...Nucleus The nucleus is the largest of the organelles and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope. Aspinall/Cappello (2015) describe the nucleus as ‘the information centre of the cell’. The nuclear envelope has two membranes which has nuclear pores – the pores are in charge of exchanging materials between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The envelope contains phospholipids, this forms a lipid bilayer which helps to maintain the nucleus’s shape. This also helps with the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus (through nuclear pores). When the chromosomes are not diving they are in the form of chromatin, the nucleus contains the chromatin. It contains DNA. There are two forms of chromatin: euchromatin and heterochromatin. Euchromatin contains inactive DNA and heterochromatin inactive. Michael Kent (2000) explains ‘the nucleus also contains one of more nucleoli. These manufacture ribosomes’. In the nuclear envelope in a substance called nucleoplasm or karyoplasm and it similar to cytoplasm. It is mainly water, enzymes and...
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...The cell nucleus core acts like the cerebrum of the cell. It helps control eating, development, and propagation. In the event that it happens in a cell, odds are the core thinks about it. The core is not generally on the focal point of the cell. It will be a huge dim spot some place amidst the greater part of the cytoplasm (cytosol). You likely won't discover it close to the edge of a cell on the grounds that that may be a perilous spot for the core to be. On the off chance that you don't recollect, the cytoplasm is the liquid that fills cells. Not all cells have a nucleus. Science breaks cell sorts into eukaryotic (those with a characterized core) and prokaryotic (those with no characterized core). You may have known about chromatin and DNA. You needn't bother with a core to have DNA. On the off chance that you don't have a characterized core, your DNA is most likely floating around the phone in an area called the nucleoid. A characterized core that holds the hereditary code is a propelled highlight in a cell. Structure of the core The things that make the eukaryotic cell are the nucleus and different organelles. The atomic envelope encompasses the core and every last bit of its substance. The atomic envelope is a film like the cell layer around the entire cell. There are pores and spaces for RNA and proteins to go through while the...
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...Research Paper Goal: To present a critical analysis on a topic of interest in sensation and perception research. This will be an overview paper reporting the major components of some topic of current (from 2005 to the present) research in the field of sensation or perception. Ideas for topics might include, but are by no means limited to the following: • Neuroscience and brain imaging (e.g., CT, fMRI, PET, EEG) • Vision and visual acuity • Agnosia • Functions of the thalamus in S & P • Function of the lateral geniculate nucleus • Function of the medial geniculate nucleus • Object Perception • Signal detection theory • Audition and auditory problems • Autism and S and P • Language perception • Color vision • Gender differences in sensation & perception • Neuroscience and cognition • Prosopagnosia • Hemispheric neglect • Drug abuse and perception • Motion perception • Parkinson’s Disease and perception • Alzheimer’s Disease and S & P • Testing perception in infants • Flavor Perception • Capgras’ delusion Certainly, the topics are by no means limited to those suggested above. If you have an interesting idea or want to explore another area under the general umbrella of research in Sensation and Perception, you are encouraged to do so. Browse your textbook if you simply cannot think of something to write about. Paper Requirements: All papers must be written using an APA format. Papers must be double-spaced, using 10- or 12-point, Times New Roman...
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...RESEARCH ARTICLE CRITIQUE Biomedical Science Brief summary The article selected for this paper is “A study into the potential role of Survivin localisation in resistance to drug-induced apoptosis” written by Helen Angell. The paper is about the role of an anti-apoptotic factor from the class of caspases. The subcellular localisation of surviving can play important role in the therapy of breast cancer. Cancer is an abnormal process in which the cellular apoptosis is inhibited. Survivin is a protein known to regulate cell division and apoptosis. Chemotherapy in cancer patients in targeted to induce apoptosis. Surviving has been known to be localised in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cells. The main therapeutic role of Survivin comes from the fact that the sensitivity of the breast cancer cells to chemotherapy is increased in its presence within the nucleus. Description of the methods and techniques used Various methods have been used by the author. All lab-based methods are used for the determination of localisation and presence of the protein in the cell. • The fourth method used is tissue culture, for the purpose of over expression the protein in the selected cells. • Second method subcellular fractionation was done for the separation of the cellular components. • Immunoblotting was chosen...
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...Leopard Syndrome The disease discussed in this paper is characterized by an acronym of associated symptoms that are experienced by diagnosed patients. Leopard Syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease that is caused by a missense mutation in the PTTPN11 gene, which encodes for a key protein involved in the RAS/MAPK pathway for cells when they mature, proliferate, or even apoptose; this pathway is essential for these cellular actions. If interfered with, an array of symptoms, including lentigines, electrocardiographic conduction defects, abnormal genitalia, pulmonary stenosis, abnormal genitalia, growth retardation, and deafness, may be observed. Although Leopard Syndrome is a rare disease that is not commonly found in everyday life, more...
