...WEEK 8 Discuss the similarities and differences between the Mesopotamian ziggurat and the Egyptian pyramid both in style and function. Man has a tendency to build large monumental things, not only today, but also during our ancient past. The Sumerians and the Egyptians are two cultures, from our past, that have accomplished these feats. The Sumerian ziggurats and Egyptian pyramids have some similarities and differences. The ziggurats and the pyramids have some similarities. They are both examples of the massive structures that were built in support of their cultural or religious beliefs. They were both built with a great deal of manpower with no use of any big machinery that we are familiar with today. Their society's leaders commissioned in building these massive structures were: the king of the Sumerian civilization for the ziggurats and the pharaoh of the Egyptian civilization for the pyramids. Their similarities pretty much ends here. At a closer look, the ziggurats and the pyramid had many differences. The pharaohs, in preparation for his death, built the pyramids as place for his tomb and his priced possessions and servers (to ensure that his needs are met in the afterlife) and also for his queen. It is said that the pharaoh ruled in the authority of the God and that the pyramid would help him ascend to the Gods. The Sumerian king had the ziggurats built for use as a place for worship, like a temple, for the Sumerian society. One story also suggest that...
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...Harvard Management Communication Letter A Newsletter from Harvard Business School Publishing Tools, Techniques, and Ideas for the Articulate Executive Article Reprint No. C0504C The Best Memo You’ll Ever Write by Holly Weeks This document is authorized for use by Ethan Beldengreen-Karas, from 8/30/2012 to 12/1/2012, in the course: BUS 365: Communication and Professional Development - Epstein/Graves (Fall 2012), Emory University. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of this document is strictly prohibited. For a complete list of Harvard Business School Publishing newsletters: http://newsletters.harvardbusinessonline.org For reprint and subscription information for Harvard Management Communication Letter: Call 800-988-0866 or 617-783-7500 http://hmcl.harvardbusinessonline.org For customized and quantity orders of reprints: Call 617-783-7626 Fax 617-783-7658 For permission to copy or republish: Call 12/1/2012, in the This document is authorized for use by Ethan Beldengreen-Karas, from 8/30/2012 to 617-783-7587 course: BUS 365: Communication and Professional Development - Epstein/Graves (Fall 2012), Emory University. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of this document is strictly prohibited. Writing The Best Memo You’ll Ever Write Every memo—or report or e-mail—is important in today’s business environment. If you keep in mind that readers are content driven, time pressed, and decision focused, you can write right—every time. by...
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...1. In this assignment we will evaluate settings for events with common characteristics between the periods of ancient civilizations, Paleolithic, and Neolithic to Egyptian civilization. What we are looking for are changes in these cultures, if any, how and why did the change occur and what may have triggered them. As a civilization progresses and evolves they bring with them common characteristics from their predecessors. Some of these characteristics are government, economy, food and supplies, social equality, and religion. The Paleolithic were among the first to inhabit the regions of Western Europe stretching to Egypt. They were also the first to adapt to the land, hunt and gathered, and also experimented with art, textures, and colors. The Paleolithic didn’t have a form of government more of a tribe family which were ruled by the male and differed from city to city. They also didn’t have an economic system or a way to trade goods. However they were among the many to learn how to evolve their weapons into more effective ways to hunt. The Neolithic civilization carried these same common characteristics, but evolved it and organized it a lot better. There form of government was evolved into a chief and council system. Hunting and gathering was also in existence but were evolved to farming and creating surpluses. Art was also apparent more so in sculptures, textures, and more discovered materials. Also a barter system was established where one could trade their precious items...
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...without the help of machinery. The main reason for this question was because each pyramid was composed of millions of limestone blocks each weighing 25 to 80 tons each and was located on the west side of the Nile. Experts have also talked a lot about the methods by which each block was raised into position. It was theory that wooden and bronze levers were used to move the blocks, a system of ramps, terrestrials or just millions of workers. There was also debate on how did they get these huge stones from the quarries into the middle of the desert. Some archaeologists believed that they used large boats, traveling the Nile or just simply rolled and drug them. I believe the theory of a million of workers is possible but whether they dragged, lifted or even rolled each stone into place is not.The Greeks believed slaves was used, but modern Egyptologists accept that it was thousands of skilled workers. Verner posited that the labor was organized into a hierarchy, consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men, divided into five groups of 20,000 men each, which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers. So through research I believe these men may have used a system of ramps. Most archaeologists agreed that a system of ramps must have been used to drag the millions of blocks into their positions in the various pyramids. There are traces of these ramps around some of the older pyramids to suggest that at least five different systems of ramp might have been used. The...
