...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: MATTER AND MEASUREMENT The Study of Chemistry Chemistry: • is the study of properties of materials and changes that they undergo. • can be applied to all aspects of life. The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Chemistry Chemistry involves the study of the properties and the behavior of matter. Matter: • is the physical material of the universe. • has mass. • occupies space. Examples of matter: ~100 elements constitute all matter. A property is any characteristic that allows us to recognize a particular type of matter and to distinguish it from other types of matter. Elements: • are made up of unique atoms, the building blocks of matter. • approximately 116 elements. • names of the elements are derived from a wide variety of sources. Molecules: • are combinations of atoms held together in specific shapes. • Macroscopic (observable) propertied of matter relate to submicroscopic realms of atoms • Properties relate to composition (types of atoms present) and structure (arrangement of atoms present. [pic] • Combinations of atoms held together in specific shapes CH3CH2OH HOCH2CH2OH Ethyl alcohol ethylene glycol Why study Chemistry? We study chemistry because: • It has a considerable impact on society (health care, food, clothing, conservation of natural resources, environmental issues...
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...For Entrance in Fall 2013 Application Supplement Office of Admissions and Financial Aid 86 Brattle Street Cambridge, MA 02138 Please indicate under which timetable you are applying: Restrictive Early Action Please return this form to us as soon as possible, and by October 15, if possible. Final deadline is November 1. Valid for entrance in September 2013 only. Please submit this form as well as the Common Application or the Universal College Application as soon as possible. Regular Decision Please return this form to us as soon as possible, and by December 15 if at all possible. Final deadline is January 1. A completed application includes all portions of the Common Application or the Universal College Application, as well as the Harvard Application Supplement, required official testing results, a Secondary School Report, two Teacher Evaluations and a $75 application fee or fee waiver request. Full legal name Goswami Last/Family IE Arunesh First Apt./Unit W Middle Jr., etc. Prefer to be called Date of Birth 02/02/1994 (MM/DD/YYYY) Address 324-D TYPE-2 BLOCK-6 NEYVELI No. and Street CUDDALORE DISTRICT PR EV NEYVELI City State/Province India Country 607803 Zip/Postal Code Telephone Number (home) 091041422683 (cell) 091809813561 Secondary School JAWAHAR HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL CEEB/ACT code 000004 If you can be reached by fax or e-mail, please provide a fax number or e-mail address and name of the contact person...
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...ABSTRACT The effect of molecular weight on the rate of diffusion was assessed using two tests: the glass tube test and the agar-water gel test. In the glass tube set-up two cotton plugs soaked in twodifferent substances (HCl and NH4OH) were inserted into the two ends of the glass tube.The substance with the lighter molecular weight value (NH4OH, M = 35.0459 g/mole) diffused at a faster rate (dAve = 25.8cm), resulting in the formation of a white ring around the glass closer to the side of the heavier substance (HCl, M = 36.4611 g/mole; dAve = 10.8 cm). The agar-water gel set up was composed of a petri dish of agar-water gel containing three wells. Drops of potassium permanganate (KMnO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and methylene blue were simultaneously introduced to each well. Methylene blue, having the largest molecular weight, displayed the smallest diameter (18 mm) and diffused at the slowest rate (0.3668 mm/min.). Thus, the higher the molecular weight, the slower the rate of diffusion. INTRODUCTION A substance in the gaseous or liquid state consists of molecules or atoms that are independent, rapid, and random in motion. These molecules frequently collide with each other and with the sides of the container. In a period of time, this movement results in a uniform distribution of the molecules throughout the system. This process is called diffusion (Everett and Everett, n.d.). Diffusion occurs naturally, with the net movement of particles flowing...
