...Rickets Human Biology September 17, 2011 Most people know that good nutrition is important for good health. But not many people realize the importance a healthy diet can have on their health and their children’s health for years to come. A good diet helps children grow, develop, and do well in school. It also helps young and older adults to work productively and feel their best. Without a proper diet or a serious lack of nutrition a person is making his or her self susceptible to all sorts of diseases. All people, young and old, need to have a healthy and nutritional diet if they want to avoid the many diseases caused by poor nutrition. One disease young children are at risk for is rickets. Rickets is caused by a vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus deficiency. Rickets is the softening and weakening of the bones in children. Skeletal deformities and fractures can occur because the bones are so soft and weak. Rickets can also cause dental issues, bone deformities, muscle weaknesses and several other serious health issues (Wagner & Greer, 2008). Rickets is seen in children during periods of rapid physical development because during growth a great deal of vitamin D, phosphorus, and calcium are needed. The predominant cause for rickets is a vitamin D deficiency, but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets. Although it can occur in adults, the majority of cases occur in children suffering from severe malnutrition, usually resulting from famine or...
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...Axia College Material Appendix B Nutritional Needs Part A: Nutritional Needs by Age Group Directions: * 1. Navigate to http://www.mypyramid.gov/mypyramid/index.aspx to open the My Pyramid Plan nutritional needs calculator. 2. Enter any age from 5 through 18 in the Age field. Record the age you entered where indicated in the Nutritional Needs Chart on the following page (under the Children heading). Return to the My Pyramid Plan calculator. 3. Select a Sex from the drop-down menu. Record your selection in the appropriate section of the Nutritional Needs Chart on the following page. Return to the calculator. 4. Leave Weight and Height blank. Select a level of Physical Activity from the drop-down menu and indicate your selection in the Nutritional Needs Chart on the following page. Return to the calculator and click Submit. 5. Adjust the colored bars in the Pyramid Plan Results column by re-sizing the right side of the bar to match the numbers generated by the My Pyramid Plan calculator: * Click inside the bar to activate the adjustment box: * Point the mouse over either open circle on the right side of the bar. * When the mouse pointer turns into a double arrow, left-click, hold, and drag the box to the right or left until the desired amount is reached on the measurement scale. Do not change the height of each bar. Below is an example of a Pyramid Plan result: 8oz. grains, 3 c. vegetables, 2 c. fruit, 3 c. milk, and...
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...development depends on human development which can be obtained if the health and nutritional status of the community is well protected. If constituents are of deplorable health, the development of a country will fall behind. The nutritional status of a population is a relevant indicator of the quality of life of the people. Like any other developing countries, the Philippines has a big share along the malnutrition side. A great number of our people especially the children are suffering from malnutrition which is a serious problem that our country is facing today. Cognizant to this problem, every developing and fully developed countries give more emphasis to the maintenance of healthy people. This direction is not only focused on the adult but all members of the society, especially the young of whom the future of our motherland depends. As a result of the countries concern for the welfare of the future generation, various schemes and strategies have been initiated and devised by different agencies and institution so as to develop a healthy people. The development is done because there has been an increasing awareness of concern that malnutrition may adversely affect the health status of the growing children. The inadequate service and facilities in health have been redirected so as to serve the growing sector of the Philippine society with emphasis on the concern, Presidential Decree No. 497, the nutritional act of the Philippines designated July of every year as nutrition month. ...
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...During the 20th century, many infants and adult died in North America every day due to malnutrition and overall poor health (Bradburn, Jamie). Mothers would provide their children with biscuits, however their kids couldn’t generally eat them and they even lacked vitamins and minerals that were required to keep children strong and disease-free. This shortage of nutrients resulted in illnesses such as rickets, beriberi, pellagra, and scurvy (Bradburn, Jamie). This increasingly serious problem caught the attention of many nutritional scientists who went to work and spent a great amount of time investigating and experimenting different ways to help improve the babies’ nutrition, and keep them alive. The much-awaited solution to this horrific problem was coming to be as during the 1930s, three doctors, Dr. Frederick Tisdall, Dr. Alan Brown, and Dr. Theodore Drake (Adams, Sharon), that worked in Toronto at the Hospital for Sick Children, went to work to put an end to child malnutrition. At first, the group generated biscuits constructed from whole wheat flour, milk, and iron. Animals, family members, and hospital patients were all experimented on while a recipe was being constituted that didn’t result in constipation or diarrhea....
