...The main objectives of Cost Accounting are as follows : * Ascertainment of Cost * Determination of selling price * Cost control and cost reduction :Cost reduction refers to the achievement of Real and permanent reduction in the unit cost of goods manufactured or services rendered without impairing their suitability for the use intended or diminution in the quality of the product. * Ascertaining the profit of each activity :The profit of any activity can be ascertained by matching cost with the revenue of that activity. The purpose under this step is to determine costing profit or loss of any activity on an objective basis. * Assisting management in decision making :Decision making is defined as a process of selecting a course of action out of two or more alternative courses. For making a choice between different courses of action, it is necessary to make a comparison of the outcomes, which may be arrived under different alternatives. Such a comparison has only been made possible with the help of Cost Accounting information. * Identification of profitable and unprofitable products to imp profitability. * Preparation and submission of quotations and tenders with the help relevant information. * Detection and prevention of "wastage, leakage and inefficiencies operation. * Control over inventory-raw material, work-in-progress, finished goods consumable stores. PURCHASING PROCEDURES IN A CENTRALIZED DEPARTMENT * Initiating purchase requisition...
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...Cost accounting is a type of accounting process that aims to capture a company's costs of production by assessing the input costs of each step of production as well as fixed costs such as depreciation of capital equipment. (WebFinance, 2016) Cost accounting will first measure and record these costs individually, then compare input results to output or actual results to aid company management in measuring financial performance. (WebFinance, 2016) The main objective of cost accounting is to calculate the cost per unit of a product or service. Its important for us to know the cost per unit for the following reasons: ➢ To know the cost ➢ To control ➢ To take the decision whether to stop or continue the product or service. There are three elements...
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...i. How is the IASB made up? The international accounting standards board have a variety of backgrounds with a mix of auditors, prepares of financial statements, users of financial statements and academics that has a fourteen-member board (twelve full time members and two part-time members) from nine countries. ii. Objectives of the IASB There are three main objectives of the international accounting standards board a) To develop in the public interest, a single set of high quality, understandable and enforceable global accounting standards that require high quality, transparent and comparable information in general purpose financial statements. b) To provide the use and rigorous application of those standards. c) To work actively with national...
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...ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS: COURSE OBJECTIVES, DESCRIPTION, TOPICS, AND ASSIGNMENTS ACCT-5600 DR. NICOLAOU Fall 2010 COURSE STRUCTURE In the modern world, the majority of accounting entries occur electronically. Accountants and auditors store information in databases, managed by enterprise systems that have a set of controls to ensure that transactions and record keeping happen as expected. E-business Web sites handle transactions automatically, with the accounting data going directly into the necessary databases. The concept of a paper trail has become a bit of a misnomer; today, because of accounting information systems, there is often no paper involved at all; however, it is important to establish the flow the data in different areas of the organization, or audit trail, so as to properly exercise internal controls. AISs help in this purpose. At the outset of this course, you will learn the basics of accounting information systems and business processes. Next, you will learn about database management systems, and the design of various database models. Finally, you will learn about how to use internal controls effectively for risk management, as well as the requirements for business reporting. After completing this course, you should not only have a clear idea of how accounting information systems work, but you should also be prepared to design and configure them to meet the record-keeping and risk management requirements of the organization. In addition...
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...Accounting Concepts, Assumptions, Principles, Elements Key Things to Know Objectives of Financial Reporting: 1. Provide useful information to investors and creditors for decision making (assume users have a “reasonable understanding” of business). 2. Provide information to access the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of cash inflows and outflows. 3. Provide information about resources (assets) and claims to resources (liabilities). Recognition: An item should be recognized in the financial statements when it meets all 4 of the following criteria: 1. Definition: meets the definition of an element 2. Measurability: measurable with sufficient reliability 3. Relevance: makes a difference in the decision 4. Reliability – representationally faithful, verifiable, neutral Accounting Underlying Assumptions - Basis for Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) Entity Assumption - each business is its own “accounting” entity. Periodicity Assumption - divide economic activities into time periods for reporting. Going Concern Assumption - the company will remain in business and will...
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...AACSB: Reflective thinking Bloom's: Knowledge Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe the function and primary focus of financial accounting. Level of Learning: Easy 28. The primary focus for financial accounting information is to provide information useful for: A. Option A B. Option B C. Option C D. Option D AACSB: Reflective thinking Bloom's: Knowledge Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe the function and primary focus of financial accounting. Level of Learning: Easy 29. Which of the following is not true about net operating cash flow? A. It is the difference between cash receipts and cash disbursements from providing goods and services. B. It is a measure used in accrual accounting and is recognized as the best predictor of future operating cash flows. C. Over short periods of time, it may not be indicative of long-run cash-generating ability. D. It is easy to understand and all information required to measure it is factual. AACSB: Reflective thinking Bloom's: Knowledge Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe the function and primary focus of financial accounting. Level of Learning: Medium 30. Which of the following groups is not among financial intermediaries? A. Mutual fund managers B. Financial analysts C. CPAs D. Credit rating organizations AACSB: Reflective thinking Bloom's: Knowledge Learning Objective: 01-01 Describe the function and primary focus of financial accounting. Level of Learning: Medium 31. Which of the following...