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...Progeria Progeria is a rare genetic disease that causes children to age faster than usual. According to an article by Christian Nordqvist, “The condition is extremely rare, affecting around 1 in every 4 million children”. Signs of progeria are not noticed until the age around two. Progeria, also known as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, is caused by a gene mutation. “Most children with progeria have a mutation on the gene that encodes for lamin A, a protein that holds the nucleus of the cell together” (Nordqvist). The defective protein makes the nucleus unstable, making the cell more likely to die younger. This creates indications of progeria. Even though a parent does not have progeria, the mutation may still be present. Genetic testing can indicate if...
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...perspective of the atom. Dalton, Bohr, Rutherford, Planck, and Millikan, each of these scientists contributed to atomic theory in their own way and enhanced our knowledge of the atom. John Dalton is known for his work of gas laws (i.e. Dalton’s law) but also his work to lay the ground work for atomic theory. In the year 1800 Dalton presented a paper which was on the constitution of mixed gasses. This would lead him to develop his gas law and also affect others, such as Charles and Gay-Lussac. This research would also lead him to research atomic weights, which lead to his contribution in 1805. Dalton theorized that elements are made of extremely small particles called atoms. Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties; atoms of different elements differ in size, mass and other properties. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds. In chemical reactions, atoms are...
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...Definition: Gender Dysphoria Disorder was formerly understood by the term Gender Identity Disorder (GID). In this type of disorder, an individual’s biological gender and emotional gender do not accord. This means that an individual of one gender feels at ease with the opposite gender and is at odds with people of his own gender. For instance, an individual who is a male feels that he is more secure and confident with the female gender rather than in the company of males. In other words, confusion over identity or trans-sexualism (as it was formerly called) or transgender (as it is often referred to in current terminology) is a disorder that is felt by individuals who belong to one gender yet identify themselves with the opposite gender, while at the same time being uncomfortable in the company or interaction of the same gender. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) identifies gender dysphoria as “people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with” (Zucker et al, 2013). The person may be an adult, a child or an adolescent. Although the clinical term still refers to the condition as a disorder, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) states that it should not be called a disorder as such since it is not a mental illness. The intolerable situation for the individual suffering from the gender identity confusion or mismatch actually occurs due to stress and emotional disturbances associated with what the...
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...Visual Information Processing Paper Laura Nancy Vargas PSYCH/64 December 2, 2013 Holly Berry Perception Paper Humans have a unique and wonderful device in how one sees. The eye and brain work together to turn the world into visual data one’s brain can understand and use. There are some eye conditions that inhibit the sight or the recognition of the shapes one sees. Research continues to overcome these conditions as well as to further understand the biochemical reaction that gives humans the sight and understanding one has of visual data. Included in the paper are some of the latest research methods. Describe Visual Information Processing The way a human eye and brain works together to produce visual data understandable to the brain is through a biochemical reaction to light turned into neural impulses by the brain. The section of the brain dedicated to interpreting vision is the visual cortex. . Light passes through the lens and the vitreous humor and falls on the retina at the back of the eye (J.R. Anderson, 2009, pg. 34). The retina includes the light sensing or photoreceptor cells. These cells change physical shape when exposed to light. The photoreceptor cells are of two kinds; rods and cones. At this point the photochemical process occurs that turns the information of the light, including shapes, texture, color, orientation, and depth, into neural impulses. Rods are the cells that when exposed to less light energy are responsible for less sharp images, the kind...
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...New insights into how cells cope with stress could help combat neurological diseases and reduce the ravages of aging. Scientists have known for years that moderate stressors, such as a calorie-restricted diet, increase lifespan in a variety of organisms. Now new research is illuminating how this works at the molecular level. A particular protein is key in regulating at least one aspect of the stress response and may be a good model for anti-aging drugs. "What we have here is an essential protective pathway that now looks like a very effective therapeutic target," said biologist Richard Morimoto of Northwestern University. Most research on this protein, called sirtuin1 (SIRT1), has concentrated on its ability to regulate and protect mitochondria — cellular power generators that are corroded over time by reactive oxygen molecules. But SIRT1 also protects DNA in the cell nucleus. Morimoto’s findings, published Thursday in Science, give a precise mechanical explanation for the effects. Cells have evolved a particular response to stay alive in adverse conditions. When a cell starts getting too hot, too hungry or too oxygen-deprived, certain proteins migrate into the nucleus. There, they latch onto sections of DNA and cause heat-shock proteins to be produced. Heatshock proteins — so named because they were first discovered in cells experiencing high temperatures — cruise around the cell, fixing damaged or improperly folded proteins. "Proteins are very delicate," Morimoto said. "Any...
