...Objectivism This video discusses about Ayn Rand philosophy which claims that the highest moral purpose is the achievement of one’s own happiness. This philosophy is known as Objectivism, which is mainly based by objective absolute with the concept that reality exists as an objective reality, the reason to guiding man’s action and basic means of survival, self-interest where each man is an end to himself and not the means for others through sacrifices and lastly capitalism where men deal one another as traders who voluntary exchange for mutual benefits. Her philosophy also mentioned that morality is proved by means of logic and man needs a rational morality which is not based on faith, emotions and etc, but only on reason. Rand further explained that man has to hold on reason as his only guide to action and live by independent judgement of his own mind, Ethic of Emergencies Theory The Ethic of Emergency Theory is based on Rand’s philosophy of Objectivism. This theory challenges the understanding of altruism where it argued about the self-interest of a man who she believes that the highest moral purpose is to pursue own happiness. She mentioned that altruistic persons suffer from lack self-esteem, failing to respect others, have sceptical morality and pessimistic idea of existence. She also pointed out that this people are those who did not value their own existence as they sacrifice themselves for others sake. Rand also pointed out her extreme opinion that altruistic person...
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...Ayn Rand’s theory of Objectivism states that reality exists regardless of human consciousness. In other words, human beings don’t shape reality – but are shaped by reality. Rand believed that human knowledge and values are determined by the nature of reality and that human beings may only acquire said knowledge through sense perception. In other words, humans learn by way of senses (hearing, seeing, feeling) and logic. Subsequently, Rand also believed that the purpose of an individual’s life was to pursue and eventually achieve happiness within themselves. According to Objectivists, it is rational to be self-interested. “My philosophy, in essence, is the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life,...
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...Introduction: Law enforcement has been a major part of any country since time immemorial. This is achieved mainly through the police force, which is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to protect the property and maintain law and order. They have the authority to use the power within a defined territory. Law enforcement is only a part of their job description and with the changing times and changing nature of crimes, their responsibilities and area of duty is changing day by day. In times of technological advancements, the nature of crimes has been changing rapidly. In order to fight crime and to maintain order, the police forces around the world have always been adapting new innovations in their arsenal. The formation of a recording mechanism and format for various crimes committed in a region was the beginning of a new era in the field or crime prevention. The data records helped to identify the repeat criminals and the nature of crime that they commit. This also helped in providing a better judgment to the convicts. With the dawn of Information Technology, these records were transferred to the systems and this made it possible for the forces around the country to share the data and access it anytime and from any location. This further strengthened the power of the forces against the intelligent criminals. At this stage the Research and Development firms in USA law enforcement agency FBI, started experimenting with the data and the predicting algorithms used...
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...obey the dictates of a higher authority without any selfish inclination. Immanuel Kant states that the only moral motivation is a devotion to duty. The same action can be seen as moral if it is done for the sake of one’s duty but also as not moral (Kant distinguished between immoral and not moral) and simply praise-worthy if it is done out of inclination. Thus, to have moral worth, an action must be done from duty. This theory has been deemed an anti-concept i.e. an inconsistent concept that obliterates other cardinal concepts. In this case, duty destroys rationality. Ayn Rand goes as far as to say duty is “a metaphysical and psychological killer”, thereupon hindering a man’s capacity to act according to his will and reason. Kant’s philosophy of duty is self-refuting. It relies on the rationality of humans and yet its authoritarian deontology deprives man of his rationality and confines him to strictly objective speculation and limited mental processing. If one strives only to pursue one’s duty and to live whereby the rules of an unaccountable authority take precedence over one’s own judgment, one cannot have the opportunity to be rational. The objectivist view criticises the practicality of Kant’s theory and negates the existence of any such thing as “duty”. Humans are granted the opportunity to make choices in order to achieve certain goals. Duty states that people “must” perform certain actions, but it can be argued that we don’t have to do anything except live and die. Therefore...