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...Chapter 01 Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting True / False Questions 1. | The primary function of financial accounting is to provide relevant financial information to parties external to business enterprises. True False | 2. | Accrual accounting attempts to measure revenues and expenses that occurred during accounting periods so they equal net operating cash flow. True False | 3. | The FASB is currently the public-sector organization responsible for setting accounting standards in the United States. True False | 4. | The FASB's due process invites various interested parties to indicate their opinions about whether financial accounting standards should be changed. True False | 5. | Accounting for stock-based compensation is an area in which the FASB has received little political interference. True False | 6. | The Public Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley) changed the entity responsible for setting auditing standards in the United States. True False | 7. | A rules-based approach to standard setting stresses professional judgment as opposed to following a list of rules. True False | 8. | Under federal securities laws, the SEC has the authority to set accounting standards in the United States. True False | 9. | The primary responsibility for properly applying GAAP when communicating with investors and creditors through...
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...Testbank to accompany Company Accounting 10e by Ken Leo, Jeffrey Knapp, Sue McGowan & John Sweeting Prepared by Peter Baxter [pic] © John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2015 Chapter 1: Nature and regulation of companies Multiple-choice questions 1. The advantages of a company over a partnership and sole trader do not include which of the following? a. Members are able to sell their shares at any time to another person without having to obtain permission from the other members. b. Members are liable for only a limited amount of the company’s debts. c. A company has a legal existence distinct from its owners. *d. A company is only entitled to raise small amounts of cash by issuing shares. Correct answer: d Learning Objective 1.1 ~ summarise the nature and attributes of a company 2. In Australia, the Corporations Act 2001 is administered by the: a. Australian Securities Exchange. b. Australian Accounting Research Foundation. *c. Australian Securities and Investments Commission. d. Securities and Exchange Commission. Correct answer: c Learning Objective 1.1 ~ summarise the nature and attributes of a company 3. The two main types of companies permitted to be registered under the Corporations Act 2001 are a: a. private company, and a proprietary company. b. public company, and a trade union. *c. proprietary company, and a public company. d. proprietary company, and a partnership...
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...Chapter 01 The Changing Role of Managerial Accounting in a Dynamic Business Environment Chapter 01 The Changing Role of Managerial Accounting in a Dynamic Business Environment Answer Key True / False Questions 1. Controlling involves the coordination of daily business functions within an organization. FALSE AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Industry AICPA FN: Decision Making Bloom's: RC Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 01-02 Explain four fundamental management processes that help organizations attain their goals. 2. Measuring the performance of managers and subunits is not an objective of managerial accounting. FALSE AACSB: Analytic AICPA BB: Critical Thinking AICPA FN: Research Bloom's: RC Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 01-03 List and describe five objectives of managerial accounting activity. 3. Middle-level managers would likely be considered internal users of accounting information rather than external users. TRUE AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Resource Management AICPA FN: Reporting Bloom's: RC Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 01-04 Explain the major differences between managerial and financial accounting. 4. A controller is normally involved with preparing financial statements. TRUE AACSB: Analytic AICPA BB: Resource Management AICPA FN: Reporting Bloom's: RC Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 01-06 Describe the roles of an organization's chief financial...
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...Introduction to Accounting Why Study Accounting? Engineering Accounting • Accounting is pervasive • Used in all types of organizations An Overview Richard S. Barr – For-profit companies – Not-for-profit companies – Governmental organizations 1 2 Organizations Accounting Common characteristics: • An objective or group of objectives • A set of strategies to achieve its objectives • Managers • A key element of management • You must understand what is being reported – – • Managers' performance is often measured by accounting data • This data is used for decision making • An organizational structure – • A need for information 3 Accounting Systems 4 Types of Information • Are the primary quantitative information system in most organizations In accounting systems: • Attention-directing – – Types of information – Purposes of accounting systems • Problem-solving – • Scorekeeping – 5 6 1 Introduction to Accounting Purposes of Acctg Systems Accounting Systems • Internal reporting to managers for planning and control • Internal reporting for special decisions, policies, and long-range plans • External reporting Four Standard Types 7 8 Types of Accounting Systems Financial Accounting 1. 2. 3. 4. • Primarily for the external decision maker Financial Tax Management Cost – – – • External reporting follows legal and GAAP requirements • Objective: provide...