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...Dr. Denise Johnson, my pediatrician, recently diagnosed me with a moderate allergy to tree nuts, such as almonds, cashews, pecans and walnuts. I had already been diagnosed with environmental allergies—pollen, grasses, oak, and ragweed. My blood work also revealed that my vitamin D levels were low. Since I am African-American, it is harder for me to get vitamin D naturally from the sun. I also rarely eat vitamin D rich foods, such as eggs, fish and spinach. Some people taking vitamin D tablets are experiencing an extra benefit--they suffer less from their allergies. Credit: Briana Windon. My doctor advised me to daily take vitamin D tablets (400 IU's). Since taking them, I have noticed a decrease in my allergy symptoms. New research is uncovering the importance of vitamin D in protecting against a wide range of health problems such as allergies. “Vitamin D is one of the most important vitamins, because it helps the body absorb calcium,” says Patricia Hundelt, an Anatomy and Physiology teacher at Hazelwood East High School in Hazelwood, MO. “Calcium builds strong bones and your bones provide the framework of your body.” Hundelt adds that vitamin D is a fat-soluble (dissolves and stored in body fat) vitamin. It is created by the body as a response to the UV rays in sunlight. It is also the only vitamin that doubles as a hormone. After vitamin D is produced by the skin or eaten, the liver and kidneys help convert it to an active hormone called calcitriol. Once converted...
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...explained that while soy and rice milk have good benefits for adults it can cause serious health conditions for infants and children. These products lack the proper amount of vitamin D and protein needed for good development. As noted by the Center for Disease Control (CDC), lack of proper vitamins and nutrition can result in rickets (a severe vitamin D deficiency) and kwashiorkor (protein deficiency) which are normally only found in third world countries. The reason why rice and soy milk cause issues for younger children is because their diets do not contain a wide variety of foods and so they lack vitally needed protein and vitamins. Adults eat such a wide variety of foods that substituting rice or soymilk for dairy milk does not typically have any affect on the amount of vitamins and protein consumed. According to Albert Yan, “a pediatric dermatologist at the University of Pennsylvania, babies' skin becomes like "flaky paint" and their hair, lacking enough melanin, gets lighter. More seriously, they develop tissue swelling (edema) and their bodies fail to produce crucial immune factors.” The good news from this article is that these nutritional problems are typically reversible. Producers of rice and soy milk products are doing their best to notify consumers of the problems related to feeding their products to...
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...Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins April Gough University of Phoenix Nutrition SCI/241 Mary L. Martin November 7, 2014 Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins Vitamins don't provide energy, like carbohydrates, proteins and fats, but they are essential compounds that help the body grow and function optimally. Thirteen essential vitamins help boost your immunity, strengthen your bones, heal wounds, bolster your eyesight and assist you in obtaining energy from food -- among multiple other functions. Without adequate vitamin intake, you may feel lethargic, be vulnerable to infection and develop other serious complications that can endanger your health and life. Each of the 13 vitamins has a specific function, but they also work together to facilitate optimal health. Vitamin A supports healthy eyesight, immune function, skin, bones and teeth. You need vitamin C to support absorption of the mineral iron and also to provide immune protection and encourage healthy tissue development. Vitamin D, along with the mineral calcium, boosts bone health as well as a solid body defense system. Vitamin E facilitates your body's use of vitamin K, which helps in blood clotting and bone health, as well as promotes the formation of essential red blood cells. The eight B vitamins support a healthy metabolism, brain function, hormone production, regular heart operations, functioning of the central nervous system and cell duties. Some are soluble in fat and some in water. Vitamins that are fat soluble...
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...A tremendous amount of people in the Victorian Age had low iron levels. In the nineteenth century, children suffered from “green sickness” which described the skin tone of severely anemic white women. The cause of the peoples anemia was due to the lack of iron-rich foods. Children were not the only ones who suffered from poor nutrition, women had poor diets as well. Women had puberty and pregnancy complications due to the men and boys receiving all the better nutritional...
