...Data enters the system it gets converted into binary computer language. This data is sent through the network and encapsulated into packets. These packets have headers and trailers which indicate the direction of travel. Therefore the packets carry the information to and from destination. In addition this includes a number place in other words it keeps its place in the order it was sent. The packets travel through routers as in goes through the network. The access network router would be the first router. The packets are not limited to just one router sometimes these packets will travel through multiple routers in multiple topologies. This can include Regional Networks, Long-Haul Networks, and Ocean Networks. The network and each router will determine which direction of travel is best path for the packet. As things change within the network something are slower than others it learns from it and makes changes for better performance. With this method the packets will more than likely arrive out of order. Depending if you use TCP or UDP, you will get an acknowledgement of the receipt of each packet to the sending system. The sending system will resend any lost information. When the all the packets get to the destination, they get put back in order based on the header and trailer information. Than the data goes the reverse order of encapsulation to be read at the server or computer. This all happens usually at the milliseconds, in reference to time taken. The server would...
Words: 277 - Pages: 2
...Cell Phones – Cellphones use both voice and data communication. To give an example: a person talking on a cellphone will use “voice” communication. On the other side, “Data” technology is also used on smartphones which allow them to search the internet and download different files. Landlines – Landlines usually and more than common use voice communication. Though newer landlines have the option to use what’s called a NCID (Network Caller ID) which uses data sent over a TCP connection. SMS/Text Messaging – SMS or text messages can be used in a variety of ways. Examples include: cellphones and internet texting. SMS does not use any kind of voice technology and therefore is sent over data networks. Fax Machines – Fax machines have analog modems. This type of modem technology uses the voice network. When the receiving end gets a fax connection it listens for a digital connection that has been converted from an analog signal using a voice network. Pagers – Pagers were primarily a data network. They worked by sending numerical short messages, something that may have been a bit similar to texting but with numbers. Since the introduction of data pagers, voice pagers have also been brought into the picture. These types of pagers use the” voice” network. VOIP Phones – VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is a technology that can transmit audio messages over the internet. VOIP is transferred over an internet protocol it thereby uses data networks. Something that might be worth...
Words: 315 - Pages: 2
...The world is connected more than ever through the use of the internet. From paying bills to shopping or enjoying leisure time on the web; taking advantage of the internet has become second nature to society. Focusing in on one specific type of networking entertainment, online gaming has become a major league sport in its own right. Online gaming allows people from all around the world to connect together to team up or fight against one another. Behind the scenes is where the real magic happens. Between the gamers sits countless devices and hardware not to mention miles and miles of land. Using Call of Duty as an example, each gamer has a copy of the map being played on installed onto their local computer. Every time the gamer moves the direction of their character, their data is sent from their machine to their router, and then out past the demarc point. On the other side of the demarc is where the service provider picks up the data and moves the data from local network to the central office (better known as the local exchange). The central office then sends the data over the MAN (metro area network) or WAN (wide area network) to continue the data to game server. If the data hasn’t reached the server yet (for example the gamer lives in Michigan and the server is in California) the data will be passed over the core (also known as long-haul) network which connects MANs and WANs of different geographies together. On the off chance the Michigan gamer decided...
Words: 324 - Pages: 2
...Introduction One of the most important items about gaming is there are winners and losers (in a fun and entertaining way), which influences and entices players all over the world. All of the variables involved with the networks that provide gaming platforms are so dynamic and diverse. From games that are purely for fun or learning there will be a huge market for deploying bigger networks. This is one reason networks growth should grow exponentially. Below is what I have identified as a gaming or Local Exchange network. “Retrieved from, http://www.psu.com/a018031/” 12/17/2013 Posted January 17th, 2013 at 19:30 EDT by Timothy Nunes “Retrieved from, http://www.hcl-axon.com/Our_Products/gamedge/” 12/17/2013 “Retrieved from, http://compnetworking.about.com/od/homenetworking/ig/Home-Network-Diagrams/Hybrid-Network-Diagram.htm” 12/17/13 By Bradley Mitchell References • Home Wi-Fi Security Checklist Cited in the "Handbook of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics" and other titles! • Fixing Common Internet Connection Problems There's nothing more frustrating than a broken Internet connection. We have some tips that can help. Summary The development of a good gaming network has many components that work to enable the end user to have a full experience of entertainment and enjoyment. Some networks are much smaller which can be setup for home use. The ability to play a...
