...CDE January 2011 UNDERSTANDING NREGA: A SIMPLE THEORY AND SOME FACTS Diganta Mukherjee Email: digantam@hotmail.com Unitedworld School of Business Kolkata Uday Bhanu Sinha Email: uday@econdse.org Delhi School of Economics University of Delhi Working Paper No. 196 Centre for Development Economics Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics Understanding NREGA: A Simple Theory and Some Facts * Diganta Mukherjee # and Uday Bhanu Sinha Abstract A developing economy like India is often characterised by a labour market with demand and supply of labour and a wage that even if competitively determined may not be adequate for the poor household to reach their target income; what they consider as means of a decent living. Envisaging situations like these, the Indian government has implemented the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) in recent past, to complement the income of the poor by providing them employment for certain number of labour days in a year. In this paper, using a simple theoretical model, we have analysed the impact of NREGA scheme on (i) rural labour market, (ii) income of the poor households and (iii) overall agricultural production. It is seen that the income from NREGA alone can be a substantial part of the target income of the poor. We show that in such a situation, the poor may exhibit a backward bending supply curve of labour which may lead to an aggregate reduction in agricultural output. This adverse production effect...
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...Economic Environment Management PROJECT Impact of the “Right to work programme” in India SUBMITTED BY – Yash Jhaveri IIM Kozhikode Batch: EPGP04: Date of Submission: 27th January 2013 Contents INTRODUCTION : Right to Work In INDIA .......................................................................................... 3 What is NREGA / MGNREGA .............................................................................................................. 3 WHAT ARE THE GENERAL BENEFITS RTW / MGNREGA ..................................................................... 4 HOW IS THE PROGRAM FINANCED? .................................................................................................. 4 Financing pattern ............................................................................................................................... 4 Release of funds ................................................................................................................................. 4 Comparison : RTW/MGNREGA Vs other government based employment schemes ........................ 5 Impact of RIGHT TO WORK / MGNREGA ........................................................................................... 5 Increase in GDP .................................................................................................................................. 5 Effect on Inflation ..............................................................................................
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...(2012292) Srinivasa Krishnan S (2012312) KLIO * Hamare Logon ke Liye Two Wheeler market size: The Indian two-wheeler industry is divided into three segments namely motorcycles, scooters and mopeds. Sales of the Indian two-wheeler industry were estimated at around Rs 650 billion in value terms and 15.4 in volume terms at the 2011-12. The industry has posted healthy growth over the past 5 years, growing at a CAGR of 15 per cent and 12.7 per cent, in value and volume terms respectively. In volume as well as value terms, motorcycles lead the two-wheeler market. In 2011-12, share of motorcycles in sales volumes was 77.6 per cent. The two wheeler industry is dominated by three players - Hero MotoCorp, Bajaj Auto and TVS Motors together contribute around 80 per cent of the domestic sales volumes. Over last 5 years, the domestic industry has clocked a growth at a CAGR of 11.3 per cent during 2007-08 to 2011-12. Motorcycles segment continue to rule the market Motorcycles can be further divided into three segments - economy, executive and premium. The economy segment comprises lower-end motorcycles (priced at Rs 30,000-40,000 when launched), whereas the executive segment (launch price between Rs 40,000-50,000) and premium segment (launch price higher than Rs 50,000) constitute higher-end motorcycles. The share of the economy segment in total motorcycles sales has been declining gradually over the last few years, falling from 33.1 per cent in 2007-08 to...