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...Outline - Phase 2 Individual Project Computer Revolution ●~● The atom is the basic building block of all matter. ▪ What are 3 essential elements of any material? 1) Volume 2) Mass 3) Density (OR) There are four elements are present to some degree in every unit of matter. 1) "Earth Element - This is the property by which a material body has some degree of hardness or softness, roughness or smoothness. 2) Water Element - This represents the property of cohesion. Because of the water element, material particles bind together and adhere to one another. 3) Heat Element - This is the principle of heat by which all material phenomena possess some degree of heat. Even when a particular substance feels cold to us, that is only becasue it contains less heat than our body. But every material body possesses some degree of heat. 4) Air Element - This is the principle of distention, by reason of which all material particles are in a state of vibration. By reason of the air element, material bodies exhibit a motion". (D. Hamma, 2014). ▪ New materials often lead to new technologies that change society. Describe how silicon-based semiconductors revolutionized computing. • What are microchips? • How are they related to integrated circuits? • One of the pressing questions about the increasing ability of computers to quickly process large amounts of information is whether a computer can be built that is considered "alive" or...
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...100 LECTURE UNIT 1. FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMSITRY Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Applications of Chemistry • Energy and the Environment • Fossil fuels • Solar energy • Nuclear energy Health and Medicine • Sanitation systems • Surgery with anesthesia • Vaccines and antibiotics Materials and Technology • Polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals • Room-temperature superconductors? • Molecular computing? Food and Agriculture • Genetically modified crops • “Natural” pesticides • Specialized fertilizers • • • Classification of Matter A substance is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties. An element is a substance that is composed of tiny particles called atoms. A compound is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. Compounds can only be separated into their pure components (elements) by chemical means. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities. Physical means can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components. Homogenous mixture – composition of the mixture is the same throughout. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not uniform throughout. 1 |P a g e _____________________________________________________________________CHEM 100 LECTURE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Physical properties: readily observable/measurable without altering the...
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...ABSTRACT The effect of molecular weight on the rate of diffusion was assessed using two tests: the glass tube test and the agar-water gel test. In the glass tube set-up, two cotton plugs soaked in two different substances (HCl and NH4OH) were inserted into the two ends of the glass tube. The substance with the lighter molecular weight value (NH4OH, M = 35.0459 g/mole) diffused at a faster rate (dAve = 25.8cm), resulting in the formation of a white ring around the glass closer to the side of the heavier substance (HCl, M = 36.4611 g/mole; dAve = 10.8 cm). The agar-water gel set up was composed of a petri dish of agar-water gel containing three wells. Drops of potassium permanganate (KMnO4), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and methylene blue were simultaneously introduced to each well. Methylene blue, having the largest molecular weight, displayed the smallest diameter (18 mm) and diffused at the slowest rate (0.3668 mm/min.). Thus, the higher the molecular weight, the slower the rate of diffusion. INTRODUCTION A substance in the gaseous or liquid state consists of molecules or atoms that are independent, rapid, and random in motion. These molecules frequently collide with each other and with the sides of the container. In a period of time, this movement results in a uniform distribution of the molecules throughout the system. This process is called diffusion (Everett and Everett, n.d.). Diffusion occurs naturally, with the net movement of particles flowing from an area...
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...The universe. What makes the universe? Galaxies. What makes up galaxies? Solar systems. What makes up our own solar system? Planets, moons, asteroids, and one star. What makes up our planet? The atmosphere, solid earth, water, plants, animals, and people. What makes up plants animals and people? The same thing that makes up everything else, matter. What is matter made of? Atoms. And atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons can be broken down even further into the quarks up, down, charm, strange, top, or bottom. What can quarks be broken down to? Theoretical matter aka empty space. How do these things work? Energy, pure energy. When you break it down everything comes down to either empty space or energy. How do you control energy? You control energy with energy. There are several types of energy, but let’s start with the most basic. Good and bad. Good energy is when the energy you are using or the energy that is around is being used or put to a good purpose. Bad energy happens when the intent is to harm or negatively affect someone or something. You also have physical and mental energy. Physical energy is when you affect something outside of yourself, mental energy is what happens inside your own mind. There is potential for mental energy to become physical energy (like when your brain sends signals to muscles to move you) but one thing at a time. First let’s focus on bad energy. Define “bad”. Well: “bad-adjective-having undesirable or negative...
