...------------------------------------------------- KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,KUMASI. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- BIRTHWEIGHT OF NEWBORNS IN RELATION TO THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE ATWIMA NWABIAGYA DISTRICT OF ASHANTI REGION OF GHANA. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, ------------------------------------------------- KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI IN ------------------------------------------------- PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ------------------------------------------------- PUBLIC HEALTH (MPH) DEGREE IN POPULATION AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Final project Marketing Mangement Submitted to: Sir Zeshan Shaukat Submitted By: Ghulam jilani Zeshan Naseem Zeshan Munir Zeshan javed UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE “Cerelac is a reliable and innovative product and a symbol of commitment. Cerelac is an ideal infant starter and excellent source of energy” TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Executive summary ……..…………………………………….....4 2. Selection of Nestle cerelac……….……………………………....6 3. Nestle company intro…….………………………………………7 4. Nestle financial data……………………………………………..8 5. Nestle products………………..…………………………………9 6. Nestle Cerelac……………………………………………..….…10 7. Situation analysis………………………………..………………13 8. Market opportunities and issues…………………………………14 9. Objectives…… ……………………………………………….…15 10. Marketing strategy………………………………………………15 11. Target marketing…………………………………………………15 12. Positioning…… …………………………………………………16 13. Marketing Mix……....……………………………………………19 14. Product……… …………………………………………………..19 15. Price………………………………………………………………20 16. Promotion……………….……………………………………..…20 17. Place……………………….……………………………………..21 18. Conclusion………………………………………………….……20 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Business is a never ending race and in the fast running world of business, there is variety...
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...deficits in early childhood associated with long-term poverty in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). They compare estimates of the effects of long-term poverty (based on a thirteen-year average of income) to estimates of the effects of poverty based on a single year of income (at the time of developmental assessment). They find substantial developmental deficits among children who, on average, are poor over a number of years relative to those who are not. These deficits are approximately twice as large according to the longterm income measure as compared to those based on the single-year measure, and are not explained by differences in maternal education, family structure, maternal behaviors during pregnancy, infant health, nutritional status, or age of...
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...UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OSOGBO IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE NURSING AND MIDWIFERY COUNCIL OF NIGERIA FOR THE AWARD OF “REGISTERED MIDWIFE” CERTIFICATE SEPTEMBER, 2014 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that AFOLABI TOLULOPE MARY, Exam No …………………………….. has carried out this research under my supervision. Dr. Mrs. F.O. ADEYEMO (Ph.D., RN, RM, RPHN, FWACN) ...…………………….…. Research Supervisor Signature and Date Dr. Mrs. F.O. ADEYEMO (Ph.D., RN, RM, RPHN, FWACN) .………………………... Head of Department Signature and Date ABSTRACT Meeting the nutritional needs of the infant is one major task that should be considered very important by the mother. Breast milk has been considered the best and complete nutritional feed for the infant and Exclusive breastfeeding has been recognized worldwide as the optimal feeding option for human infants. This study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among nursing mothers working in State Hospital Asubiaro, Osogbo. Descriptive design was used for the study. The target population were nursing mothers working in a health institution. Purposive sampling technique was used. The sample size was 176. Data was collected using a self-designed questionnaire which was divided into three sections. The first section was Demographic data, the second section, Knowledge of nursing mothers on exclusive breastfeeding and third section, Factors affecting the...
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...October (2013) Int. Res. J. Social Sci. Women Health in India: An Analysis Sunilkumar M Kamalapur1 and Somanath Reddy2 1 Women’s Studies, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga-06, Karnataka, INDIA 2 Social Work, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga-06, Karnataka, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 29th August 2013, revised 21st September 2013, accepted 5th October 2013 Abstract If health is defined ‘as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’, it follows that existence is a necessary condition for aspiring for health. The girl child in India is increasingly under threat. In recent decades, there has been an alarming decrease in the child sex ratio (0-4 years) in the country. Access to technological advances of ultra sonography and India’s relatively liberal laws on abortion have been misused to eliminate female foetuses. From 958 girls to every 1000 boys in 1991, the ratio has declined to 934 girls to 1000 boys in 2001. In some states in western and north western India, there are less than 900 girls to 1000 boys. The sex ratio is at its worst in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Gujarat, where severe practices of seclusion and deprivation prevail. Often in contiguous areas in these states, the ratio dips distressingly below 800 girls to every 1000 boys (RGI, MOHFW, UNFPA, 2003). Annexure I gives the child sex ratio in different states and union territories of India as...
