exercise 3.3.1 : Using your textbook and Internet research, create a mapping between the TCP/IP model and the OSI reference model. What are the distinct differences between them?
The four layers of the TCP/IP architecture can be compared to certain levels of the OSI model. It’s important to know what each level of the TCP/IP protocol architecture does, and how these layers map to the OSI model.
The Application Layer of the TCP/IP model performs much the same tasks as the Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI model.
The Transport layer in the TCP/IP architecture is similar to the Transport layer in the OSI model. This layer can use TCP or UDP as well.
The Internetwork layer in the TCP/IP architecture uses IP addresses to determine how packets should be routed. Remember that the OSI model uses IP addresses, or “Layer 3 Addresses”, at the Network layer. The two layers do much the same thing. This layer is also referred to in the TCP/IP model as the Internet layer.
The Network Interface layer in the TCP/IP architecture serves to define the protocols and the hardware needed to actually deliver the data across the network. The Network Interface model does the work of both the Data Link and Physical Layers in the OSI model.

exercise 3.3.2 : Identify the layer in which each protocol resides according to the TCP/IP model.
See the above. exercise 3.3.3 : The most common protocols used from this suite are IP, TCP, and UDP. Briefly describe the purpose and function of each of these. Use your textbook and Internet research to support your answer.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a core protocol of the Internet Protocol Suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets between applications running on hosts communicating over an IP network. TCP is the protocol that major Internet applications such as the World Wide Web, email, remote administration and file transfer rely on. Applications that do not require reliable data stream service may use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which provides a connectionless datagram service that emphasizes reduced latency over reliability.
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suite. The protocol was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in RFC 768. UDP uses a simple connectionless transmission model with a minimum of protocol mechanism. It has no handshaking dialogues, and thus exposes any unreliability of the underlying network protocol to the user's program. There is no guarantee of delivery, ordering, or duplicate protection. UDP provides checksums for data integrity, and port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination of the datagram.
Lab 3.3 review 1. UDP is a connectionless protocol, unlike TCP, so there is no feedback on whether a packet was received. When would this type of protocol be useful and what is the benefit of using it? Use your textbook and Internet research to draw your conclusions.

UDP can be very useful in certain situations, and it enjoys one key advantage over TCP - speed. The reliability features built into TCP can be expensive in terms of overhead at execution time.
Therefore, many applications find UDP well-suited for their needs, for the following reasons: No connection establishment

2. HTTP is the common protocol used to retrieve web resources in a web browser. This runs over TCP/IP networks using TCP. What characteristics of TCP make its use in this situation desir- able? Use your textbook and Internet research to draw your conclusions.
Because it ensures that the user receives the information and provides feedback on the reception of the information. Ensuring that it is the right data received.