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...for him right now that calms him. Pondering how he will be able to come back from this shattering of dreams. He has a wife and kids to provide for, a stack of bills he has no idea how to pay. He stuck by his company through thick and thin and he was tossed out into the cold brutal world. He is scared how a low education person will make it in a world that has changed without him noticing cause in his eyes; he thought he was secure in his place in the world. How is he going to come back from this; how is he going to manage change? In the 1970s, to be successful you just needed a high school diploma, and then skip twenty or thirty years later people needed a bachelor’s degree. And finally jumping to the present to where none of these things matter and now a master’s degree is what people need to reach for. In my opinion, it’s a game like putting a dollar on the string. A person gets ever so close to grabbing the dollar to have it yanked farther away from their grasp. Never allowing the person to achieve true greatness; for in this world, change is the only thing that is constant. According to Mark Harrison opinion on the change blog, he has three key ways on change that I completely agree with. First thing is that people who respond well to change will have a high ambiguity threshold. Next is a skillful manager of change will have a constructive ‘internal monologue.’ I like this one for it basically is...
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...Empedocles of Acragas developed radical new ideas about the nature of the universe. His philosophy of the four elements in the universe and the definition of matter as the various ratios of these elements foreshadowed later developments in atomic theory by philosophers such as Democritus of Abdera (c. 460–c. 370 B.C.). Empedocles was born in Acragas, Sicily. His father, Meto, was wealthy, and his grandfather, also named Empedocles, was renowned for winning a horse race in the Olympia. Empedocles is believed to have travelled to Thourioi shortly after it was established approximately 444 B.C. Empedocles's keen intellect enabled him to combine talents in philosophy, natural history, poetry, and politics, and to achieve superstar status in his day. According to the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), Empedocles was the inventor of rhetoric, a talent Empedocles often utilized as a statesman. He became popular among his fellow citizens through his support of democracy. Empedocles's scientific inquiries usually included mysticism. However, his philosophies contained early insight into basic laws of physics, including atomic theory. Although sometimes labeled a Pythagorean, Empedocles followed the Greek philosopher Parmenides (c. 515–c. 445 B.C.) in the belief that matter (or, "what is") is indestructible. Empedocles claimed that matter was the only principle of all things and that four elements in the universe—air, fire, earth, and water—made up all things according to various ratios...
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...Actual Value is a MATTER THAT MATTERS this week. Unlike Perceived Value, Actual Value is not measured by your valuables, and it needs more than prayers because it is not a gift bestowed by providence on only a few rarely endowed individuals. Statistically, actual value determines perceived value, Jesus Christ said ‘for every tree is known by its own fruit. For men do not gather figs from thorns, nor do they gather grapes from a bramble bush.’ There will be problem if people get different value (perceived value) from the value they thought they would get (actual value), so, building a healthy Actual Value needs; 1. Strong Determination: When we make the determined effort to implement healthy values, good fortune is sure to follow. Everyone can develop his own actual value if he has sufficient desire to do so. Healthy actual value is good and all good things are difficult to achieve; and bad things are very easy to get, it takes strong determination to possess a healthy actual value. To be nice, diligent, excellent, godly, hardworking, accountability, competence, openness et al are healthy value one must possess. 2. Being a Student of Life: Society acquires values through a long process of trial and error experimentation with various approaches to life. Let all you meet in the journey of life serves as teacher. Pick out the good points of the one that express healthy value and utilize their values and to those with that are bad, not their bad values and correct them in you...