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...proposed by others, we refer to it as objectives-oriented standard setting. Standards established in such a fashion are objectives-oriented in a number of senses. First, in applying a particular standard in practice, preparers (and auditors) are required to focus the accounting (and attestation) decisions on fulfilling the accounting objective of that standard. This minimizes the opportunities for financial engineering designed to evade the intent of the standard. Second, each standard is drafted in accordance with objectives set by an overarching, coherent conceptual framework meant to unify the accounting system as a whole. Third, this approach eschews exceptions, which by their very nature are contrary to fulfilling a principled objective, create internal inconsistencies within the standard, and, inherently, create a need for more detailed guidance. Fourth, it also eschews bright-line tests, which often are a product of the exceptions. These are inherently contrary to any principled objective, because a slight shift in the form or structure of a transaction can cause it to move across the threshold resulting in profoundly different accounting for transactions that are economically similar. Finally, objectives-oriented standards clearly articulate the class of transactions to which they apply and contain sufficiently-detailed guidance so that preparers and auditors have a structure in which to determine the appropriate accounting for the company's transactions. In general...
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...Chapter 01 The Changing Role of Managerial Accounting in a Dynamic Business Environment True / False Questions 1. Controlling involves the coordination of daily business functions within an organization. True False 2. Measuring the performance of managers and subunits is not an objective of managerial accounting. True False 3. Middle-level managers would likely be considered internal users of accounting information rather than external users. True False 4. A controller is normally involved with preparing financial statements. True False 5. The upper limit on the production of goods and services if everything works perfectly is known as practical capacity. True False Multiple Choice Questions 6. Which of the following statements about managerial accountants is false? A. Managerial accountants more and more are considered "business partners." B. Managerial accountants often are part of cross-functional teams. C. An increasing number of organizations are segregating managerial accountants in separate managerial-accounting departments. D. In a number of companies, managerial accountants make significant business decisions and resolve operating problems. E. The role of managerial accountants has changed considerably over the past decade. 7. The day-to-day work of management teams will typically comprise all of the following activities except: A. decision making. B. planning...
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...Industry AICPA FN: Decision Making Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: C1 2. The time period principle assumes that an organization's activities can be divided into specific time periods. TRUE AACSB: Communications AICPA BB: Industry AICPA FN: Decision Making Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: C1 3. Interim statements report a company's business activities for a 1-year period. FALSE AACSB: Communications AICPA BB: Industry AICPA FN: Decision Making Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: C1 4. A fiscal year refers to an organization's accounting period that spans twelve consecutive months or 52 weeks. TRUE AACSB: Communications AICPA BB: Industry AICPA FN: Decision Making Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: C1 5. Adjusting entries are made after the preparation of financial statements. FALSE AACSB: Communications AICPA BB: Industry AICPA FN: Decision Making Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: C2 6. Adjusting entries result in a better matching of revenues and expenses for the period. TRUE AACSB: Communications AICPA BB: Industry AICPA FN: Decision Making Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: C2 7. Two main accounting principles used in accrual accounting are matching and full closure. FALSE AACSB: Communications AICPA BB: Industry AICPA FN: Decision Making Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: C2 8. Adjusting entries are used to bring asset or liability...
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...Introduction to Accounting and Financial Reporting for Governmental and Not-for-Profit Entities True / False Questions 1. Special purpose governments generally provide a wider range of services to their residents than do general purpose governments. True False 2. Examples of general purpose governments include cities, towns, and public schools that receive tax revenue to finance the services they provide. True False 3. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) is the body authorized to establish accounting principles for all state and local governments, both general purpose and special purpose. True False 4. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) is the body authorized to establish accounting principles for all government entities. True False 5. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is the body authorized to establish accounting principles for all colleges and universities and health care entities. True False 6. Neither governmental nor not-for-profit entities have residual equity that can be distributed to owners. True False 7. A characteristic common to governmental and not-for-profit organizations is that they do not exist to provide goods or services at a profit or profit equivalent. True False 8. The needs of users of government financial reports are the same as those of users of business entity financial reports. True False 9. The Federal Accounting Standards...
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...Managerial Accounting in a y Dynamic Business Environment McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective 1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Define Managerial Accounting g g Managerial accounting is the process of Identifying Measuring Analyzing Interpreting Communicating information 1-3 Learning Objective 2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Managing Resources, Activities, and P d People l An organization . . . Directing Acquires Resources Organized set of activities Decision Making Controlling g Planning Hires People 1-5 Learning Objective 3 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Managerial Accounting Adds Value to the Organization Add V l t th O i ti • Providing information for decision making and planning. • Assisting managers in directing and controlling g g g g activities. g g p y • Motivating managers and other employees towards organization’s goals. • Measuring performance of activities, managers, and other employees. • Assessing the organization’s competitive position. 1-7 Learning Objective 4 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Managerial versus Financial Accounting A ti Financial Accounting IInterested...
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