Application is a term used to describe the different types of cable i.e. cat5, cat5e, and so on and the different shielding or fire rating
Unshielded Twisted-Pair is copper wire that is used in a twisted pair. Which is two conductors of a single circuit that are twisted together to prevent crosstalk UTP typically have only one outer covering or jacket for one or more of the twisted pairs.
Shielded Twisted-Pair is copper wire that is almost the same but also with the outer covering each twisted pair is also shielded separately and then shielded again before the outer jacket
Fiber-Optic Cable bandwidth is dramatically higher than with copper speeds and it uses a strand of glass or plastic to transmit data using light pulses transmission distances are much further away it is not susceptible to outside EMI or crosstalk interference. It is more secure than copper wire it very hard to tap in to unlike copper wire.
Dark Fiber is just a term used for unused or unneeded strands of installed fiber because you always want to install more than you need cause networks always grow.
Coaxial Cable is widely used for cable tv it has solid copper core with a Teflon insulation around that either a foil sleeve of a braided wire mesh and then the outer jacket
Plenum is the space between the deck ant the false ceiling when it is used for HVAC
Riser is a vertical shaft that allows you to run wires between two floors
Rip Cord is installed in some wire it is also called the slitting cord it is meant to make it easier to split the jacket on the cable when more than 2” of the wire needs to be exposed.
Core in cabling is what the core of the cable is made out of like coaxil is usually a solid copper core twisted pair the core is two wires twisted together that are two cores on a single circuit
Attenuation is the gradual loss in intensity of any kind of flux through medium
Noise