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...All in what could be classified as moral objectivism which states “the truth value of a given moral proposition is determined by objective facts about reality and this truth is independent of subjective opinion regarding that proposition”. (Biddle) It is a view of the nature of reality and was introduced by Ayn Rand....
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...Leading Change: A Plan for SAMHSA’s Roles and Actions Strategic Initiative #3: Military Families Lead: Kathryn Power, Director, Center for Mental Health Services Key Facts • Approximately 18.5 percent of service members returning from Iraq or Afghanistan have post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression, and 19.5 percent report experiencing a traumatic brain injury (TBI) during deployment.48 Approximately 50 percent of returning service members who need treatment for mental health conditions seek it, but only slightly more than half who receive treatment receive adequate care.49 The Army suicide rate reached an all-time high in June 2010.50 In the 5 years from 2005 to 2009, more than 1,100 members of the Armed Forces took their own lives, an average of 1 suicide every 36 hours.51 In 2010, the Army’s suicide rate among active-duty soldiers dropped slightly (162 in 2009; 156 in 2010), but the number of suicides in the National Guard and Reserve increased by 55 percent (80 in 2009; 145 in 2010).52 More than half of the Army National Guard members who killed themselves in 2010 had never deployed.53 In 2007, 8 percent of soldiers in Afghanistan reported using alcohol during deployment, and 1.4 percent reported using illegal drugs/substances.54 Between 2004 and 2006, 7.1 percent of U.S. veterans met the criteria for a substance use disorder.55 Mental and substance use disorders caused more hospitalizations among U.S. troops in 2009 than any other cause.56 According to an...
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...Ayn Rand is an author who had written Atlas Shrugged, then had written other articles and essays on her philosophy. She was a big believer in ethical egoism, or what she would then call “Objectivism”, as said in the Mike Wallace Interview in 1959. She explains that objectivism is “a philosophy that reality exists on an objective absolute. That man’s mind/reason is his way of perceiving it. Man needs irrational morality.” Ayn Rand put this philosophy into her book, Anthem, which is about a world in the future where the government controls everything one sees, does, and who they even are. In the book, the main character is Equality 7-2521, who can’t even say they are an individual and repeating refers to himself as “we”. The government there...
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...J Bus Ethics (2011) 104:311–323 DOI 10.1007/s10551-011-0910-1 A Model for Ethical Decision Making in Business: Reasoning, Intuition, and Rational Moral Principles Jaana Woiceshyn Received: 11 February 2011 / Accepted: 16 May 2011 / Published online: 28 May 2011 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract How do business leaders make ethical decisions? Given the significant and wide-spread impact of business people’s decisions on multiple constituents (e.g., customers, employees, shareholders, competitors, and suppliers), how they make decisions matters. Unethical decisions harm the decision makers themselves as well as others, whereas ethical decisions have the opposite effect. Based on data from a study on strategic decision making by 16 effective chief executive officers (and three not-soeffective ones as contrast), I propose a model for ethical decision making in business in which reasoning (conscious processing) and intuition (subconscious processing) interact through forming, recalling, and applying moral principles necessary for long-term success in business. Following the CEOs in the study, I employ a relatively new theory, rational egoism, as the substantive content of the model and argue it to be consistent with the requirements of longterm business success. Besides explaining the processes of forming and applying principles (integration by essentials and spiraling), I briefly describe rational egoism and illustrate the model with a contemporary moral...
