...Walter Long The Nuclear Tube Assembly Room was a production unit of the American Radiatronics Co., a leader in the nuclear electronics industry. The company's regular line of electronic tubes was assembled, tested, and prepared for shipment in the nuclear tube assembly room. Walter Long, general foreman of the process department, described the tube room group as the most successful. Exhibit 1 is a partial organization chart. Prior to Long's assuming the leadership of the department some 24 months earlier, the workers in the room had acquired the reputation of being agitators, persistent troublemakers. Production was down, costs were out of hand, and deliveries became very unpredictable. Some thought was given to eliminating the entire operation. A report prepared by the director of industrial relations at the time, which described the existing problem, is presented in Ex. 2. Over the past 24 months the story is quite different. During the most recent three-month period the tube room's direct and allocated monthly costs averaged $60,350, while the actual sales value of the room's monthly production for the same three months averaged $175,800. Indirect costs were allocated to the department at a rate 425% of direct labor costs. A special management report presented some additional figures of interest. Between January of the previous year and March of the present year, the group had shown a 53% improvement in the dollar output of product per man-hour of work, direct labor efficiency...
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...The performance of the Nuclear Tube Assembly Room has been significantly improved by Walter Long’s method of highly motivating his workers. The recommendations laid out in the Process Engineer Proposal (PEP) will damage both the workers’ morale and Mr. Long’s current success in the NTAR. In order to successfully start the LDTC and maintain the improved performance of the NTAR, I recommend the PEP be rejected and your company create a new proposal that (1) limits Harold Singer’s interaction with the NTAR employees; (2) has no fixed-station assignment; (3) has no process specifications; and (4) combines testing with operation. NTAR Analysis Before Mr. Long assumed his managerial role, the NTAR had a reputation of its employees being agitators and persistent troublemakers. Production was low and costs were out of control. Then Mr. Long reversed the situation over the past 24 months. The group has shown a 53% improvement in the dollar output per man-hour of work, 24% increase in direct labor efficiency and 11% to 12% improvement in the raw material utilization in tubes produced. In most recent fiscal year, the profit position for tube manufacturing operations was one of the best in the company. The group generated $457,000 profits, 45.7% of the company’s total profits. The high performance of the group is largely due to Mr. Long’s job design, which matched task characteristics and workers’ skills and interests. Additionally, Mr. Long’s method of empowering workers for success...
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...The performance of the Nuclear Tube Assembly Room has been significantly improved by Mr.Walter Long’s design method of highly motivating jobs for his workers. The recommendations laid out in the Process Engineer Proposal (PEP) will damage both the workers’ morale and put Mr. Long’s current success in the NTAR efforts in vain. In order to successfully start the LDTC and maintain the high improved performance of the NTAR, I recommend the PEP be rejected and your company create a new proposal that (1) preventing Mr. Singer from interfering with the production of the roomlimits Harold Singer’s interaction with the NTAR employees; (2) has no fixed-station assignment; (3) has no process specifications; and (4) combines testing with operation. NTAR ANALYSISAnalysis Before Mr. Long assumed his managerial role, the NTAR hadd a reputation of its employees being agitators and persistent troublemakers before Mr. Long assumed the management of it. Production was low and costs were out of control. Then Mr. Long reversed the situation over the past 24 months. The group has shown a 53% improvement in the dollar output per man-hour of work, 24% increase in direct labor efficiency and 11% to 12% improvement in the raw material utilization in tubes produced. In most recent fiscal year, the profit position for tube manufacturing operations was one of the best in the company. The group generated $457,000 profits, 45.7% of the company’s total profits. The high performance of the group is largely...
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...FROM RESEARCH TO INDUSTRY Nuclear Energy Division 4 -GENERATION SODIUM-COOLED FAST REACTORS THE ASTRID TECHNOLOGICAL DEMONSTRATOR th DECEMBER 2012 SUSTAINABLE RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF JUNE 28, 2006: RESULTS OF RESEARCH CARRIED OUT ON THE SEPARATION AND TRANSMUTATION OF LONG-LIVED RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS, AND ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW GENERATION OF NUCLEAR REACTORS 1 4th GENERATION SODIUM-COOLED FAST REACTORS THE ASTRID TECHNOLOGICAL DEMONSTRATOR 1 2 FOREWORD The objective of the Generation IV International Forum (GIF), in which France is actively involved, is to prepare the future nuclear sector in an international framework by jointly developing the R&D of 4th generation reactors, based on clearly identified objectives: achieve sustainable development of nuclear energy by optimising the use of natural uranium resources and by reaching the highest levels of nuclear safety; minimise the production of the most radioactive waste, in particular long-lived waste; ensure high resistance to nuclear proliferation; develop applications of nuclear energy for other uses than production of electricity. After an analysis phase carried out jointly by the founding partners, the GIF selected six concepts of nuclear reactors and their cycles4 which exhibited the most promising potentials to achieve the abovementioned objectives: SFR: Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor; GFR: Gas-cooled Fast Reactor; LFR: Lead-cooled Fast Reactor; SCWR: Supercritical Water-cooled...
