...them. According to the article titled “Routine ABO and RH Typing: An Introduction”, Phillip Levine and R.E. Stetson were the first scientists to discover the rhesus blood groups in 1939. Soon after their amazing discovery, Karl Landsteiner and A.S. Weiner discovered the ABO blood typing system in the late 1940’s, which ultimately lead to discovery of the Rh differences. Several medical studies and journals have concluded that the father is the basis of all fetal blood typing. The problem arises when the father’s blood type is positive and the mother’s blood type is negative, thus causes a condition called Rhesus (RH) Incompatibility or the RH Incompatibility Disease. (Mark-Maris) Women who receive proper treatment and testing during their first prenatal visit and subsequent visits can avoid most complications in their pregnancy, including the Rhesus Incompatibility. John M Bowman of the Canadian Medical Association states “the condition was first described as a medical problem in pregnancies in 1609, during the birth of a set of twins by a French midwife. The first twin had a severe case of Rh Incompatibility, now known as severe hydropic disease and was stillborn, and the second twin presented a severe form of jaundiced, which is caused by a breakdown of red blood cells appearing as a yellowish discoloration of the skin and subsequently died.” Erythrocyte surface antigens of the red blood cell were similar to that of the Rhesus monkeys, thus the disease was named after...
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... Obesity in Pregnancy Obesity in the United States has increased dramatically over the last 25 years (American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), 2013). More than one half of pregnant women are overweight or obese (ACOG, 2013). Maternal obesity is one of the most commonly occurring risk factors in obstetric practice. Assessment and counseling, preconception and during pregnancy for obese women is strongly encouraged. Purpose of Presentation To improve the health and well being of obese pregnant women and their babies To show maternal and fetal effects of obesity To show recommendations and interventions to improve outcomes Target audience are overweight and obese pregnant women at first prenatal visit. Overweight and Obese Definition The World Health Organization (WHO) definition is: BMI greater than 25 is overweight BMI greater than 30 is obesity Risks and Complications Increased Maternal Risks: Gestational diabetes Pre-eclampsia Cesarean section/wound infection Anesthesia complications Thromboembolism Dysfunctional labor Maternal death Risks and Complications Increased Fetal Risks: Macrosomia Shoulder dystocia Stillbirth Increased admissions to the NICU Decreased rates of breastfeeding Neonatal death Obesity Perceptions and Facts A case study from the BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth Journal showed participants believed that the four key factors that contributed to obesity in...
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...treasure thing I’ve learnt during the year I stayed in the US besides medical professionals: there are still too much to learn from American medical service. It’s truly enjoyable for American patients visit clinic. They may fully communicate with the friendly and skilled experts. The root of the gap Does it have anything to do with the population? Not exactly. Data from the World Bank in 2010 showed that there were 1.5 practicing doctors among every 1,000 Chinese, and this number was 2.4 among 1,000 Americans. The difference between both countries is not big, which is of course small as well in the gynecologists and obstetricians. There are 1.3 billion people in China. Statistics from Chinese Medical Association of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 2008 showed that there were 190,000 gynecologists in China, that is to say, every 6,842 people share one gynecologist. This proportion is equivalent to that of...
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...early diagnosis of maternal depression (Chaudron et. al., 2004). These screenings are not routinely administered, but when utilized, it is executed by physicians or nurses during the neonate’s 1-month, 2-month, and 4-month check-ups (Chaudron et. al., 2004). A study of the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group database of nearly 17,000 women found that women who received a psychosocial or psychological intervention after delivery were significantly less likely to develop postpartum depression compared with those receiving standard care (Dennis & Dowswell, 2013). These interventions include home visits by public health nurses or midwives, telephone support, and interpersonal therapy (Dennis & Dowswell, 2013)....
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...GENETICS CASE STUDY GENETICS CASE STUDY This case study is based on a high-risk pregnancy due to advanced maternal age, genetic test indicating the fetus to have Tay-Sachs Disease and the coping strategies for this family. Rita Trosack is a 43-year old white female, married for six years to husband, Peter, a 46-year old white male. They both work in the financial district of Chicago and live downtown. They have been trying to conceive for two years. They both work an average of sixty hours a week. Rita and Peter were both raised as Catholics; however, they choose not to practice at this time. Rita missed her menstrual period, began having typical signs and symptoms of pregnancy (nausea, dry heaving, tender breasts, and fatigue). The fatigue was so severe she decreased her hours at the bank. An early pregnancy test performed by Rita tested positive. She then calculated her due date as January 27, 2009, since her last menstrual period (LMP) began on April 20, 2008. Rita met with Dr. Zimmerly an obstetrician in a high-risk obstetric clinic. On this first visit he confirmed the estimated date of delivery (EDD) as late January 2009. Due to Rita’s age, the chorionic villus sampling (CVS) was recommended to screen for fetal genetic defects. Rita had the test in early July, which would place her around eleven weeks into her pregnancy; this is the appropriate time in which to perform the CVS. Amniocentesis could have been performed, but this is usually...
