...Theoretical Framework Social Learning Theory Developed by Albert Bandura in 1965 and 1977, Social Learning Theory emphasized on the importance of rewards and punishments. This theory identified that children can learn new behaviours in one or two ways: by direct experience through trial and error or by observing and imitating others in their social environment. Bandura (1994) stated that observational learning eventually is more efficient than trying to discover everything on your own. Children can and do learn from other people in their environment, including parents, siblings, peers, and teachers. Children can also learn from characters and people that appeared in the mass media (Sparks, 2002) Bandura’s studies helped researchers to understand a number of things about television violence, animated programs and children. First, viewing television violence and animated programs could cause children to behave more aggressively, particularly if the violent characters were attractive and received rewards for their actions. Second, in many of these studies, the effects emerged most strongly for boys not girls. The researchers thought that perhaps this aggressive tendency resulted in boys being more sensitive to the impact of media violence. In the 1980s, Bandura (1986) reformulated his theory for the reason that it had been criticised as too behaviouristic, which was focusing mostly on the reinforcements and how people act. The newer perspective, which was called Social...
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...Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of learning which can explain how we develop fears, phobias and other emotional reactions, and food aversions. Ian Pavlov (1849 – 1936) was the first to study it formally. Pavlov was studying dogs digestive processes. Dogs automatically salivate when food arrives in their mouths, but after being in the experimental situation for a while, they would salivate in anticipation of the food arriving, as if they had learned to recognise the signs that the food was on its way. Pavlov took control of these signs and showed that dogs could be trained to salivate to bells, lights, and cardboard shapes instead of food. The classical conditioning process works like this: There must first of all be an innate reflex action, an automatic involuntary response to a stimulus. E.g. blinking, salivation, startle, these are the areas that are under the control of the autonomic nervous system. Such reflexes consist of an unconditional stimulus (UCS) which brings about an unconditional response.(UCR) The experimenter presents a neutral stimulus just before or along with the UCS. The new stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus (CS), Conditional means dependent upon learning. The UCR occurs as before. After several pairings of the CS and UCS the CS alone will be enough to bring about the UCR. The animal now has a new conditioned reflex. The model gives us an explanation for all kinds of learned behaviour. Watson and Rayner (1920) classically...
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...probability distributions, and the two topics are often studied together. However, probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and not directly relevant to statistics. Moreover, many topics in statistics are independent of probability theory. Probability (or likelihood) is a measure or estimation of how likely it is that something will happen or that a statement is true. Probabilities are given a value between 0 (0% chance or will not happen) and 1 (100% chance or will happen). The higher the degree of probability, the more likely the event is to happen, or, in a longer series of samples, the greater the number of times such event is expected to happen. These concepts have been given an axiomatic mathematical derivation in probability theory (see probability axioms), which is used widely in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, artificial intelligence/machine learning and philosophy to, for example, draw inferences about the expected frequency of events. Probability theory is also used to describe the underlying mechanics and regularities of complex systems. Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data. It deals with all aspects of data, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. The word statistics, when referring to the scientific discipline, is singular, as in "Statistics is an art."This should not...
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...5 learning 160 chapter chapter outline A Four-Legged Co-Worker Declan lies on his back wanting his belly scratched. The eight-year-old black Labrador cross swings his legs in the air for a few minutes before resigning himself to chewing on someone’s shoe. In the office he behaves like any pet dog, but in the field he is like a tornado—focused on finding illegal drugs being smuggled. Declan is a drug-detector dog for the Customs Service and has been busting drug smugglers with his handler, Kevin Hattrill, for eight years. Airport passengers look on with curiosity as Declan darts around people and their luggage. Within minutes he sniffs out a person of interest, who is taken away and questioned by airport authorities. Dogs like Declan are trained to detect illegal drugs, such as cannabis, methamphetamine, and cocaine, or explosives. Hattrill said the dogs were dual responsetrained when they detected something. “If the odor is around a passenger, they are trained to sit beside them. If it’s around cargo, they are trained to scratch. When they detect something, their whole temperament will change. “The dogs can screen up to 300 people within 10 to 15 minutes at the airport. Nothing else can do that.” (McKenzie-McLean, 2006, p. 7) module 15 Classical Conditioning The Basics of Classical Conditioning Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior Extinction Generalization and Discrimination module 16 Operant Conditioning The Basics of Operant Conditioning...
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...care and is crucial as the role of the nurse is ever expanding (Banning, 2005). This essay will demonstrate that as a student nurse, the author has gained the necessary skills to conduct an evidence-based literature search and review and implement that knowledge into practice. Starting with a brief discussion on EBN it will go on to identify a suitable research question. During a placement on a medical ward the author noticed that nurses experienced many interruptions whilst conducting medication rounds and this review will consider ways to minimise interruptions and thus improve patient safety. Using the PICO acronym a suitable research question was formulated, ‘do interruptions during medication rounds increase the drugs administration errors made by nurses?’ A short description of the literature search is given and a summary of findings is presented in tabular form. Five original articles were selected and one chosen to critically appraise (see appendix 2). The rest of the essay will focus on reviewing the five articles. It will furthermore demonstrate the link between interruptions during drug rounds and patient and nurse safety, consider the implications of the studies for nursing practice and include the nurse’s perspective of these interruptions. Dale (2005) defines EBP as ‘the nurse making conscious judgements...