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...Process Measurement Instrumentation API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 551 FIRST EDITION, MAY 1993 American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest Washington, D.C. 20005 Process Measurement Instrumentation Manufacturing, Distribution and Marketing Department API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 551 FIRST EDITION, MAY 1993 American Petroleum Institute SPECIAL NOTES 1. API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. 2. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. 3. INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPER PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIALS AND CONDITIONS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET. 4. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. 5. GENERALLY, API STANDARDS ARE REVIEWED AND REVISED, REAFFIRMED, OR...
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...at the University of Pennsylvania based on vacuum tube technology. Vacuum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units. I Generation II Generation III Generation IV Generation V Generation : 1945 – 55 : 1955 – 65 : 1965 – 75 : 1975 – 89 : 1989 to present First Generation (ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator EDSAC – Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer IBM 701) Vacuum tubes were used – basic arithmetic operations took few milliseconds Bulky Consume more power with limited performance High cost Uses assembly language – to prepare programs. These were translated into machine level language for execution. Mercury delay line memories and Electrostatic memories were used Fixed point arithmetic was used 100 to 1000 fold increase in speed relative to the earlier mechanical and relay based electromechanical technology Punched cards and paper tape were invented to feed programs and data and to get results. Magnetic tape / magnetic drum were used as secondary memory Mainly used for scientific computations. Second Generation (Manufacturers – IBM 7030, Digital Data Corporation’s PDP 1/5/8 Honeywell 400) Transistors were used in place of vacuum tubes. (invented at AT&T Bell lab in 1947) Small in size...
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...processes. This includes remote sensing, SCADA, HMI, micro controller sensors and PLC. They are used for automatic control of lights and switches, and for remotely controlled operation of equipment or machine. These modern technologies save time, costs, and labor. The researcher conceptualized this study about the modern technology using HMI in the school specifically the laboratory room. Laboratory should be conducive to learning so that students are encouraged to study. It is a room where the students have the basic knowledge in theoretical aspects before they ought to gain knowledge outside. So, the study is focus on the development of a modernized laboratory equipped with automatic controls. Before laboratory is just a room with equipment, many lights, and switches. They are using manual switching of the facilities inside a laboratory room which is done manually. The turning on and off the equipment gave waste time and energy. The conceptualization of a modern laboratory gave the students an edge in modern technology as well as application. The common problems encountered in a laboratory room are poor illumination and ventilation. In laboratories and classrooms effectively and efficiently required illumination level and proper...
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...THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, WEST INDIES FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & ENGINEERING STUDENTS’ SOCIETY Technical Report Writing Workshop Facilitated by: Halcyon Lawrence March 03, 2007 Table of Contents Topic 1: The Communication Model ............................................................................. 4 Topic 2: Five Cs of Technical Communication .............................................................. 7 Clarity ............................................................................................................................. 7 Structural Clarity (document level) ............................................................................ 7 Stylistic Clarity ........................................................................................................... 7 Grammatical Clarity.................................................................................................... 7 Contextual Clarity....................................................................................................... 7 Conciseness..................................................................................................................... 8 Document level Conciseness ...................................................................................... 8 Paragraph/sentence level Conciseness........................................................................ 8 Concreteness ......................................