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...For the reason that corruption and violence are connected with alcoholism, incest and battering are also common in alcoholics’ families. According to Berger, nearly 30 percent of father – daughter incest cases and 75 percent of domestic violence cases contain a family member who is an alcoholic. Incest and battering targets often blame themselves for what has occurred. Since they feel so guilt-ridden, mortified, and deserted, that they themselves may perhaps turn to drinking as a way to run away from the pain. “Children of alcoholics are individuals who have been deprived of their childhood” (Silverstein, 1990). Children of alcoholics, if gone untreated these children, will convey their difficulties into their later life. Many adult children of alcoholics partake on complications with intimacy, for the reason that their preceding involvement has shown them not to trust other individuals. They may also believe that if they love someone, that...
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...The World of Ultrasonography An eager eight-week pregnant woman, Jane, came into her second doctor’s appointment thrilled to hear her baby’s heartbeat for the very first time. Although she had been experiencing excruciating pain for a couple of weeks now, she avoided it and paid no attention to the issue. As she laid on the examination table, she held her husband’s hand who had a huge smile on his face too. The ultrasound technician soon walks into the exam room and began preparing Jane by applying the gel on the transducer and her abdomen. The technician searches continuously, but soon grew a concerned face, which then worried Jane. After the ultrasound technician had not found a heartbeat, a confirmation from an Obstetrician-Gynecologist...
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...G-spot which includes the Skene’s gland. Within the field of sexology, there has been a lot of controversy over the topic of the G-spot. Similar to any other controversial issues, there is a divide between researchers who have made the conclusion that the G-spot is not an anatomical entity and others who believe the G-spot is a unique region responsible for a distinct sexual function. Irrespective of the ongoing debate about the G-spot, a direct clarification of what the G-spot is thought to be and the ascribed sexual function is discussed. The G-spot - named after the German gynecologist Ernst Graffenberg who discovered it in 1950 – is a highly erogenous zone which could be felt through the anterior wall of the female vagina, often located about one-third to one-half of the way in from the introitus (Mohammad 967). This region is easiest to locate if the woman were to lie on her back. In some cases, the woman might not recognize the region if she were not aroused (Mohammad 968). From a structural perspective, some researchers believe that what is called the G-spot could be a complex region composed of not a single tissue but a collection of tissues of adjacent organs within the supposed region, this has led the region to be referred to as the ‘‘clitoral urethra-vaginal complex’’ (Gravina et al. 610). Some of these organs may include the anterior vaginal wall, urethra, Skene’s gland (which is similar in structure to the male prostrate), Bartholin’s gland and even the crura...
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...Claire Wendland, Is also an anthropologist and a physician. Dr. Wendland maneuvers her way through the medical training scene of Malawi. Having originally traveled Malawi as a medical student herself in the early 1990s, she returns in 2002 to study others starting their own medical career. With an ethnographic approach Dr. Wendland studies the value of medicine through a Malawian context as well as the medical training for those learning at Malawi's College of medicine. Her unique perspective...
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...Intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence are prevalent and compromise health and well-being of victims. Nearly one in four women1 and one in ten men2 in the United States report experiencing violence by a current or former spouse or partner, with adolescents and young adults at highest risk.3-5 Coerced sexual experiences are common, with 28% to 42% of women in college samples reporting at least one such experience6,7 and over three quarters of women who have been sexually assaulted reporting that the first of such experiences occurred before the age of 25.1,6 In one study, about 43 percent of high school boys and young men in college reported coerced or unwanted sexual experiences and of those, 95 percent reported their aggressor...
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...Epidemiology of Chickenpox Erica N. Huckaby Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V February 28, 2016 Epidemiology of Chickenpox Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems (Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary, 2012). Epidemiology can be applied to any disease. It has helped to develop the methodology used in research and public health. For the purpose of this paper, we will explore the childhood illness chickenpox, the factors that contribute to it’s development, the epidemiological triangle, and the role of the community health nurse as related to reporting and follow-up of cases. Description of Chickenpox Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious viral illness caused by the herpes virus, HHV3.4 or varicella zoster virus (Lowth, 2013). Chickenpox is mainly considered a childhood illness but can affect anyone at any age. Symptoms In children the illness generally begins with fever and malaise followed by development of papules on the skin. The day following the first fever a rash often appears on the face and scalp. Within the next 24 hours more papules appear as the first ones turn into vesicles. The rash generally will spread to the trunk, abdomen and limbs. Vesicles can be so few that they go unnoticed and leave the virus undiagnosed or they can cover the entire body including the mucous membranes. The course...