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...performance, not learning and has emphasized the processes that support performance.” Moreover, “only the attentional accounts of skill learning have treated issues of direct relevance to the changes that occur with practice.” The focus on this field “has been on the how of information processing, with no direct examination of the informational support...
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...Tutorial 6 Chapter 8: Consumer Learning 1. The Elements of Consumer Learning • Consumer learning is a process: it evolves and changes as a result of newly acquired knowledge or from actual experience. • Newly acquired knowledge and personal experience serve as feedback to the individual and provide the basis for future behaviour in similar situations. Learning: From Simple, almost reflexive responses to abstract concepts and complex problem-solving. 2. Behavioural Learning Theories Also called stimulus-response theories: Based on the premise that observable responses to specific external stimuli signal that learning has taken place. Classical Conditioning Pavlov: Conditional learning results when a stimulus (unconditional stimulus: food) that is paired with another stimulus (conditional stimulus = bell) that elicits a known response serves to produce the same response when used alone. Optimal conditioning: Creation of a strong association between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) => 1. forward conditioning (the CS should precede the US); 2. repeated pairings of the CS and the US; 3. a CS and US that logically belong together; 4. a CS that is novel and unfamiliar; and 5. a US that is biologically or symbolically salient. →Neo-Pavlovian condition: The consumer (information seeker) uses logical and perceptual relations among events to form a sophisticated representation...
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...Assignment 2: Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American BUS 520 4/29/2012 It seems like Great Northern American has done a decent job of using learning concepts to improve salesperson performance they have been going at it for 35 years, after all, and are still competitive in the marketplace. It would appear that Joe Salatino has proven techniques that help incentivize people to generate sales for the company. The case mentioned that the company was faced with stiff competition from internet sellers. With the developments in the past decade of telecommuting arrangements, there may be threats from direct competitors that employ cheaper methods of direct selling. As President of the organization he is responsible to give direction to his employees. He needs to help them to understand the Company's mission and work towards it. Joe could do an analysis of the organizational culture of his own company with them. Anonymously or directly he could ask their employees what is the perception they have about the Company. After that ask what in their opinion may have generated this perception. Mr. Salatino can show how these perceptions ultimately influence the organization both positively and negatively. He could address the differences in the each individual personality, as people have different types of management, motivational issues, training, etc .So he could do an analysis of how perceptions and attributions that employees have on the Company align with it goals...
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...Assignment 2: Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American Case Study 2/5/2013 BUS520-Leadership and Organizational Dr. Leonardo R. Serrano TiAnquaneta Q Wilson It seems like Great Northern American has done a decent job of using learning concepts to improve salesperson performance they have been going at it for 35 years, after all, and are still competitive in the marketplace. It would appear that Joe Salatino has proven techniques that help incentivize people to generate sales for the company. The case mentioned that the company was faced with stiff competition from internet sellers. With the developments in the past decade of telecommuting arrangements, there may be threats from direct competitors that employ cheaper methods of direct selling. As President of the organization he is responsible to give direction to his employees. He needs to help them to understand the Company's mission and work towards it. Joe could do an analysis of the organizational culture of his own company with them. Anonymously or directly he could ask their employees what is the perception they have about the Company. After that ask what in their opinion may have generated this perception. Mr. Salatino can show how these perceptions ultimately influence the organization both positively and negatively. He could address the differences in the each individual personality, as people have different types of management, motivational issues, training, etc .So he could do an analysis of how perceptions...
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...------------------------------------------------- LEARNING Submitted to: Prof. Ma. Corazon Cabigao Constantino PSYC1013 Th 10:30am-1:30pm Submitted by: Apiladas, Jessa Marie Bestal, Vanesa Billones, Joanne Camangian, Mae-Ann Cortez, Shayna Dela Cruz, Carlo BSA I-1, GROUP 2 What is “learning”? In ordinary language, this term is applied to many different cases—the development of new skills, the acquisition of new knowledge, and more. Although most people think of learning as “studying”, a lot of situations nonetheless take place outside a classroom. Psychologists define it more broadly as the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. It is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Notice that this definition excludes temporary changes caused by motivation, fatigue, maturation, disease, injury, or drugs. Each of these can alter our behavior, but none qualifies as learning. Merely repeating a response will not necessarily produce learning. You could close your eyes and swing a tennis racket hundreds of times without learning anything about tennis. Merely repeating a response will not necessarily produce learning. You could close your eyes and swing a tennis racket hundreds of times without learning anything about tennis. For one to learn something, one must experience it first, whether directly from the person’s own experience or indirectly through the experiences of others. Learning must also be able to produce some kind...