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...BASIC INSTRUMENTATION MEASURING DEVICES AND BASIC PID CONTROL Table of Contents Section 1 - OBJECTIVES 3 Section 2 - INSTRUMENTATION EQUIPMENT 7 2.0 INTRODUCTION 7 2.1 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 7 2.1.1 General Theory 7 2.1.2 Pressure Scales 7 2.1.3 Pressure Measurement 8 2.1.4 Common Pressure Detectors 9 2.1.5 Differential Pressure Transmitters 11 2.1.6 Strain Gauges 13 2.1.7 Capacitance Capsule 14 2.1.8 Impact of Operating Environment 15 2.1.9 Failures and Abnormalities 16 2.2 FLOW MEASUREMENT 18 2.2.1 Flow Detectors 18 2.2.2 Square Root Extractor 25 2.2.3 Density Compensating Flow Detectors 29 2.2.4 Flow Measurement Errors 31 2.3 LEVEL MEASUREMENT 33 2.3.1 Level Measurement Basics 33 2.3.2 Three Valve Manifold 34 2.3.3 Open Tank Measurement 36 2.3.4 Closed Tank Measurement 36 2.3.5 Bubbler Level Measurement System 42 2.3.6 Effect of Temperature on Level Measurement 44 2.3.7 Effect of Pressure on Level Measurement 47 2.3.8 Level Measurement System Errors 47 2.4 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 49 2.4.1 Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) 49 2.4.2 Thermocouple (T/C) 52 2.4.3 Thermal Wells 54 2.4.4 Thermostats 55 2.5 NEUTRON FLUX MEASUREMENT 59 2.5.1 Neutron Flux Detection 59 2.5.2 Neutron Detection Methods 60 2.5.3 Start-up (sub-critical) Instrumentation 61 2.5.4 Fission neutron...
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...Advances in Metal Forming Research at the Center for Precision Forming - Industry/University Cooperation – T. Altan, P. Sartkulvanich, N. Kardes The Center for Precision Forming (CPF), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Abstract The demand for application for lightweight materials such as Ultra/Advanced High Strength Steels (U/AHSS), aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys and boron steels in automotive industry is increasing to reduce vehicle weight and increase crash performance. The use of these relatively new materials requires advanced and reliable techniques to a) obtain data on material properties and flow stress, b) predicting springback and fracture in bending and flanging, c) selecting lubricants and die materials/coatings for stamping and forging and d) designing tools for blanking and shearing. In addition, designing the process and tooling for a) hot stamping of boron steels, b) warm forming of Al and Mg alloys, and c) optimizing the use of servo-drive presses require advanced Finite Element based simulation methods. CPF is conducting R&D in most of these topics and also in many hot and cold forging related topics. This paper gives an overview of this research and discusses how the research results are applied in cooperation with industry. Keywords: Metal Forming, Sheet metal, Forging, FEM 1 INTRODUCTION The Center for Precision Forming (CPF) has been established with funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and a number of companies (www.cpforming...
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...Chapter 2 ENERGY CONVERSION AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS W hether we realize it or not, energy is an important part of most aspects of daily life. The quality of life, and even its sustenance, depends on the availability of energy. Therefore, it is important to have a good understanding of the sources of energy, the conversion of energy from one form to another, and the ramifications of these conversions. Energy exists in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, electric, chemical, and nuclear. Even mass can be considered a form of energy. Energy can be transferred to or from a closed system (a fixed mass) in two distinct forms: heat and work. For control volumes, energy can also be transferred by mass flow. An energy transfer to or from a closed system is heat if it is caused by a temperature difference. Otherwise it is work, and it is caused by a force acting through a distance. We start this chapter with a discussion of various forms of energy and energy transfer by heat. We then introduce various forms of work and discuss energy transfer by work. We continue with developing a general intuitive expression for the first law of thermodynamics, also known as the conservation of energy principle, which is one of the most fundamental principles in nature, and we then demonstrate its use. Finally, we discuss the efficiencies of some familiar energy conversion processes, and examine the impact on energy conversion on the environment. Detailed treatments...
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...Vol 450 | 20/27 December 2007 | doi:10.1038/nature06385 LETTERS Isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology Sunitha Nagrath1*, Lecia V. Sequist2*, Shyamala Maheswaran2, Daphne W. Bell2{, Daniel Irimia1, Lindsey Ulkus2, Matthew R. Smith2, Eunice L. Kwak2, Subba Digumarthy2, Alona Muzikansky2, Paula Ryan2, Ulysses J. Balis1{, Ronald G. Tompkins1, Daniel A. Haber2 & Mehmet Toner1 Viable tumour-derived epithelial cells (circulating tumour cells or CTCs) have been identified in peripheral blood from cancer patients and are probably the origin of intractable metastatic disease1–4. Although extremely rare, CTCs represent a potential alternative to invasive biopsies as a source of tumour tissue for the detection, characterization and monitoring of non-haematologic cancers5–8. The ability to identify, isolate, propagate and molecularly characterize CTC subpopulations could further the discovery of cancer stem cell biomarkers and expand the understanding of the biology of metastasis. Current strategies for isolating CTCs are limited to complex analytic approaches that generate very low yield and purity9. Here we describe the development of a unique microfluidic platform (the ‘CTC-chip’) capable of efficient and selective separation of viable CTCs from peripheral whole blood samples, mediated by the interaction of target CTCs with antibody (EpCAM)-coated microposts under precisely controlled laminar flow conditions, and without requisite...