Words: 295 - Pages: 2
...1. Cell phones a. Cell phones are on a voice network for the most part b. Cell phones do use data services. c. Cellphones can access networks for internet an voice 2. Landline Phones a. This is a Voice network b. No power is needed to use this network c. The network actually builds electricity why moving thought the house 3. SMS/Text Messaging a. SMS (Short message service) is a mechanism of delivery of short messages over the mobile networks. b. It is a store and forward way of transmitting messages to and from mobiles. c. The message (text only) from the sending mobile is stored in a central short message center (SMS) which then forwards it to the destination mobile. 4. Fax Machine a. Voice, although the two are becoming one and the same thing to a certain extent now. b. Internally all the large telephone companies are switching to unified data networks to carry all of their traffic, and tweaking the parameters for best results with each distinct type of traffic going onto the network. c. Fax Machines are not used nearly as much as email is used today 5. Pagers a. A way to notify individuals of incoming calls by a tone, it uses a data signal. b. Was also used to relay short messages to doctors in hospitels c. Was only capable of receaving signals not capable of sending them again. 6. VOIP (voice over IP) Phones a. Uses digital technology to make phone calls on the Internet rather than through phone lines. b. A VoIP phone allows us to bypass the phone...
Words: 326 - Pages: 2
...Fidel Luna (15275168) NT-1310 Unit 2 Lab Cloud Computing Research iCloud Drive Inc. #566-533W Roulette Street, Pembina North Dakota, 58271 USA Founded in 2000, iCloud Inc. is recognized as a thought leader and innovator of Cloud services, bringing continuous innovation through high-performing cloud solutions to clients that want simple Internet Technology delivered in a less expensive way. iCloudDrive brings powerful backup, collaboration and sharing features to your business. It’s easy to use making it suitable for everyone – whether you’re a one-person business or a large enterprise. Provider | Cost | Speed | Space | APIs | Customer Service | Users | Ecryption | ICloud Express | $38.00/Month | n/a | 2 TB | All | Good | 3 | 256 Bit | | $125.00/Month | n/a | 10 TB+ | All | Good | 10 + | 256 Bit | Rackspace General Purpose * High-performance, RAID 10-protected SSD storage * Redundant 10-Gigabit networking * Option of booting from Cloud Block Storage (additional charges apply for Cloud Block Storage) * Disk I/O up to ~35,000 4K random read IOPS and ~35,000 4K random write IOPS* Provider | Cost | Speed | Space | APIs | Customer Service | Users | Ecryption | General1-2 | $29.00/mo | 400Mb/s | 40GB SSD | | 24x7x365 | 2 | | General1-4 | $58.00/mo | 800Mb/s | 80GB SSD | | 24x7x365 | 4 | | General1-8 | $117.00/mo | 1,600Mb/s | 160GB SSD | | 24x7x365 | 8 | | OneDrive Store: Securely store all your files and share them...
Words: 287 - Pages: 2
...Fixed line vs Cellular Cell phones have limited coverage area, unless in a big city with a lot cell phone towers, but there are other ways the signals can be blocked as well. Which makes a cell phone less dependable. The batteries in a cell phone need to stay charged to make or receive calls, and as long as it is charged you can use your phone any time even if you are somewhere where there is no power. Cell phone plans are usually cheaper is you are just getting a plan to talk on the phone and not a plan that includes data. A land line always works (unless it a cordless phone and the power goes out). You do not need to charge a land line phone that is connected to the wall, and you do not have to worry about a weak signal. The cost is more especially if you need to make long distance calls because that is not included in a normal plan. Voice vs Data Cell phones use both, you can use the voice and data at the same time because they no longer use the same antenna. Landlines phones use both, the key tones use data because the tones transfer as data, and you talking is using the voice SMS/text uses data, and is transferred as a message with characters over the data network Fax uses the data, when a fax is sent it gets immediately digitized and packaged in secure TCP packets and sent to natural data inc and then secure networks operation center for final delivery. Pagers use data, they receive a number via a small screen from incoming callers VOIP uses the data network...