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...in driving spontaneous purchases is “sales prices”. When a customer thinks they can save money on an item, whether it’s on their list or not, they will more often than not give it a look over and consider making the purchase. The Yankee Group and Ernst & Young conducted surveys where they asked people why they would make impulse purchases on the web. According to The Yankee Group (November, 2000), 75% of survey respondents indicated that a “sale price” would motivate them to make a spontaneous purchase. The second most influential factor was free shipping with 49% of respondents. Ernst & Young (January, 2000) reported that 88% of impulse purchases were because shoppers found products that were offered at good price on sale. Research on impulse purchases made online suggests otherwise. Findings state that sales prices draw...
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...Embryonic Stem Cell Research Legislation and related legal issues Heidi Brannen Law 310 Professor Floyd June 1 Human embryonic stem cell research has been and will continue to be a very controversial issue in society all over the world. Many countries have recognized the importance of this research and its benefits, while others have continued to make such research illegal with no plans to change in the near future. This paper will be discussing the past, current, and hopeful future legislation in regards to embryonic stem cell research and how it could affect the future of medical advancement. Embryonic Stem Cell Research Legislation and related legal issues Research on human embryos and fetuses has been in development for decades with the first well known development being the polio vaccine which stemmed from work on cultures of human fetal kidney cells in the 1950’s. The controversy of such research is not so much in the science of the research itself, but in how the cells are obtained from unborn embryos and fetuses in their earliest stages of development. In the 1970’s, the controversy focused on research involving fetuses in utero, aimed at developing techniques such as amniocentesis and improving the understanding of conditions such as congenital heart disease, as well as on research involving tissue from aborted fetuses of the type that led to the polio vaccine. Federal funding of this research was halted until guidelines and safeguards...
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...In his 1957 and 1958 research papers, he concluded that dopamine could reverse the effects of reserpine. He injected animal patients with the precursor to dopamine and noradrenaline, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and found that the curing effects directly correlated with the increase of dopamine, and not noradrenaline or adrenaline. The following year, Carlsson and three of his students and some collaborators from Japan developed an assay to measure the concentration of dopamine in certain regions of the brain. They found the highest concentration of dopamine in the striatum section of the basal ganglia, located at the center and front of the brain, where noradrenaline and adrenaline weren’t found. The basal ganglia is responsible for learning, routine habits, cognition and emotion. He proved that dopamine was more than just a precursor, but actually a very important neurotransmitter, the hormone playing the central role in motor...
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...The control and manipulation of genetic material has become common place in our society. What was once the dream of science fiction authors and fans has become reality. Such topics as stem cell research, in vitro fertilization, and cloning have created quite a stir in scientific communities. However, these advancements do not come without a cost, or without ethical dilemmas. First, a definition of these terms is required. Following that, we will explore some topics and the ethics associated with them. Stem cells exist in all living things. These cells go on to either produce more stem cells or specialize to become different types of living tissue. Stem cells can be broken down into two main classifications, embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells, as the name would imply, are only found in developing embryos. These cells are the most versatile. On the other hand, adult stem cells are only able to transform into a select few types of tissue. (Bongso & Lee, 2005) In vitro fertilization involves the fertilization of an oocyte outside of the female reproductive system. Fertilization occurs in a Petri dish, after which time the embryo is reintroduced into a female uterus where it is allowed to implant and develop. (Seibel, 2008) Cloning is a scientific method of producing an offspring that is genetically identical to the parent. In cloning, only one parent is required, therefore it is considered to be asexual reproduction. (Rugnetta, 2012) All of these...
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...and particle physics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932 “for the creation of quantum mechanics". From 1924 to 1927, Heisenberg lectured at the University of Göttingen, and conducted research with Niels Bohr at the University of Copenhagen. It was during this time that the young Heisenberg developed the “matrix mechanics” formulation of quantum mechanics (in collaboration with Max Born and Pascual Jordan). Matrix mechanics was the first complete and correct definition of quantum mechanics, and it extended the Bohr model of atoms by describing how the quantum jumps occur and by interpreting the physical properties of particles as matrices that evolve over time. In 1939, Heisenberg travelled to the United States to visit Samuel Abraham Goudsmit at the University of Michigan, but refused an invitation to emigrate to the United States. Back in Germany, in 1939, shortly after the discovery of nuclear fission, Heisenberg became one of the principal scientists leading research and development in the German nuclear energy project, known as the “Uranium Club”, and he travelled to German-occupied Copenhagen in 1941 to lecture and discuss nuclear research and theoretical physics with Niels Bohr. In 1942, he was asked by the Nazi administration to direct the Uranium Club's research more toward developing nuclear weapons and, when Heisenberg prevaricated, the authority and regulation of the project...
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