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...Mohd 1 Mohd Ali Professor Asbille On the Nature of Religion Throughout history it can clearly be seen that religion has played an important role in people’s lives. It is the one thing that is consistent across every culture. From Scandinavia to Japan, and from Ireland to Argentina, religion has played a role in the development of these societies. It does not matter what language the people speak or what they wear. Religion seems to bridge the gap without problem, rapidly spreading from one place to another in a matter of centuries, despite there being a cultural and language barrier. What makes religion so incredibly effective? Why is it that the concept has existed for literally as long as humanity has existed? What is the relationship between religion and culture? Are they two distinct entities, or are they two different manifestations of the same phenomenon? In order to answer these questions, first, a mutual platform must be developed and agreed upon, which will serve as the basis for development and proposal of arguments. First and foremost, this paper is a rational inquiry about the nature of religion, and as such this paper will establish arguments and analyze religion through the lens of rationality and science. This is not a paper about causality. The arguments developed here are built on the foundations of Objectivism, scientific realism, empirical analysis and strict adherence to logic. Furthermore, religion has to be rigorously defined...
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...Philosophies of Ethics Adam Smith’s Theory Adam Smith developed a comprehensive version of moral sentimentalism in his Theory of Moral Sentiments. Smith claims that every man, by nature, always takes care of himself more than of any other person and concerns himself more than any other man. This individual freedom is rooted in self-reliance, the ability of an individual to pursue his self-interest. Yet Smith explains that as social creatures we are endowed with a natural sympathy (pity, compassion) towards others. When we see others distressed or happy, we feel for them and, likewise, others seek our sympathy and feel for us. As we grow from childhood to adulthood, through experience we gradually build up a system of behavioral rules (standards) – morality. So it stems from our social nature. Smith believes that for society to survive there must be rules to present its individual members not to harm each other which they have to obey and these rules are called justice. Also if people go further than obey the rules and do good (beneficence) we welcome it, but cannot demand such actions as we demand justice. Smith ends The Theory of Moral Sentiments by stating that a truly virtuous person is willing to sacrifice all his inferior interests to the greater interest of the universe, great society. By doing that such a person, he suggests, would embody the qualities of justice, beneficence and self-command. Hume’s Moral Philosophy According to Hume, our intentional actions...
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...Journal of Management and Social Sciences Vol. 3, No. 1, (Spring 2007) 11-21 Applicability of the Theories of Monopoly and Perfect Competition -Some Implications Ravinder Rena * College of Arts and Social Sciences Eritrea Institute of Technology Gobind M. Herani * Indus Institute of Higher Education (IIHE) ABSTRACT This paper addresses the concern that monopolies arise naturally out of the free market. An attempt is made to compare and contrast two theories of monopoly economic and political monopoly that this is not true. This paper further demonstrates that the two theories of monopoly have their separate roots in two opposite theories of competition: perfect competition and competition as rivalry. Hence the paper discusses only one of these theories of competition accurately describes the nature of competition in an economy. Besides, the paper also delves the two theories of competition and monopolies are derived from collectivist and individualist political philosophy. It illustrates how perfect competition and economic monopoly have undermined economists' understanding of the actual nature of both competition and monopoly. After investigating these theories, an attempt to made to apply them to show how one can come to very different conclusions about when monopoly power does and does not exist. Keywords : Monopoly, Perfect Competition, firm, industry, government, egalitarianism, etc. 1. INTRODUCTION It is often claimed that a free market leads to large firms gaining...
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...Contents 1. Background 3 2. Problem statement 3 3. Research objectives 4 4. The scope and limitations of the proposed research 4 5. Literature review 6 5.1. Green fever –A load of Greenwash or not. 6 5.2. How green can you go? 7 5.3. Lets collaborate! 7 5.4. Consumer evolution 8 6. Research plan 9 6.1. Description of research subjects and design 9 6.2. Sampling plan 9 6.3. Instruments 9 6.4. Procedures 9 7. Proposed methods for processing, analysing and interpreting data 11 7.1. Quantitative 11 7.2. Qualitative 11 8. Timeline 12 9. Potential outcomes and conclusion 13 10. Reference list 14 11. Appendix A 15 Background * Green marketing is the product modifications and/or changes in production processes, * packaging and advertising, made by companies to ensure that the final consumer product * is environmentally safe. * This is a simple definition for green marketing, but how many consumers and organisations * in South Africa (SA) actually understand the essence of green marketing. And if they do, * what are their viewpoints on green marketing and how was it shaped? Do organisations see * it as a fad attribute that's merely added to a product to ensure premium pricing options * and eventually higher profits for the company or is it an expedient that we as * stakeholders can use to address the ecological and social realities of the marketing * environment? * The aim of the research...