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...complacent and gets caught by the police and sentenced to prison. While there he meets and makes friends with Diego Delgado and learns about the drug Cocaine. Together they find a way to traffic it into the United States and again George becomes extremely wealthy. In the end, George gets caught a few more times by the FBI and is now serving his sentence in a penitentiary. Throughout this film a number of themes relating to Psychology, and those that we have talked about in class, could be seen. The strongest concept is obviously drugs and the effects they have on people. Another fairly strong concept is George’s learning style throughout the film when it comes to learning the trade, gaining the knowledge of the drug, and learning about trafficking drugs from country to country. These I will discuss in greater detail. Drugs are an overlying theme in this film. Even the title, Blow, is a slang reference to the drug Cocaine. As George progresses through life and his “career” the viewer experiences him using and sometimes becoming addicted to several types of drugs. Near the beginning of the film George experiences marijuana for the first time and eventually becomes a dealer in it, slowly learning all there is to know about the drug. While dealing it he also partakes of the drug and enjoys the high that gets from it. After getting caught moving a large amount of marijuana and sentenced to...
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...CONSUMER BEHAVIOR NOTES CHAPTER # 5 “CONSUMER LEARNING” LEARNING: ⇨ “It is a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience”. CONSUMER LEARNING: ⇨ “Process by which individuals acquire the purchase and consumption knowledge and experience that they apply to future related behavior”. ⇨ Consumer learning is a process that continuously evolves and changes as a result of newly acquired knowledge (which could be gained from reading, from discussions, from observations, from thinking) or from actual experience. Both newly acquired knowledge and personal experience serve as feedback to the individual and provide the basis for future behavior in similar situation. THE ELEMENTS OF LEARNING THEORIES: • MOTIVATION: “It is the processes that lead people to behave as they do”. It occurs when a need arises that a consumer wishes to satisfy. Motivation is based on needs and goals. It acts as a spur of learning. Uncovering consumer motives is one of the prime tasks of marketers, who then try to teach motivated consumer segments why and how their products will fulfill the consumer’s needs. • CUES: “It is a stimulus that suggests a specific way to satisfy a silent motive”. If motives serve to stimulate learning, cues are the stimuli that give direction to these motives. In the marketplace, price, styling, packaging, advertising and store displays all serve as cues to help consumers fulfill their needs in product-specific ways. Cues serve to direct...
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...Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American Case Study BUS 520 Dr. Powers July 21, 2012 Joe Salatino, President of Great Northern American Case Study 1. Discuss why Joe’s employees need to understand the importance of how people form perception and make attributions. Joe Salatino is the President of the 35-year old company, the Great Northern American. Salatino gauges his success by the amount he pays his employees, and so far he has been successful. His sales team is a self-motivated and highly energetic. Their tactic is simple they motivate their 30 person sales staff with commission and bonuses. The quality and dedication of their employees is what has made this company the success it has become. Joe’s employees attribute their personal success to four main factors, ability, effort, task-difficulty, and luck. By this it can be assumed that they will succeed because they were capable of doing the job, that it their ability attribute. The effort attribute is because they logged the time, and worked hard at reaching their client base. Task-difficulty is easily overcome when the necessary effort is being made. This is how their success was achieved, because they overcame the difficulties. Finally consider luck. Even with ability, effort, task-difficulty they have to attribute a certain amount to luck. Consider time and mood of the individual to coincide with the luck of the employee. Joe’s employees...
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...psychiatrist | c. | psychologist | d. | psychiatric social worker | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | b.psychiatrist | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization, p. 18 | | 3. | Researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from: | | | a. | controlled observation. | b. | participation observation. | c. | the observer effect. | d. | observer bias. | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | d.observer bias. | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Psychology: The Scientific Methodology, p. 23 | | 4. | Researchers use ________ for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data. | | | a. | the descriptive methods | b. | the scientific method | c. | case studies | d. | naturalistic observation | | | | | | | | Grade: | 2 | | | User Responses: | b.the scientific method | | | Feedback: | a.Correct. Psychology: The Scientific Methodology, p. 20 | | 5. | Correlation...
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...Personality Analysis: Humanist/Existential and Learning Theories Learning theory is defined as the process by which humans learn or how they accommodate a relatively permanent behavioral change or its potential (Feist & Feist, 2000). Learning theories within this analysis are Skinner's behaviorism, Bandura's social cognitive theory, Rotter and Mischel's cognitive social theory, and Kelly's psychology of personal constructs. Humanism and existentialism theories of Rogers, May, and Maslow adopt a holistic approach to psychological health and human existence by determining meaning, values, tragedy, personal experience and responsibility, human potential, spirituality, and self-actualization (Colman, ed., 2010). Combining the knowledge of both learning and humanist/existential theories paints a broad picture of human nature and personality as it develops by reaction to the external environment, especially within the social framework while accommodating the powerful affects of one's own internal climate. Personality as it Affects Situational Behavior According to learning theory, individuals behave according to the reciprocity of environmental, cognitive, and behavioral conditions. Personal beliefs of whether or not they can accomplish the task influence people's ability to do so. Bandura (1997) calls this expectation self-efficacy. He believed the strength of personal efficacy heavily influences how an individual reacts in a given situation. However, even though a...
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