Words: 355 - Pages: 2
...NT 1310 Physical Networking This packet includes: Unit 2 Assignment 1: Service Provider Types Exercise 1: Triple Play Marketing Unit 2 Assignment 1- Service Provider Types RBOCS - Regional Bell Operating Companies. These seven companies were established after an antitrust suit against AT&T. It split the company into seven regional companies that handle local exchange service. They are also known as “Baby Bells.” These companies handled almost all of the telephone services across the country. ILEC - Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier. This is a local telephone company that existed when AT&T was broken up into the RBOCS. It was an independent telephone company that provided telephone services in a specific geographical area. ILECs compete with CLECs. CLEC is an acronym for competitive local exchange carriers. They compete with ILECs by providing private line and special access services. They are not affiliated with the RBOCs. Some states especially encourage these companies because they are competitive and the opposite of the monopolies. MSO’s - Multiple system operators. These are defined as an operator of multiple cable television systems. This usually refers to large cable companies that provide service for multiple communities, such as Time Warner Cable, ComCast or Charter Cable. These MSOs provide television service, broadband internet services, and telephone services. ISP - Internet service provider. This is any company that provides customers direct access...
Words: 511 - Pages: 3
...Briannah Lawson Unit 9 Lab 1 NT 1310 May 18, 2013 Before you can begin to design a fiber optic cable design, one needs to establish with the user or network owner where the network will be built and what communications signals it will carry. (LANs or Local area network)And security systems use structure cabling systems built around well-defined industry Standards. Many campus carry backbone network used in industrial complexes or Institutions uses as long as 500 m or more cabling requiring optical fiber. Telephone networks are mainly outside the building (OSP) systems, connecting buildings over distances as short as few hundred meters to hundreds or thousands of Kilometers. Data rates for telecom are typically 2.5 to 10 gigabits per second using very high power lasers that operate exclusively over single modes fibers. Designing long distance or outside building application generally means choosing cabling containing singlemode (SM) Fiber over all other media. Many users may opt to use FTTD, as a complete fiber network because its very cost effective solution, negating the requirement for telecom rooms full switches, with data quality power and grounds, plus year-round air conditioning. Also choosing transmission equipment is the next step in designing a fiber optic network. This step will usually be cooperative venture involving the customer, who knows what kind of data they need to communicate, the desiner and installer, and the manufactures of transmission equipment...
Words: 410 - Pages: 2
...NT 1310 Physical Networking Andre Mosley Unit 2. Assignment 1. Service Provider Types 09-27-2012 RBOCS (RBOC) is a term describing one of the U.S. regional telephone companies (or their successors) that were created as a result of the breakup of American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T, known also as the Bell System or "Ma Bell") by a U.S. Federal Court consent decree on December 31, 1983. The seven original regional Bell operating companies were Ameritech, Bell Atlantic, BellSouth, NYNEX, Pacific Bell, Southwestern Bell, and US WEST. RBOCs are generally in competition for digital data and Internet traffic with wireless service providers and cable TV companies. RBOCs are gradually making available new telephone carrier technologies such as ISDN and DSL. ILEC An ILEC (incumbent local exchange carrier) is a telephone company in the U.S. that was providing local service ILECs include the former Bell operating companies which were grouped into holding companies known collectively as the regional Bell operating companies (RBOCs). A "local exchange" is the local "central office" of an LEC. Lines from homes and businesses terminate at a local exchange. Local exchanges connect to other local exchanges within a local access and transport area (LATA) or to interexchange carriers (IXC) such as long-distance carriers AT&T, MCI, and Sprint. CLEC In the United States, a CLEC (competitive local exchange carrier) is a telephone company that competes with the already...
Words: 618 - Pages: 3
...NT 1310 Mr. Davis January 6, 2016 Unit 3 Exercise 1. Specifications – Definitions Application (in terms of cabling infrastructure) – A system the transmission method of which is supported by telecommunications cabling, such as a 100base-TX Ethernet, or digital voice. Unshielded Twisted-Pair – (UTP) a pair of copper wires twisted together with no electromagnetic shielding around them. Each wire pair is twisted many times per foot to cancel out electrical signal. Shielded Twisted-Pair – A type of twisted pair cable in which the pairs are enclosed in an outer braided shield, although individual pairs may also be shielded. Fiber-Optic Cable - An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed. Optical fiber consists of a core and a cladding layer, selected for total internal reflection due to the difference in the refractive index between the two Dark Fiber – Dark fiber refers to unused fiber-optic cable. Often times’ companies lay more lines than what’s needed in order to curb costs of having to do it again and again. The dark strands can be leased to individuals or other companies who want to establish optical connections among their own locations. Coaxial Cable - is a type of cable for high bandwidth data transmission use that typically consists of a single copper wire...