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...disease.” There is a long list of the benefits of a vegetarian diet. It is mainly because being on a vegetarian diet reduces a lot of cholesterol, and saturated fats, which, come from animal origin. It’s no secret that a low-fat diet that is high in fruits and veggies is beneficial and that a vegetarian diet can help get that. But is it really what’s best for children? After all, children need a well balanced meal with plenty of protein for proper growth. Can they get that on a vegetarian diet? What about vegetarianism during pregnancy and breast-feeding? There are many known benefits of the vegetarian lifestyle in adults, but most of these are unknown in children. This paper will begin to answer these questions. Children have nutritional needs greater than that of adults. A poor diet can have long-lasting effects that can last their entire lives. As TAB Sanders and Sheela Reddy say in Vegetarian Diets and Children, “Several hazards of a vegetarian diet...
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...REGN-15: Nursing in Health & Illness I Nutritional Needs of Infants Between the Ages of 0 – 3 Paul D. Parker October, 7th, 2009 Nutrition is “the study of food and how it affects the human body and influences health.”1 Food affects the body and influences its health by providing it with nutrients. Nutrients which provide energy to the body are proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Micronutrients, vitamins and minerals, help to manufacture, repair, and maintain cells. Last but not least is water, which is considered an essential nutrient. When properly supplied; nutrients, micronutrients, and water the essential nutrient all work in conjunction with one another to provide the body with all that is needs to maintain a healthy body. The key point within each age group is the supply of these nutrients. In general, infants require more nutrients than the population at large; and during certain times within infancy the source of the nutrition must be considered. The adult human gut, primarily responsible for digestion, commands nearly two-thirds of the immune system. In infants, immunological factors are underdeveloped primarily because they are born with a sterile gut.2 It is therefore imperative that they obtain their nutrients (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) as well as immunological factors from a source that can easily be distributed to the body. During the first six months of life, the infant can obtain its nutrients in two different ways; through...
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...PAEDIATRICS - NUTRITION NUTRITIONAL VULNERABILITY OF INFANTS Reasons for Vulnerability * Low Nutritional Stores: * Newborn infants (particularly preterm) have poor stores of fat and protein * The smaller the child, the less the calories reserve and shorter period of withstanding starvation * High Nutritional Demands for Growth: * Nourishment required is greatest in infancy due to rapid growth * At 4 months, 30% of infant’s energy intake used for growth * By 1 year, this falls to 5% and then by 3 years 2% * Risk of growth failure from restricted energy intake greater in first 6 months of life * Rapid Neuronal Development: * Brain grows rapidly during last trimester of pregnancy and first 2 years of life * At birth, brain accounts for 2/3 of basal metabolic rate * Process appears sensitive to undernutrition * Even modest energy deprivation increases risk of poor neurodevelopment outcome * Acute Illness or Surgery: * Catecholamine secretion increases after brief anabolic phase causing increased requirements due to increased metabolic rate * Nitrogen losses from urine / burns / severe sepsis * Only be corrected after several weeks due to replacement of previously lost tissue * Catch-up growth only if energy intake is as high as 150-200 kcal/kg/ day Long-term Outcome of Early Nutritional Deficiency * Linear Growth of Populations: ...
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...Carbohydrate Characteristics and functions | Source | Causes | * Carbohydrate are compound that consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. * They are the source of energy for our body. * 5g of carbohydrate is require to prevent the development of ketosis. * Act as a protein spearing effect. * The first and the most efficient source of energy for performing vital process. * Essential for fat oxidation. * Role in gastro-intestinal functions. * Add favors to diet. * Two types of carbohydrates are: 1. Simple carbohydrate (sugar) 2. Complex carbohydrate (starch and fiber) * Sugar occur naturally in food. Sugar forms are: 1. Monosaccharide 2. Disaccharide 3. Polysaccharide * Starch are polysaccharides, made of many monosaccharide molecules combined together. * Fibers are Non-polysaccharides that are an important of healthy balanced diet. | * Simple carbohydratesMonosaccharide – Fruits, honey, sucrose, etc.Disaccharides – cane sugar, beet sugar, milk, etc.Polysaccharides – cereals, meat, green plants. * Complex carbohydrateStarch – pasta, potatoes, chapattis, white bread, pizza, etc.Fiber – beans, oats, roof vegetables, banana, barley, nuts, whole wheat, woody parts of vegetables, etc. | * Carbohydrate deficiency can cause 1. Fatigue 2. Poor mental function 3. Lack of endurance 4. Fluctuations in energy and mood * Carbohydrate over consumption can cause: 1. Weight gain 2. Overproduction of insulin 3. Digestive imbalance...