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...Asbestos and Asbestos Health Effects What is asbestos? Asbestos is the name given to a number of naturally occurring fibrous minerals with high tensile strength, the ability to be woven, and resistance to heat and most chemicals. Because of these properties, asbestos fibers have been used in a wide range of manufactured goods, including roofing shingles, ceiling and floor tiles, paper and cement products, textiles, coatings, and friction products such as automobile clutch, brake and transmission parts. The current federal definition of asbestos is the asbestiform varieties of: chrysotile (serpentine); crocidolite (riebeckite); amosite (cummingtonite/grunerite); anthophyllite; tremolite; and actinolite. What are the health effects of asbestos exposure? Exposure to airborne friable asbestos may result in a potential health risk because persons breathing the air may breathe in asbestos fibers. Continued exposure can increase the amount of fibers that remain in the lung. Fibers embedded in lung tissue over time may cause serious lung diseases including: asbestosis, lung cancer, or mesothelioma. Smoking increases the risk of developing illness from asbestos exposure. Three of the major health effects associated with asbestos exposure include: • Asbestosis – Asbestosis is a serious, progressive, long-term non-cancer disease of the lungs. It is caused by inhaling asbestos fibers that irritate lung tissues and cause the tissues to scar. The scarring makes it hard for oxygen...
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...LOGISTICIANS SMART BOOK [pic] Table of Contents Page Number I. Introduction and Reference Data 1. Purpose of the Supply Battle Book 5 2. Logistics Related Web sites 6 3. Logistics Publications 8 II. Explanation of Codes 1. MILSTRIP Record Positions 16 2. Document Identifier Codes (DIC) 16 3. Routing Identifier Code (RIC) 18 4. Stock Number (NSN) Composition (NSNs, FPNs, and MCNs) 19 5. Unit of Issue Code (UI) 20 6. Department of Defense Activity Code (DODAAC) 22 7. Demand Code (DC) 22 8. Unit Identification Code (UIC) 22 9. Signal Code (SC) 22 10. Fund Code (FC) 22 11. End Item Code (EIC) 23 12. Project Code (PC) 23 13. Priority Designator Codes and (UMMIPS) 23 14. Advice Codes (AC) 23 15. Line Item Number (LIN) 24 16. Accounting Requirement Code (ARC) 24 17. Acquisition Advice Code (AAC) 24 18. Automatic Return Item Code (ARI) 26 19. Condition Code (CC) 26 20. Control Inventory Item Code (CIIC) 28 21. Equipment Readiness Code (ERC) 30 22. Equipment Category Code (ECC) 30 23. Essentiality Code (EC) 30 24. Level of Work Code (LWC) 31 25. Maintenance Repair Code (MRC) 31 26. Part Source Code (SRC) 32 27. Recoverability...
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...ABSTRACT: Light-induced photoreceptor cell degeneration has been studied in several species, but not extensively in the teleost fish. Furthermore, the continual production of rods and cones throughout the teleost’s life may result in regeneration of lost rods and cones. We exposed adult albino zebrafish to 7 days of constant darkness, followed by 7 days of constant 8000 lux light, followed by 28 days of recovery in a 14-h light:10-h dark cycle. We characterized the resulting photoreceptor layer cell death and subsequent regeneration using immunohistochemistry and light microscopy. Within the first 24 h of constant light, the zebrafish retina exhibited widespread rod and cone cell apoptosis. High levels of cell proliferation within the inner nuclear layer (INL) were observed within the first 3 days of Light has been an effective and popular environmental method to experimentally induce photoreceptor cell degeneration. The light treatment can irreversibly cause photoreceptor cell loss through apoptosis (Shahinfar et al., 1991; Li et al., 1996). Factors such as light intensity and exposure duration, length of dark adaptation before light exposure, and ocular pigmentation influence the retinal damage in mice and rats (for reviews see Organisciak and Winkler 1994; Rapp, 1995). In addition, the extent of light damage is affected by genetic background, pharmacological agents, growth factors, and transgene expression (La- Correspondence to: D. R. Hyde (hyde.1@nd.edu). Contract grant sponsor:...
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