Words: 927 - Pages: 4
...Damia Wood NT 1310 August 11, 2014 048 Cordova Unit 9: Ex. 1: Light Sources and Components- Definitions 1. Forward Biased LED: A voltage applied to a circuit or device, esp a semiconductor device, in the direction that produces the larger current. 2. Incoherent Light: Electromagnetic radiant energy not all of the same phase, and possibly also consisting of various wavelengths. 3. Laser: A device that generates an intense beam of coherent monochromatic light (or other electromagnetic radiation) by stimulated emission of photons from excited atoms or molecules. Lasers are used in drilling and cutting, alignment and guidance, and in surgery; the optical properties are exploited in holography, reading bar codes, and in recording and playing compact discs. 4. Output Pattern: aka NA of light source directly relates to the energy coupled into the core of the optical fiber. 5. Output Power: Amount of power a component, circuit or system can deliver to a load. 6. Modulation Speed: In fiber optics, modulation is associated with the telecommunications and data transport of digital information signals and analog audio/video signals, in which the digital/analog signal(s) are transmitted within another sine wave form known as a "passband". Common references for analog include pulse-code modulation (PCM), amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). Digital modulation technologies are accomplished by "keying" methods: Phase-shift keying (PSK), Frequency-shift...
Words: 1414 - Pages: 6
... | | |ENG/125 Version 3 | | |Literature in Society | Copyright © 2010, 2008, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course introduces themes in literature and provides guided study and practice in reflecting on themes which describe the human experience across cultural and societal boundaries. The course includes readings from literature in different genres and cultures. Students study the literature in thematic units and are asked to make connections to their own lives and cultures. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Barnet, S., Cain, W.E., &...
Words: 2590 - Pages: 11
...Demography of Germany Concepts, Data, and Methods G. Rohwer U. P¨tter o Version 3 October 2003 Fakult¨t f¨r Sozialwissenschaft a u Ruhr-Universit¨t Bochum, GB 1 a 44780 Bochum goetz.rohwer@ruhr-uni-bochum.de ulrich.poetter@ruhr-uni-bochum.de Preface This text is an introduction to concepts and methods of demographic description and analysis. The substantial focus is on the demographic development of Germany, all data refer to this country. The main reason for this focus on a single country is that we want to show how the tools of demography can actually be used for the analysis of demographic problems. The text consists of two parts. Part I introduces the conceptual framework and explains basic statistical notions. This part also includes a short chapter that explains how we speak of “models” and why we do not make a sharp distinction between “describing” and “modeling” demographic processes. Then follows Part II that deals with data and methods. In the present version of the text, we almost exclusively discuss mortality and fertility data; migration is only mentioned in Chapter 6 and briefly considered in the context of a Leslie model at the end of the text. In addition to providing a general introduction to concepts of demography, the text also intends to show how to practically work with demographic data. We therefore extensively document all the data used and explain the statistical calculations in detail. In fact, most of these calculations are quite simple;...
Words: 109199 - Pages: 437
...Dream Dare Win www.jeywin.com Annual Report 2007-08 Ministry of Finance Government of India Dream Dare Win 1 www.jeywin.com Dream Dare Win www.jeywin.com FOR PUBLIC CONTACT PURPOSE: Ministry of Finance Department of Economic Affairs North Block, New Delhi - 110 001 Phones: 23095120, 23092453 Website: http://www.finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/index.html Department of Expenditure North Block New Delhi - 110 001 Phones: 23095661, 23095613 Website: http://www.finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_expenditure/index.html Department of Revenue North Block New Delhi - 110 001 Phones: 23095384, 23095385 Website: http://www.finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_revenue/index.html Department of Disinvestment Block 11 & 14, CGO Complex Lodhi Road, New Delhi -110 003 Phones: 24368528, 24368523, 24368044 Website: http://www.divest.nic.in Department of Financial Services Jeevan Deep Building, Parliament Street, New Delhi 110 001 Phones: 23748721, 23748734 Website: http://www.finmin.nic.in Dream Dare Win 2 www.jeywin.com Dream Dare Win www.jeywin.com Contents Paragraph No. INTRODUCTION Page No. 1 CHAPTER - I Department of Economic Affairs 9 Economic Division 1 11 Budget Division 2 12 Capital Markets Division 3 15 Infrastructure Division 4 19 Fund Bank Division (including UN Branch) 5 23 Foreign Trade Division 6 26 Aid Accounts & Audit Division ...
Words: 132399 - Pages: 530