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...SCENARIO PLANNING Scenario planning, also called scenario thinking or scenario analysis, is a strategic planning method that some organizations use to make flexible long-term plans. It is in large part an adaptation and generalization of classic methods used by military intelligence. The original method was that a group of analysts would generate simulation games for policy makers. The games combine known facts about the future, such as demographics, geography, military,political, industrial information, and mineral reserves, with plausible alternative social, technical, economic, environmental, educational, political and aesthetic (STEEEPA) trends which are key driving forces. In business applications, the emphasis on gaming the behavior of opponents was reduced (shifting more toward a game against nature). At Royal Dutch/Shell for example, scenario planning was viewed as changing mindsets about the exogenous part of the world, prior to formulating specific strategies. Scenario planning may involve aspects of Systems thinking, specifically the recognition that many factors may combine in complex ways to create sometime surprising futures (due to non-linear feedback loops). The method also allows the inclusion of factors that are difficult to formalize, such as novel insights about the future, deep shifts in values, unprecedented regulations or inventions. Systems thinking used in conjunction with scenario planning leads to plausible scenario story lines because the causal...
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...to country. Even within the so-called advanced economies that make up the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) there are wide differences in the contributions to output from each industry....
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...3.1 Financing the Plan with Macroeconomic Balance Given the grim looking macroeconomic scenario which is further marred by global slowdown, it seems unlikely for India to be able to cut down its fiscal deficit by a whopping 2.2 % as being forecasted. Moreover high inflation, even higher interest rates makes the need for lowering the fiscal deficit even more difficult one to achieve. Measures taken to curb inflation have not borne fruits till now, and some policy implementation is required in this direction. The target figure of fiscal deficit is 4.6 % during 2011-12. It is further targeted to reach 4.1% and 3.5% in FY13 and FY14 respectively. These estimates are majorly based upon two factors * An optimistic growth in tax Revenues * A substantial decline in the subsidy expenditure. We would analyze the feasibility of the aforementioned assumptions and would argue the difficulties that lie ahead in the realization of the two factors. GOI has assumed a growth in tax collections of 18% with a real economic growth of 9%, which seems highly optimistic given the poor implementation of tax reforms and seemingly unstable global macroeconomic environment. Budget at a Glance Rs. Bn | 2009-2010 A | 2010-2011 BE | 2010-2011 RE | 2011-2012 BE | 1. Revenue Receipts | 5,728 | 6,822 | 7,838 | 7,899 | 2. Tax Revenue (net to Centre) | 4,565 | 5,341 | 5,637 | 6,645 | 3. Non-tax Revenue | 1,163 | 1,481 | 2,201 | 1,254 | 4. Capital Receipts $ | 4,517 | 4,265 |...
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...1973-2005 4 Table 2 Incidence of Poor and Calorie Poor regionwise 4 Table 3 Regional Disaggregation 5 Poverty Context in Odisha : Emerging Challenges Introduction At Stockholm , in 1972, during the first United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi famously remarked that poverty and unmet human needs are the worst kind of pollution and this holds its relevance in present time as well. The Planning commissions of India from its 1st Five year Plan to 13th Five year plan has been bringing into a variety of policies, recommendations and strategies through various development activities, to fight this chronic evil of Indian society. Its been a long tiring battle for the people of India, but a lot remains to be achieved. In a recent study in March 2012, the Indian Planning Commission stated that 29 percent of India’s population was poor. These were people who had less than Rs.22.42 (US $0.41) a day if they were living in villages, or Rs. 28.35 (US $0.52) if in a city. The Commission’s happy conclusion was that poverty had fallen from 37 percent since its last measurement in 2004-05. (Shrivastava and Kothari 2012). If even slightly...
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...China, two of Jim O’Neill’s “BRIC” countries (FT Magazine, 2010). Despite the implementation of different economic policies (Gupta, 2008) both countries have emerged as major economic forces in the global economy (Bosworth and Collins, 2007), most notably since 1980. Since then, India and China have experienced a significant reduction in poverty with China lifting 500 million out of social deprivation. According to the World Bank (2013), China has had an average GDP of 10% each year while India has seen her GDP double over a similar period. The countries are often compared due to their large population and geographical vastness as well as climbing from third world countries to major economic forces in a relatively short time. However, despite a significant increase in GDP, India has failed to demonstrate the same rates of growth as China. Although both countries were in a similar position during the early nineties, China’s GDP has increased 7 fold since this time; whereas India, although steady, GDP has doubled. The average annual rate is by 10% in China compared to 5-6% in India (see Figure 1). The purpose of this paper is to compare the rates of growth of India and China over the past 30 years and examine possible explanations for this phenomenon. The economies of these countries are underpinned by social, economic and political issues which have all been relevant to their growth. China has placed emphasis on investment over the past 30 years at around 35- 44% compared...