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...Matter is generally considered to be anything that has mass and volume. The volume is determined by the space in three dimensions that it occupies. The mass is determined by its rest mass (or invariant mass), which is measured by the acceleration a body has when a force is applied. The greater the mass, the slower the acceleration for the same force. Matter is thus a general term for the substance of which all observable physical objects consist. Typically, matter includes atoms and other particles that have mass, but this definition confuses mass and matter, which are not the same. Different fields use the term in different and sometimes incompatible ways; there is no single agreed scientific meaning of the word "matter," even though the term "mass" is better-defined. Common definition The common definition of matter is anything that has both mass and volume (occupies space). For example, a car would be said to be made of matter, as it occupies space, and has mass. The observation that matter occupies space goes back to antiquity. However, an explanation for why matter occupies space is recent, and is argued to be a result of the Pauli exclusion principle. Two particular examples where the exclusion principle clearly relates matter to the occupation of space are white dwarf stars and neutron stars, discussed further below. Atoms and molecules definition A definition of "matter" that is based upon its physical and chemical structure is: matter is made up of atoms and molecules...
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...Vincent Godwin Amy Baus WVSII 5/2/16 Worldview II Capstone Essay Does it really matter? That’s the question asked to be decoded in this essay. The simple answer would be yes. All things matter in this world. The sad truth is that some people believe however that not everything matters. That is the reason the world is not nor will not be perfect now or in the near future. In Worldview class, valuable things were learned in an effort to show us how such important issues are being overlooked and almost under exaggerated. One of the early things from the semester we talked about was social entrepreneurs which continued throughout most of the semester. It all started with a man named Daniel Bornstein who wrote one of our required textbooks for this semester. The book was called “How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas”. One of the first things we studied in this book were Bill Drayton and his organization he started Ashoka. Ashoka is an organization started by Bill Drayton to invest in Social Entrepreneurs and help them with their projects they do. A social entrepreneur as described on Ashoka’s website are “Individuals with innovative solutions to society’s most pressing social problems”. In laymen’s terms, they are people who go to places all around the world where a problem is occurring in how people do things. When there they use all the resources they have to find creative easy solutions to the problems and spread that all over. It takes...
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...1. Was this matter within the jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations Board? The statements made by the employer appear to coincide with an unlawful promise of benefits, and therefore, are unacceptable in relation to the act. The concept of “positive coercion” is addressed in the case study, and these actions directly influence the manner in which employees may view the union and its possible entrance into the organization. In this context, the company does not possess a right to actively or even passively coerce employees into making a decision on one side or another, as this should be an independent decision that is left in the hands of employees without any type of influence. This is an important factor in demonstrating the value that is placed upon organizations and their ability to coerce employees to make decisions in one way or another, and how this type of behavior is unacceptable in all cases. 2. Were Leiner’s actions considered a protected activity under the Labor Management Relations Act? I think yes. The employer had an e-mail policy that restricted use of the e-mail system to matters related to company business which stated that “[t]he e-mail system is provided to employees at Company expense to assist them in carrying out the Company’s business.” In general, employees used the e-mail system for a variety of non-business uses, such as personal messages, charitable announcements and union matters. 3. How should the NLRB rule? Give your reasons. The...
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...Berkun’s also come out with the ‘innovation method’ where it mention that the journey of innovation only starts with finding an idea, the hard work comes later in developing a solution, finding the money, creating a cheap enough product, reaching potential customers, beating competitors and staying even in difficult times. Besides that, Berkun’s stated that there are various techniques and these work for all sorts of people, whether they label themselves as creative or not. It is because the most important is that innovation is not just coming up with the idea but the hard work and effort to make the idea become reality. So, based on what Scott Berkun has mentioned above, I think it is good for me because it encourage me to do an innovation no matter whether I am a creative person or not but the most important is keep working whilst waiting for the breakthrough....
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...important things here are the time and effort spent. Money, time and effort are the most precious things in one’s life and once it is used or spent, it’s hard to gain again or worst you may never have it at all. So the time these are wasted for nothing, for sure the blame for this mistake will be felt truly. When looking at the profile of those students who are working and at the same time is studying, you would notice that they never dare wasting their time. For them, every second counts. Make an observation and you will find out that almost all of the working students are working too hard to finish their studies. For them, wasting their effort, time and money is such a big mistake. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objective of studying this matter is to know the profile of the working students and the implication on the class standing. Specifically, they need to answer these following questions: 1. What was the working students are going through while they are studying and at the same time working? 2. What are the statuses of the working...
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