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...Journals Full Length Research Paper Common causes of small businesses failure in the townships of West Rand district municipality in the Gauteng Province of South Africa Solly Matshonisa Seeletse Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), P.O. Box 107, Medunsa, 0207, Pretoria City, South Africa, solly. E-mail: seeletse@ul.ac.za. Tel: +27 12 521 4291. Accepted 17 October 2012 The study examined the high failure rate of the small business in the West Rand region of the Gauteng Province, South Africa. The purpose was to investigate reasons for lack of sustainability of the small businesses of this region. The study was qualitative, characterised by exploratory and descriptive modes. Fifteen small businesses were interviewed using an interview guide (at Appendix). The reasons for their failure showed that these businesses mostly lacked in business understanding. They showed shortfalls in business and management. Recommendations covered suggestions for these businesses to improve understanding and practice of the modern business mechanisms, to approach local business colleges for working relationships and training, as well as to involve management consultants to revive them to start generating the needed revenue and minimum profits for survival. Key words: Sustainability, business failure, small business, West Rand, township. INTRODUCTION South Africa is distributed into rural (villages), semi-urban (townships) and urban areas...
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...and the discussion never seems to end. Cyber-forums can’t even mention this book without provoking hundreds of rancorous posts among people who are still personally involved in the developments surrounding the break between Ayn Rand and Nathaniel Branden and Barbara Branden. It’s as if the War of ‘68 is still raging. I was fortunate when I came to the study of Ayn Rand. I was eight years old when Rand and the Brandens went their separate ways. I knew none of the principals involved, and didn’t actually discover Rand’s work until nearly ten years later—when I was a senior in high school in 1977. And even after I’d discovered her work, I'd read everything she wrote without the assistance of going to live lectures or attending group meetings of people sitting around a vinyl turntable or an audio-tape player, listening to recordings of said lectures. I eventually listened to the vast bulk of those lectures as background for the preparation of my book, Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical, but even that research was pursued independently. My work was not the product of any assistance from any Objectivist institute or organization. Around 1992, however, as I was researching my book, I began corresponding with, and interviewing, a number of people connected to Ayn Rand and Objectivism. Among these were Nathaniel Branden and Barbara Branden, who read my work and offered extremely important critical commentary on early drafts of Russian Radical. While most Objectivists and fellow travelers were...
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...Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (1): 33-40, 2013 ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.13.1.1756 Postmodernism Approach in Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh) 1 Ahmad Badri Abdullah, 1Mohd Anuar Ramli, 2Mohammad Aizat Jamaludin, 1 Syamsul Azizul Marinsah and 3Mohd Roslan Mohd Nor 1 Department of Fiqh and Usul, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Halal Product Research Institute (HPRI), Universiti Putra Malaysia 3 Department of Islamic History and Civilization, Academy of Islamic Studies, Universiti of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract: The history of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) has gone through various phases. From the time of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), it has continuously become a dynamic force in fulfilling the contemporary needs of the Ummah. After the period of imitation (taqlid), Islamic jurisprudence enters the renewal process (tajdid) in order to rejuvenate Muslim society to the practice of Ijtihad. The emergence of new approach was caused by the changes and developments in human life that spark to the existence of new issues, which their answers cannot be traced in the works of classical fiqh. Accordingly, some would prefer to utilize the postmodernism approach in the process of interpretation of the divine texts in order to get the ruling (hukm). Some of the thinkers and scholars seem to neglect the normative guide in classical Usul al-Fiqh (the principle of...
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