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...------------------------------------------------- Poverty in India Poverty is widespread in India, with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor. According to a 2005 World Bank estimate, 26.1% of the total Indian population falls below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day (PPP, in nominal terms 21.6 a day in urban areas and 14.3 in rural areas).[1] A recent report by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative states that 8 Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest African nations combined which totals to more than 410 million poor in the poorest African countries.[2][3] According to a new UN Millennium Development Goals Report, as many as 320 million people in India and China are expected to come out of extreme poverty in the next four years, while India's poverty rate is projected to drop to 22% in 2015.[4] The report also indicates that in Southern Asia, however, only India, where the poverty rate is projected to fall from 51% in 1990 to about 22% in 2015, is on track to cut poverty in half by the 2015 target date.[4] The 2011 Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report ranked India 45th, amongst leading countries with hunger situation. It also places India amongst the three countries where the GHI between 1996 and 2011 went up from 22.9 to 23.7, while 78 out of the 81 developing countries studied, including Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Kenya, Nigeria, Myanmar, Uganda, Zimbabwe and Malawi, succeeded in improving hunger condition.[5] ...
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...Centre for Economic Studies and Policies (CESP) School of Social Sciences and Policy (M.A. Economics Programme) Summer Internship Report by Shaily J. Osta Enrollment No: 1201212004 Session: 2012-14 Central University of Bihar Camp Office: BIT Campus, P.O. B.V. College Patna 800 014, Phone/Fax: 0612-2226538 Summer Internship Report Submitted by Shaily J. Osta Enrollment No: 1201212004 Session: 2012-14 Submitted to Chandragupt Institute of Management, Patna CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms. Shaily J. Osta, student of Central University of Bihar, enrolment no. CUB 1201212004 worked as intern in the study entitled ‘Evaluation of MGNREGA DIWAS in Bihar’ assigned to Chandragupt Institute of Management Patna by Rural Development Department, Government of Bihar. She also worked to prepare report on ‘Inequality in Bihar’. This internship work has been done under my supervision and she significantly contributed in the aforementioned project. ______________________ (Dr. Debabrata Samanta) Place: Date: DECLARATION BY STUDENT I, Shaily J. Osta, hereby declare that this project report entitled “Economic inequality of Bihar, Evaluation of MGNREGA DIWAS in Bihar” has been prepared by me as an intern under the internship programme of Central University of Bihar during the summer internship at Chandragupt Institute of Management, Patna...
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...job is just to set the stage Describe the current sorry age. Adi, of course, will paint the scene And tell us why the times are lean." Mr. Nadir Godrej Executive summary The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy with a total market size in excess of US$ 13.1 billion. It has a strong MNC presence and is characterized by a well-established distribution network, intense competition between the organized and unorganized segments and low operational cost. Availability of key raw materials, cheaper labor costs and presence across the entire value chain gives India a competitive advantage. The FMCG market is set to treble from US$ 11.6 billion in 2003 to US$ 33.4 billion in 2015. Penetration level as well as per capita consumption in most product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, hair wash etc. Burgeoning Indian population, particularly the middle class and the rural segments, presents an opportunity to makers of branded products to convert consumers to branded products. Growth is also likely to come from consumer 'upgrading' in the matured product categories. With 200 million people expected to shift to processed and packaged food by 2012, India needs around US$ 28 billion of investment in the food-processing industry...