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...the ziggurats staircase. • This temple sits on top of the famous Anu Ziggurat. • This particular temple was for the sky god “Anu”. • The temple was entirely white washed as it shining in the sunlight, making it almost impossible to pass by. • Inside the temple were a huge fire pit and a conduit system. Archeologists speculate that the water comes from the temple’s terrace to collect itself on the pit. • Discoveries Inside the temple were some very interesting things found by archeologists. They have discovered lion and leopard bones that were speculated for the offerings to the gods. Also they have discovered ritual objects and bones that were buried. Religious Beliefs • Ziggurat’s building period took more extensive time than Egypt’s pyramids. From the third millennium to 600 BC, Mesopotamia’s tradition remained longer because they represent their Gods and were a symbolic trademark for the Mesopotamian civilizations. • Mesopotamia’s temples were very valuable for its nations because it serves as an interaction between their people and their worshipped deities. Ziggurats were very important to its ancestors, as these structures connected communities together. These nations believed that their gods rested high up in the sky and they believed that this monumental temple of theirs connected Heaven and Earth to communicate with them. Their temples represent their God’s power. • They assumed that the higher the ziggurat was, the closer they were to their gods and that rested in...
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...Taylor P Ancient Architecture Functions of Ancient Monuments Ancient monuments have been discovered to be a prominent feature of many different ancient civilizations throughout history. The most elaborate and well known ancient buildings are the pyramids and the ziggurats of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica. The construction of these massive monuments began sometime during the fourth millennium BC and to this day many can still be seen. Although believed by most to serve a particular religious function, historians are still trying to discover the exact purpose of these breathtaking feats of architecture. However, through the vast studies of archaeology, enough information has been acquired to make some valid theories. The first civilization to construct a massive architectural project was the Egyptians with their construction of the pyramids. It is believed that the Egyptian civilization began around 5500 BC and then began to flourish as a result of new innovations in agriculture and the abundance of natural resources around the Nile. Over time, Egyptians made great achievements in mathematics, writing, astronomy, medicine, engineering, and architecture. This played a huge part in the progression of Egypt into a powerful and influential civilization. In addition to these achievements, the significance of religion was another extremely important factor that allowed the Egyptian civilization to thrive. Egyptians practiced polytheism. In their religion, not only were...
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...from the title the author also used several instruments to abdicate the boy’s personal legend. And the most important instrument that he used is the boy’s dream. The boy’s dream inside an abandoned church where there was an enormous sycamore that grew where the sacristy was. The boy’s revelation of his dream to the interpreter goes like this: “I had the same dream twice; I was in the field with my sheep, when a child appeared and began to play with the animals. I don’t like people to do that, because the sheep are afraid of strangers. But children always seem to be able to play without frightening them. The child continued to play with my sheep for quite a while and suddenly the child took my both hands and transported me to the Egyptian pyramids. Then the child said to me, ‘if you come here you will find a treasure’ and just as she was about to show me the exact location I woke up both times.” Well this is a hint of what the boy’s Legend is all about. One of the fundamentals of a good novel is its...
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...The Pyramid Temple of Khafre Not all is clear when diving almost 5000 years into the past. A good deal is known about Khafre but where his reign lies is a little unclear. Khafre was the son of King Khufu and his queen Henutsen. Some experts say Khafre was the immediate successor of Khufu and some say Djedefre, also Khufu’s son was the immediate successor and Khafre followed his rule. Either way Khafre is known to have ruled during the 4th Dynasty of the Old Kingdom. During his rule he was married to two queens, Khamerenebty I and Meresankh. He had a son with Khamerenebty who was named Menkaure and became king after Khafre’s death. When Khafre became king seems to be lost in history. Sources I have come across believe his rule to roughly be between 2558 BC and 2532 BC. Our book however, (Art History Vol. 1) states his rule to be from 2520-2494 BCE. What I get from this is that little evidence is available for a reliable time of rule. Khafre’s pyramid which will be the main focus of my paper is one of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids of Giza located in the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. Khafre’s pyramid lays roughly a few hundred meters to the southwest of his father Khufu and Menkaure’s pyramid lays a few hundred meters further southwest of his father. (Pyramids by Joyce Filer) It only seems natural to first discuss the creation of the pyramid temple of Khafre. To build such a monumental structure thousands of workers would be needed including stone cutters, surveyors...
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...Stefani Delap Bruce Beard Hum:111 01/31/16 The Mysterious Construction of The Pyramids Of Giza The Mysterious Construction of The Pyramids Of Giza The Pyramids of Giza are a great tourist attraction and an even more perplexing ideology of architectural construction. How were these great monuments built? In regarding how the pyramids were constructed, there have been many theories proposed but none have adequate evidence. According to the French engineer Jean Pierre Houdin: The Giza pyramids were constructed in three major stages. In the first stage the first portion of the pyramid building process, Houdin, relies on the conservative Historian standby, “the straight ramp”, to explain the mechanism of how the stone blocks were moved and placed into the monument. The process in which Jean proposes, the straight ramp was slowly constructed up which the ancient laborers dragged over a million and a half blocks that went into the Pyramids reaching the third level of the King Chamber. In an extension to the rising levels the beginning infrastructure of an internal spiral was created twisting around just inside the outer edge of the core masonry. The second stage of construction, Houdin, tries to explain that the purpose for the unique design of the Grand Gallery was solely for aiding in the moving and raising the huge granite blocks that were placed above the King’s chamber. The third stage, is perceived...