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...Malpractice is defined as “injurious or unprofessional treatment or culpable neglect of a patient by a physician or surgeon” (Webster’s 2005). With the rising costs of healthcare today, some lawmakers, doctors, and hospitals claim that the expensive malpractice insurance that health professionals are required to carry is a contributing factor to the rise in the cost of health care. (Connolly, Ceci 2004). Awards capping is not a new principle for Americans. Much like we hear about salary caps for baseball teams some states including Ohio have legislated laws that put a limit on the amount that a patient can receive in a lawsuit for pain and suffering. The law now states that largest amount that a plaintiff can win is 250,000. Although the amount for lost wages will not be capped, states would like to place a value on a person’s quality of life. Medical malpractice awards capping is not a solution to the rising costs of healthcare. There are two sides to every story. The issue of awards capping is no different. On one side we have medical doctors, hospitals and a conservative government concerned about rising healthcare and insurance costs. On the other we have families, children and health care advocates who claim that a capping system would not be influential in affecting prices for health care or malpractice insurance. The ABA considers capping not only to be a bad idea, but ineffective as well “The American Bar association strongly refutes any such contention …empirical date...
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...Abortion: Right or Wrong? Kymber McLay Charter College Abstract Start Abstract here Keywords: This paper explores the pros and cons of abortion. Many people believe differently on whether it is right or wrong. [ Abortion ]: Right or Wrong? Abortion has been a huge topic in the United States for years now, and whether it is the right thing to do or not has caused many debates. It was declared a fundamental right by the U.S. Supreme Court during Roe vs. Wade, yet many people beg to differ. The ones who believe it is right identify themselves as pro-choice, believing that abortion is a woman’s right and that it should not be limited by governmental or religious authority. Identifying as pro-life, the opponents believe that it is immoral killing and that personhood begins at conception. No matter what each side thinks, there will always be arguments about it. The choice to abort a fetus is central to a woman’s independence and ability to determine her own future. "A woman's autonomy to determine her life's course, and thus to enjoy equal citizenship stature,” stated by Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsberg during Gonzales vs. Carhart (2007). A woman’s decision can affect her life for the good or the bad, but if abortion was illegal, then a woman cannot make the best decision for herself. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote, "The ability of women to participate equally in the economic and social life of the Nation has been facilitated by their ability...
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...Hypertensive Disorders CATHERINE KIM, M.D., M.P.H..1 PHYLLIS BRAWARSKY, M.P.H.,2 REBECCA A. JACKSON, M.D.,3 ELENA FUENTES-AFFLICK, M.D., M.P.H.,4 and JENNIFER S. HAAS, M.D., M.S.P.H.2 ABSTRACT Objective: To examine changes in health status among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Methods: We examined perceived health status changes from the prepregnancy, as recalled at 12–20 weeks gestation, to the postpartum period in women with GDM (n 64) vs. unaffected gravidas (n 1233) and women diagnosed with PIH (n 148) vs. unaffected gravidas. We used patient survey and medical record data from a prospective cohort study. Health status measures included the Short Form-36 scales for physical function, vitality, and self-rated health and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Multivariate logistic regression models controlled for age, parity, race, education, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and exercise levels, food insufficiency, and GDM or PIH during a prior pregnancy. Results: Women with PIH more often reported a significant decline in vitality (odds ratio [OR] 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-2.23) and self-rated health (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.193.77) and an increase in depressive symptoms from prepregnancy to postpartum compared with unaffected women (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.11-3.05). Decline in self-rated health was partially mediated by cesarean birth and preterm delivery. Similar proportions of women with...
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...unfortunate way to decrease the mental health of a woman who chooses to have an abortion. To begin with, I will address why abortion should be legal. My points for PRO are #1, abortions are safe and #2, women have the right to do want they want with their body. Regarding point #1, abortions are safe, it is easy to agree with that statement due to the fact that abortion is legal to this day and data shows that abortion has a safety record of more than 99%. Since 1973, abortion has been protected under the law and is something that women have a legal right to in all 50 states in the United States of America. According to Jamila Perritt- a board-certified obstetrician, gynecologist, and medical director of Planned Parenthood of Metropolitan- major complications occur less than 1% of the time in abortion procedures. Furthermore, in the cases where a complication does occur, the result is similar to the ones that may occur from a miscarriage in which health providers treat every day. Because abortion has become a more common practice in today’s society, it is a matter in which continuous research is put into and is a constant part of regular medical practice for many health care providers. Along with that, the sooner a woman gets an abortion when she is pregnant, the less likely she is at risk for death. As stated by Guttmacher Institute, an online resource now on its fifth decade of providing information to the public regarding sexual and reproductive health, “58% of abortion patients...
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