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...five years old and below. Everyday, as many as 4,000 infants and young children die worldwide because they are not breastfed. According to United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), it is because their mothers are not empowered with adequate knowledge about breast-feeding and do not receive enough motivation and support (UNICEF, 1994). Babies, their mothers, their families, their community, their environment, even the economy of the country in which they live, all benefit from breast-feeding (ibid). Realizing the great advantages of breast-feeding and the changing patterns of breast-feeding practice worldwide, the World Health Organization, 1981, recommended that all infants should be “exclusively breastfed for 4 to 6 months of age”(Kaunang, 1999). Moreover, UNICEF(1994) has advocated breast-feeding as one of the strategies for “ Child Survival” and exclusive breast-feeding as a best protective way for infants against infection and malnutrition. Nowadays, promotion of breast-feeding through Family Planning and MCH Programs is increasingly considered to be a public health policy priority especially in developing societies (Tin Oo, 1995). The Department of Health (DOH) advocates exclusive breastfeeding as part of their campaign in supporting the international goals of both the WHO and UNICEF in promoting infant health improvement and decreasing mortality rates. “Six months of exclusive breastmilk – no water, infant formula, other liquid, or food for...
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...children worldwide. It is one of the most important underlying causes of child mortality in developing countries, particularly during the first 5 years of life; the major causes for this are poverty, world conflicts, lack of education, natural disasters and poor access to health care. Nearly one-third of children in the developing world are malnourished. The effects of changing environmental conditions in increasing malnutrition are multifactorial. Poor environmental conditions may increase insect and protozoal infections and also contribute to environmental deficiencies in micronutrients. Overpopulation, more commonly seen in developing countries, can reduce food production, leading to inadequate food intake or intake of foods of poor nutritional quality. Conversely, the effects of malnutrition on individuals can create and maintain poverty, which can further hamper economic and social development. Bangladesh being the eighth most populous country in the world, and one of the poorest a significant progress has been made in recent years in reducing the incidence of poverty and malnutrition, the fact remains that roughly half of its 15.5 million citizens live in deprivation, while roughly half of all children under 6 years show some evidence of chronic malnutrition. Poverty and malnutrition in Bangladesh are characterized by regional variation. Factors such as proneness to natural disasters, distribution and quality of land, access to education and health facilities, level of...
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...CARE AND HEALTH CARE ACCESS ON INFANT DEATH OUTCOMES IN FIVE PUBLIC HEALTH DISTRICTS WITH THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST RATES OF INFANT DEATHS IN GEORGIA INTRODUCTION Infant rate mortality in Georgia is extremely high and is an indicator of the overall poor status of health among women and children in this state. Between 1990 and 2000, it is reported that Georgia was among the states with the highest rate of infant deaths. In 1990 the infant morality rate in Georgia was at 12.4 deaths for each 1,000 live births and decreasing to 8.5 per 1,000 in 1998. The infant death rate among the white population is 6.1 per 1,000 while the African American population was stated at a much greater rate of 13.5 per 1,000, which is over twice as high as infant death rates among the white population in the state of Georgia. (Georgia Department of Human Resources: Infant Mortality Fact Sheet, 2000) PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of this study is to investigate Infant mortality in African American women in Georgia for the years 2000-2005 in five public health districts with the highest rates of infant mortality and five public health districts with the lowest infant mortality rates (so we are looking at 10 public health districts total that can be found on the OASIS website) in the state of Georgia). LITERATURE REVIEW It is stated by the Georgia Department of Human Resources in the work entitled: “Infant Mortality: Fact Sheet” that the primary cause of infant deaths in the state of Georgia...
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...4 (Proposal and Report) Growth in Rural India: Children and Babies Maria Celina Hidajat Lab 4 Table of Contents Title Page Table of Contents Section 1: Proposal Executive Summary Budget Itinerary Letter of Invitation Proceedings Section 2: Report Executive Summary Study Methods Graphs Results Discussion Conclusion Works Cited 12 13 16 18 19 20 21 23 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 2 Growth in Rural India: Children and Babies Maria Celina Hidajat Lab 4 Section 1: Proposal 3 Growth in Rural India: Children and Babies Maria Celina Hidajat Lab 4 Executive Summary Personnel My team will consist of three professional anthropologists including myself, and three apprentices which will serve as assistants while interning throughout the study, namely: Maria Celina Hidajat, Ph.D. in Comparative Human Development Diana Mendoza, Ph.D. in Nutritional Anthropology Scott Hookey, Ph.D. in Nutritional Anthropology Study We will be conducting an anthropometry regarding the growth and malnutrition of approximately 650 people (10% of the population in Pune, India), which include new mothers with children between the ages of six months to six years. We will be going to Pune, India, which has a malnutrition epidemic, for 5 days starting on December 23, 2013. I brought along this article with me to further aid my study: Semba, Richard D., Saskia de Pee, Kai Sun, Ashley A. Campbell, Martin W. Bloem, and V.k. Raju. "Low Intake of Vitamin A–rich Foods Among Children, Aged 12–35 Months...