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...decreased proteoglycans and collagen in cartilage (very commonly asked) - CD 31 is a sensitive marker for angiosarcoma - AIIS is the origin of Rectus Femoris - Anakinra is an IL-1 antagonist used as Tx of RA - Etaneracept and Adalimumab block TNF alpha in the Tx of RA - TOC for PVNS is total synovectomy - Joint motion improves chondrocyte nutrition - Synovial Chondromatosis is a benign metaplastic process of joints that leads to stippled calcifications and loose bodies - If PE is irradiated in air, catastrophic failure and delamination occur - Osteocalcin is the most abundant non collagenous protein in bone - High Rates of Telomerase results in increased recurrence rates in patients with chondrosarcoma - X linked hypophosphatemic rickets caused by mutation in the PEX gene; MHE caused by defects in the EXT-1 or 2 genes - Synovial Sarcoma a/w translocation of X;18, Ewings with t(11;22) - Tumor related Osteolysis is mediated by the RANKL pathway - After IMN of pathologic fracture secondary to mets, Radiation to the entire bone is warranted (NOT just the initial tumor site) - Skin manifestations (rash…) are common in Eosinophilic Granuloma - The mechanical properties of viscoelastic structures such as tendons depend on the rate of the applied load - isotropic...
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...Dates (Arabic: تمر - Tamr) have been a staple food of the Middle East for thousands of years. They are believed to have originated around the Persian Gulf, and have been cultivated since ancient times from Mesopotamia to prehistoric Egypt, possibly as early as 6000 BC. There is archaeological evidence of date cultivation in eastern Arabia in 4,000 BC. Dates are an important traditional crop in Iraq, Arabia, and north Africa west to Morocco and are mentioned many places in the Quran. In Islamic countries, dates and milk are a traditional first meal when the sun sets during Ramadan. Dates (especially Medjool and Deglet Noor) are also cultivated in southern California in the United States. Date palms take about 7 years after planting before they will bear fruit, and produce viable yields for commercial harvest after about 10 years. Mature date palms can produce 80-120 kilograms of dates per harvest season, although they do not all ripen at the same time so several harvests are required. In order to get fruit of marketable quality, the bunch of dates must be thinned before ripening so that the remaining fruits grow larger. Dry or soft dates are eaten out-of-hand, or may be seeded and stuffed with fillings such as almonds, candied orange and lemon peel, and marzipan. Dates can also be chopped and used in a range of sweet and savory dishes, from tajines (tagines) in Morocco to puddings, bread, cakes and other dessert items. Dates have high tannin content and are used medicinally...
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...PRESCHOOL CHILDREN NUTRITION CONCERNS A) The average growth rate in children between the ages of 2-5 yrs. of age is 4.5lbs. - 6.5lbs. and 3” - 4” in height 1) With the decreased growth rate leads to a decreased appetite, (Picky Eater) a) Offer a diet with nutrient dense foods: whole grains, fruits & vegetables b) Stay away from foods with high sodium content: processed foods such as lunchmeat, hotdogs and prepackaged snacks 2) Some recommended levels of nutrients c) Carbohydrates – 130 g/day to supply energy for the central nervous system and prevent ketosis - metabolic disorder marked by high levels of ketones in the tissues and body fluids, including blood and urine. With starvation or fasting, there is less sugar than normal in the blood and less glycogen (the storage form of sugar) in the cells of the body, especially the liver cells; fat accumulates in the liver, as do amino acids, from which the liver can produce more glycogen. Ketosis may be present in diabetes mellitus. In diabetic ketoacidosis, characterized by excessive levels of ketones in the blood that lead to a decrease in blood pH, very high blood sugar and severe intravascular and cellular dehydration create a life-threatening disorder that requires immediate treatment d) Protein – 13-19 g/day (ages 1-3), 34-52 g/day (older children) e) Fat – at least 5 g/day of essential fatty acids 3) To help Toddlers & Preschoolers form...
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