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...2012 PYRAMID I. Introduction: Nowadays, when we look at the huge and modern builiding around us, we often admire to know the way architects created them. Each building has their own features and very diversified in their shapes. Looking at how beautiful they are, we can image that the constructions need a lot of efforts from the architects and workers, and they may use many advanced and modern facilities to bring them the best work. Besides, if we think about the past, without technology, there would be impossible for the ancient people build anything amazing like these. But that is not true, and you will be surprised when you see how mighty the pyramids are. Especially, the Great Pyramid of Giza is the only one of the seven ancient wonders still remaining to our days and one of the most famous tourist attractions in the modern world. II. Body: 1) What is pyramid? + Pyramid is a structure whose shape is triangular and converges to a single point at the top. The base of a pyramid can be trilateral, quadrilateral, or any polygon shape, and the square pyramid is a common version. + Most of Pyramids represent for the tomb of Pharoahs, kings of acient Egypt, who believed that they could take their bodies and worldly possessions to the next world by burying inside the pyramid. Usually, they started construction on their pyramid many years before their death. 2) How to build a pyramid? + The estimate of the number of workers to build the pyramids range...
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...history is most recognized for its magnificent temples, tombs, and pyramids; all which are considered remarkable architecture feats considering the limited tools and resources available at the time which these sites and structures were created. We can benefit and learn from the Egyptians through studying the buildings created, and history left behind. In regards to the great pyramids created, the Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the only temples remaining that is still largely intact. The unsurpassed level of craftsmanship and architectural engineering capabilities it took to create this pyramid are outstanding. The modern inventions of today would make it possible for us to replicate the pyramid with the use of steel, concrete, glass, and an array of power tools. Most of the material would be pre-fabricated in warehouses and then shipped to the site where it would then be assembled. The image on the right shows the Louvre Pyramid and severs as the main entrance to the Louvre in Paris, France. It was designed by French architects and the design idea was to showcase a transparent pyramid. The architects referenced Egyptian pyramids when they designed the building. However, the new and improved design is supported by steel beams and cables, with glass allowing the entire space to be illuminated by the sun. I personally appreciate the hard-work and level of dedication and precision it took for not only for the Pyramid of Giza but for the other architectural buildings as well knowing...
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...Pyramids and ziggurats both provide archeologists with a great deal of information about the ancient cultures that constructed them. When comparing The Great Pyramids of Egypt with The Ziggurats of Mesopotamia, the differences between them are more apparent than the similarities that they share. The two structures actually only appear to be similar. Both have the general form of a pyramid. Some other similarities shared by these two types of structures can be interpreted from the context of the religions of those who had them erected and what role they served for the society. Among the differences are their intended usage, how they were decorated, their designs, and the materials used in their construction. In order to clearly describe how different these two structures are, I have summarized some information about their designs and the materials used to build them. Contrasts in the decorations of the two types of structures are then discussed. The intended uses of these structures then introduces some similarities in relation to the religious symbolism of the structures. Considered to be among the greatest wonders of the known world, The Pyramids of Egypt were built with exacting precision from granite blocks. The pyramids of the early dynasties were of a more stepped pyramid form, similar in appearance to the ziggurats of Mesopotamia. Advancements in available technologies and construction techniques in the later dynasties of ancient Egypt allowed for pyramids to be constructed...
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...Djoser, the first ruler of the 3rd dynasty laid down the groundwork for construction of the Real Pyramids. It all began with the mastaba, “single-story square-block structures made of mud brick” (Feder 2014:251) that served as the resting place for pharaohs, from the mastabas evolved the stepped pyramid and mud brick evolved into stone. Through the process of trial and error The Old Kingdom was able to build the Great Pyramids at Giza. One of the great pyramids that was built for the Pharaoh Khufu, estimated about 2,300,000 stones, each stone weighing about 2.5 tons. Through the construction of the pyramids Egyptian civilization was able to thrive as a solidified state until being conquered and becoming apart of the Roman Empire in 30 BC. How...
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...The Ancient Egyptians built the pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs. The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of different shapes and sizes from the beginning of the old kingdom to end of the middle kingdom. There are about eighty pyramids known today from Ancient Egypt. (ancientegypt.com) The oldest known pyramids, known as step pyramids, were built in the 3rd Dynasty under a king called Djoser during 2630 and 2611 B.C., throughout this time the history of royal tomb building had fallen into two main stages. In the first two dynasties, kings and nobles were buried in simple brick structures. Then, in the 3rd dynasty during 2630 and 2611 B.C. Pharaoh Djoser and Imhotep, who was Djoser’s chancellor and High Priest, designed and built the first...
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...Lisa Rochen in her article remarks, “The great pyramids of Giza represent an extraordinary moment of built audacity and utter modesty” (Rochen, p 44). This extraordinary scale of these structures, as well as the attempt of building it, reflects the Ancient kingdom’s prosperity and coercive power regarding the usage of work. Moreover, the brilliant architectural design echoes the advancement in technology, engineering, and mathematics to be able to produce these royal tombs. For more than 4000 years, humankind has been fascinated by these ancient wonders and how they came into being without any use of pulleys, wheels, iron tools or compasses but only crude chisels, saws, hammers, and drills made of copper, wood, and stone. According to the civil...
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