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...P. Kapur Adviser, RITES and A. K. M. Sharma General Manager, Marketing & Client Services, RITES. Prologue RITES Journal 22.1 July 2009 Indian Infrastructure : Role of RITES Introduction Much of the industrialized world is currently in the grip of recession due to the ongoing global financial crises (GFC) – allegedly triggered by the subprime mortgage crisis of USA in 2007. According to some analysts the recession is the worst since the great depression of 1930s. The world output and trade is forecast to shrink in 2009 – the first such contraction since the end of World War II. The recession is inflicting job losses and wealth loss on an unprecedented scale. In an era of globalization, the GFC has impacted the economies of practically all countries in varying degrees and India is no exception. After a long spell of growth, the Indian economy is experiencing a downturn. Industrial growth is faltering, the current account deficit is widening, foreign exchange reserves are depleting and the Rupee is depreciating. There is gloom in the job market and stock markets have registered a sharp downward spiral. RITES - the Infrastructure People. The Company has come a long way from its inception in 1974 and, apart from India, has operated in 62 countries. The Authors, who have a wide experience in international consultancy, have forcefully brought out the present spread of its consultancy areas and as also its road map for the future. RITES’ contribution in the ...
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...Abstract *Mr. Rajesh Rathore Indian rural market consists of more than 740 million consumers and has wide potential for expansion. According to Census 2001, 73% of Indian population is living in rural areas. Though over the last three decades there has been a marginal reduction in the rural population expressed as a percentage of total population, there has been a steady growth in rural population in terms of absolute numbers and it has reached 74 crores. After the 1991 economic reforms there have been many changes in the socio, economic, political and cultural outlook of India. The rural India is providing a large consumer base to the marketers to market their products. This paper highlights the challenges of marketing communication for rural Indian consumers. Over the past few years rural India has witnessed an increase in the buying power of consumers, accompanied by their desire to upgrade their standard of living. Host of projects, such as NREGA, ITC's echaupal, HLL's project Shakti, retail hubs like Kisan Sansar (Tata), Haryali Kisan Bazar (DMC), both from the government and the private companies, have changed the rules of the marketing game in rural India. The paper discusses the profile of the rural Indian...
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...Poverty in India is widespread, with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor. In 2010, the World Bank reported that 32.7% of the total Indian people fall below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 per day (PPP) while 68.7% live on less than US$ 2 per day.[1] According to 2010 data from the United Nations Development Programme, an estimated 29.8% of Indians live below the country's national poverty line.[2] A 2010 report by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) states that 8 Indian states have more poor people than 26 poorest African nations combined which totals to more than 410 million poor in the poorest African countries.[3][4] A 2013 UN report stated that a third of the worlds poorest people live in India.[5] According to a 2011 poverty Development Goals Report, as many as 320 million people in India and China are expected to come out of extreme poverty in the next four years, while India's poverty rate is projected to drop to 22% in 2015.[6] The report also indicates that in Southern Asia, however, only India, where the poverty rate is projected to fall from 51% in 1990 to about 22% in 2015, is on track to cut poverty by half by the 2015 target date.[6] However, this decline in poverty is debatable given the fact that there are question marks on methodology of evaluating poverty. Indian journalist Ravi S Jha writes in the Guardian[7] on the need of measuring poverty by segregating India's poor in different groups. The areas in which...
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...Industry Analysis Report FMCG March 11 2014 Submitted By: Ankur Nag – P301412CMG388 Ansuman Singh – P301412CMG340 Ashish Khandelwal – P301412CMG349 Habib Khan – P301412CMG365 Lalatendu Pattnaik – P301412CMG377 Industry Analysis Report FMCG 2014 Contents 1. INDUSTRY PROFILE ........................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2. Sector Overview ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Sector Size ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Major Segments in FMCG Sector ...................................................................................................................... 6 Competitive landscape ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Supply & Demand and-side Drive .................................................................................................................... 9 Porters‘ Five Force Model .............................................................................................................................. 11 Critical Success Factors .....................................................................
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