by organizations to make decisions about whether long-term investments worthiness or capital expenditures are worth pursuing (Baker, 2011). In simple terms, it is the process of planning, analyzing, selecting, and managing capital investments (Baker, 2011). Although there are several techniques available for evaluating capital budgeting for projects acceptance, the best techniques identify the amount, the time value, and the risk factor of a project’s cash flows (Baker, 2011). Four of the more popular and most useful techniques that this paper will focus on are payback period, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and profitability index (IP). The first of the four techniques to review is the payback period method. Referred to as the “breakeven” point, the payback period technique is known as the simplest of the four as its only consideration is the length of time it will take to repay the initial investment (Mian, 2011). When considering independent projects the rule of acceptance is, “an acceptable project’s payback period must be less than that policy maximum, which is typically three years” (Lasher, 2011, p. 459). While when considering mutually exclusive projects the rule is the shorter the better. Although simplistic in its approach, the payback technique has its weaknesses. Its simple approach has two flaws; it ignores the...
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...Capital Budgeting Assignment 2 Ebony N. Robinson FIN 534: Financial Management January 30, 2011 Professor: Dr. Glenn L. Stevens Strayer University Abstract The Net Present Value rule states that when making an investment decision, choose the project with the highest NPV. If the objective is to maximize wealth, then “the NPV rule always gives the correct answer (Berk and DeMarzo, 2011).” According to the text, we use the NPV rule to evaluate capital budgeting decisions, making decisions that maximize NPV (Berk and DeMarzo, 2011). Determining which projects to accept or reject is based on whether or not the project has a positive NPV. NPV compares the value of a dollar today to the value of that same dollar in the future, taking inflation and returns into account. Based upon the principle of this rule, a project with a positive NPV is accepted because it ensures that the future value of that same dollar will be greater. The following scenario is provided to evaluate Bauer Industries’ project to manufacture lightweight trucks. Bauer Industries is an automobile manufacturer. Management is currently evaluating a proposal to build a plant that will manufacture lightweight trucks. Bauer plans to use a cost of capital of 12% to evaluate this project. Based on extensive research, it has prepared the following incremental free cash flow projections (in millions of dollars): | ...
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...Contents 1. Assignment Part A Prepare the case, with recommendations to be presented to the Board of Directors of ProGen. Assess the viability of the project using the NPV, IRR, and Payback methods. 2. Assignment Part B “The IRR rule is redundant as an investment criterion because the NPV rule always dominates. Discuss this statement giving examples where possible. 3. Conclusion “The IRR rule is redundant as an investment criterion because the net present value (NPV) rule always dominates it.” 4. Bibliography References Assignment Part A This report evaluates the viability for marketing and distribution of genetically engineered soya seeds developed by a biotechnology firm. The firm will supply seeds and permit ProGen to market and distribute them under a licence. The evaluation methods used for this proposal are net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and Payback methods. Assumptions used for this analysis are summarised below • Marketing cost is assumed to be a sunk cost and therefore not included in the calculation • Cash flow will be considered over 5 years as this is the lifecycle of the product • An annual licence fee included at 1M per annum • Capital investment for vehicles £650k is an upfront payment and therefore not discounted • Year 5 will see a cash inflow of 120K assumed a realistic sum...
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...Capital budgeting is a process that involves making of investment decision by company from one or a series of investment projects to identify the most worthwhile projects for undertaking. A company’s capital investment usually focuses:- • Expansion in existing market • Develop new products or entering new market • Purchase new building / plants • Replacement or improvement on existing equipment Capital budgeting decision is vital for any company because it always involved: • Large investment – capital budgeting decision usually involve large investment of funds but mostly there is a shortage of funds at every firm. Hence the funds and the resources need to be controlled by the firm • Irreversible nature- once the decision for acquiring a permanent assets is taken, it becomes very difficult to dispose of these assets with the incurring heavy cost • Long term effect on profitability- Not only the present earning of the firm is affected but the future growth and profitability also depend upon investment decision taken today, any unsound decision made can lead to a downfall tomorrow Capital budgeting is a complex process as it involved decision relating to the investment of current funds for the benefit to be achieved in the future but future is always uncertain. The 5 step process in capital budgeting decision is: I. Identified investment opportunities- investment proposal or projects normally was initiated by a firm’s management or staffs in line with the corporate...
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...methods and then moves on to computational and decision making techniques. The problems of cash flow estimation and risk encountered in practice are touched upon here in anticipation of a detailed treatment in a later chapter. PEDAGOGY A brief overview of the cost of capital concept is presented early in the chapter even though it is the subject of Chapter 13. The knowledge is necessary to understand and motivate the capital budgeting models. It relates NPV - IRR procedures to the required rate of return idea, something with which students are already familiar. We explicitly tie NPV and IRR together by emphasizing that the IRR comes from the NPV equation as the interest rate that sets NPV=0. This helps to develop an overall understanding of both procedures. TEACHING OBJECTIVES After this chapter students should: 1. appreciate the discounted cash flow basis of capital budgeting theory, and 2. be able to make the computations associated with the major capital budgeting techniques. They should also be marginally aware of the difficulties associated with estimating cash flows and differences in project risk. Along these lines, care should be taken not to form the impression that capital budgeting is an engineering-like process that always gives exactly the right answer. OUTLINE I. CHARACTERISTICS OF BUSINESS PROJECTS The nature of projects requiring capital budgeting decisions. A. Project Types and Risk Replacement...
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...Which choices should I make? » make or buy » which distribution channel » should I test market a product Copyright © Michael R. Roberts 2 1 1 Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) A Tool for Rational Decision Making What can be an object of capital budgeting procedures? » There must be a choice - choose a base case and an alternative. (Do nothing/status quo) Identify incremental cash flows from project » Treat as incremental cash flows to shareholder (marginal impact) Calculate the value of the project. » Taking into account timing and risk (t and re) » Aggregate cash flows into one single number Show that doing all and only projects which have positive net present value maximizes the value of the firm. Copyright © Michael R. Roberts 3 Estimating Relevant Cash Flows The relevant cash flows for evaluating a new investment project are the incremental cash flows contributed by the project. Incremental Cash Flows = Firm’s CFs with Project Firm’s CFs without Project Only Incremental Cash Flows are Relevant. But consider, » » » » » » » » Side effects of the project Investment in working capital. Forget about sunk costs. Include all opportunity costs Allocated overhead expenses. Impact on taxes (depreciation & expense) Separate investment from financing decisions Cash flow uncertainty, use expected values Copyright © Michael R. Roberts 4 2 2 Estimating Cash Flows Example A new machine costs $60,000 » » » » installation costs of $2,000. generates...
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