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...any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Whurr Publishers Limited. This publication is sold subject to the conditions that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed upon any subsequent purchaser. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 86156 216 0 Printed and bound in the UK by Athenaeum Press Ltd, Gateshead, Tyne & Wear. Contents Series Preface Introduction Background Current health targets – Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation Nutritional issues highlighted in Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation Contents Chapter 1 A healthy diet Dietary reference...
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...only two choices for how to feed their infants: they could breastfeed their infants themselves, or they could seek out a “wet nurse.” In the 1920s, a third option was introduced in developed nations—infant formula, a manufactured alternative to breast milk. Depending on its audience, this alternative was seen as a lifesaving option, a modern way to feed a child or a shameful health risk. Many people who have heard about the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes have expressed interest in knowing more about it. Baby food for the infants is the most sensitive one. Doctors suggest exclusive breast feeding for the infants. But for some cases like sickness, temporary disablement or for any other reasons mothers cannot breast feed to their babies. And for that they have to choose infant formula for their infants. Like any other products, parents of infant go through a selection process to choose a baby food. The purpose of this document is to provide concepts and terms of business ethics regarding marketing infant formula or baby food in the developed and low developing countries. Some of the scenarios of Bangladeshi baby food industries have also been analyzed. What is the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitute The Code is a set of recommendations to regulate the marketing of breast-milk substitutes, feeding bottles and teats. The Code was formulated in response to the realization that poor infant feeding practices were negatively affecting...
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...improvement of the conditions in the social and physical environment, rehabilitation of illness and disability. Community diagnosis is the process of identification of the various factors that affect the health of an individual in the community and to detect certain problems that a community has. As a community it involves all the individuals that are living in it. Assessment of these factors is done by the Public Health Nurse. It is not an easy task for it requires thorough investigation by surveying families present in the community. Identification and solution of these problems is the main concern of a community diagnosis. To attain optimal health and wellness of each and every individual in the community regardless of its race, age, sex, etc. the public health nurse must help these individuals to solve whatever existing health problems they have. RATIONALE The study was done to be able to know the...
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...Nutritional Needs Theresa Cooper SCI/220 (BSDF1ICOY4) 10/6/2015 University of Phoenix Nutritional Needs Nutrition is the major intrauterine environmental factor that alters expression of the fetal genome and may have lifelong consequences. This phenomenon, termed “fetal programming,” has led to the recent theory of “fetal origins of adult disease.” Namely, alterations in fetal nutrition and endocrine status may result in developmental adaptations that permanently change the structure, physiology, and metabolism of the offspring, thereby predisposing individuals to metabolic, endocrine, and cardiovascular diseases in adult life. Animal studies show that both maternal undernutrition and over nutrition reduce placental-fetal blood flows and stunt fetal growth. Impaired placental syntheses of nitric oxide (a major vasodilator and angiogenesis factor) and polyamines (key regulators of DNA and protein synthesis) may provide a unified explanation for intrauterine growth retardation in response to the 2 extremes of nutritional problems with the same pregnancy outcome. There is growing evidence that maternal nutritional status can alter the epigenetic state (stable alterations of gene expression through DNA methylation and histone modifications) of the fetal genome. This may provide a molecular mechanism for the impact of maternal nutrition on both fetal programming and genomic imprinting. Promoting optimal nutrition will not only ensure optimal fetal development, but will also...
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...WHAT IS FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME? Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a birth defect caused by heavy alcohol consumption (usually in a binge pattern) during pregnancy. It is characterised by growth retardation, facial and neural abnormalities as well as malformations of other organ systems. Maternal risk for giving birth to a child with FAS is known to vary substantially by population and that the risk also varies between individuals. Alcohol and its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde, are known tissue toxins which may interfere directly with cellular growth and metabolism. When a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, it is carried to all her organs and tissues including the placenta. The placenta functions to protect the fetus and provides nourishment from the mother to the fetus. Alcohol is able to cross the placental membrane and is then transported directly to all developing tissues of the fetus. These adverse effects of alcohol on the developing fetus are characterised by an array of disorders, termed Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). They include structural anomalies as well as behavioural and neuro-cognitive disabilities. Children at the severe end of the spectrum are defined as having the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). HOW MANY CHILDREN ARE AFFECTED BY FAS? FAS is the most common preventable cause of mental retardation worldwide, even more so than Down’s syndrome. In South Africa, FAS related research has been limited to a few at-risk...
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...two-year consultation process covering issues such as poverty eradication, environmental protection, human rights and protection of the vulnerable. A major conference was held at UN headquarters in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to review progress to date, with five years left to the 2015 deadline. The conference concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals by their 2015 target date. There were also major new commitments on women's and children's health, and major new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease. Child mortality continues to decline worldwide. The total number of deaths of children below five years of age fell from 12.4 million in 1990 to 7.7 million in 2010. Mortality in children below five years of age (under-five mortality) has fallen from 89 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 60 per 1000 live births in 2009, representing a reduction of...
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