...techniques based on experiential relationship building, dialogue, communication and behavior change that are designed to improve the mental health of a client or patient, or to improve group relationships (such as in a family). Psychotherapy may also be performed by practitioners with different qualifications, including psychiatry, clinical psychology, counseling psychology, clinical or psychiatric social work, mental health counseling, marriage and family therapy, rehabilitation counseling, school counseling, hypnotherapy, play therapy, music therapy, art therapy, drama therapy, dance/movement therapy, occupational therapy, psychiatric nursing and psychoanalysis. Most forms of psychotherapy use spoken conversation. Some also use various other forms of communication such as the written word, artwork, drama, narrative story or music. Psychotherapy with children and their parents often involves play, dramatization (i.e. role-play), and drawing. Psychotherapy occurs within a structured encounter between a trained therapist and client(s). Purposeful, theoretically based psychotherapy began in the 19th century with psychoanalysis; since then, scores of other approaches have been developed and continue to be created. Psychoanalysis was perhaps the first specific school of psychotherapy, developed by Sigmund Freud and others through the early 20th century. Trained as a neurologist, Freud began focusing on problems that appeared to have no discernible organic basis, and theorized that...
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...plotting to harm you. Schizophrenia is a life-long illness and, although it can be treated with medication and talk-therapy, symptoms remain, to some extent, throughout a person’s life. Researchers, however, are continually developing new treatment methods and medications which are helping those with schizophrenia improve the quality of their lives. Symptoms of schizophrenia most often emerge in men in their late teens and early 20’s and in women in their mid-20’s to early 30’s. They rarely occur after the age of 45 and very rarely before puberty. Early signs can include a change in friends or the beginnings of isolation from all friends, a drop in grades, a change in sleeping habits. This period is referred to as the “prodramal” period. It is often difficult to diagnose a person in their teens as the onset symptoms closely mirror “typical” teen angst. The differentiating features can include unorganized thought patterns, responding to internal and external stimuli, and disorders of movement. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, three criteria must be met: 1) Characteristic symptoms (two or more): • Delusions • Hallucinations • Disorganized speech • Grossly disorganized behavior • Negative symptoms 2) Social/occupational dysfunction 3) Duration must persist for at least six months and must include at least one month of symptoms...
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...Autism is a brain development disorder that is defined by restricted and repetitive behavior, and by impaired social interaction and communication. Autism is a complicated disease having many signs and symptoms, myths, misconceptions, and different diagnoses and treatments. The environment of an autistic patient plays an important role in the treatment or therapy because it can help or impair the effectiveness of the treatment. The severity of signs and symptoms vary between individuals who suffer from autism, but there are some core signs and symptoms that all autistic people share in the areas of social interactions and relationships, a lack of interests in play and activities and nonverbal and verbal communications. Some of these signs and symptoms include gazing, certain facial expressions and posturing, failure to establish friendship, lack of interest in sharing enjoyment, interests, empathy, delay or lack of learning to talk, repetitiveness, preoccupation with certain things, need for the same routines, rocking, hand flapping, or banging of the head. Signs and symptoms of autism are almost always noticed by parents first during their child's first three years. Parents often become aware that something is wrong with their child when the child does not seem to be interested in playing certain games or being held, when their child's hearing abilities change, and when the child does not begin to talk or suddenly loses his or her ability to talk. The word autism goes...
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...Sandra J. Mitchell Trident University International MAE 524 – Adult Development and Learning Module 1 – Case Dr. Jerusalem Howard Fall 2013 Andragogy Andragogy was a concept first introduced by Alexander Kapp in 1833 to describe how adults learn as opposed to children (infed.org). It however did not gain much appreciation and it was not until around the 1950’s when the term came to surface again. Andragogy was actually a study done in Europe in the 1950’s that was researching on how adults learned. The current and recognized definition of andragogy “the art and science of helping adults learn” was coined by an American theorist of adult education Malcolm Knowles in the 1970’s (Queensland 2010). Knowles recognized that adults learned differently and brought unique characteristics to the learning environment, what he referred to as “adult learning principles” (Queensland). They are as follows: * Adults are internally motivated and self-directed * Adults bring life experiences and knowledge to learning experiences * Adults are goal oriented * Adults are relevancy oriented * Adults are practical * Adult learner like to be respected With these principles in mind, one can see that adult learners require a different approach when it comes to learning. When adults return to school, it is usually because they are looking to advance their career, learn a new skill or just to learn something new. With jobs getting harder and harder to find, many look...
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...Kiara Willis English IV Mrs. Lynn Black December 9, 2014 Athletic Training Athletic trainers are health care professionals who collaborate with physicians. Athletic trainers help prevent and treat injuries that are typically caused by athletic involvement. (Live Strong 1) Athletic training first emerged during the 20th century at the Olympic Games. After football surfaced as a national sport in the United States, many realized the need for these trainers to be present at the games. (Live Strong 1) In the 1930’s athletic trainers tried to form a national organization (National Athletic Trainers’ Association), however it disappeared during the 1940’s during World War 2. It was not until the 1950s when the National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) was brought back. In 1989, the National Board of Certification emerged as a certified program for athletic trainers. (Live Strong 1) Finally, athletic training as a professional health career first emerged in 1990, when the American Medical Association deemed it an “allied health profession”. In order to understand Athletic Training, one must consider educational requirements, equipment, and the safety procedures. By the 1990s the curriculum for athletic trainers began to emerge. In 1986, Sayers Miller, proposed a major specific option for athletic training to be offered in colleges.(Jenkins 1) Athletic trainers meets qualifications set by the Board of certification, Inc., and adhere to the requirements of a state licensing...
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...Bipolar Disorders Abstract A particular celebrity has received recent media attention for his behavior. There has been much speculation as to whether his behavior could be explained by a diagnosis of bipolar. Approximately one to three percent of the world’s population has been diagnosed with a bipolar disorder. (Merikangas, ?) Americans have a higher occurrence of over four percent. (Merikangas, ?) Bipolar disorders do not discriminate between genders and is being more frequently diagnosed in children. This paper will explain what bipolar disorders are and how they affect the individual’s ability to function. Bipolar Disorders Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic -depression, causes shifts in a person’s mood, energy, perception, and ability to function in a consistent day-to-day life. If untreated, it can cause a person to lose friends, jobs, money, and, in the worst cases, their life. Fortunately, there are treatment options and ways a person with a bipolar disorder can manage their life with minimum episodes to maintain a good quality of life. There are four diagnostic bipolar disorders all differing in types, severity, and frequency of episodes. The four types of bipolar disorders are Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder, Cyclothymic Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. The disorders involve a history of Manic Episodes, Mix Episodes, or Hypomanic Episodes usually accompanied...
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...Journal of Counseling Psychology Vol. 5, No. 3, 1958 The Place of Values in Counseling and Psychotherapy1 C. H. Patterson University of Illinois fact, ethics might be considered as an expression of a group's values, an attempt to represent or express them in a systematized form. This is no doubt why Sutich (28) became involved in values in his discussion of ethics. Bixler and Seeman (3) state that "ethics are principles of action based on a commonly accepted system of values," thus relating professional ethics to social values. The APA code of ethics (1, p. 49) states that a cardinal obligation of the psychologist "is to respect the integrity and protect the welfare of the person with whom he is working." This is clearly an expression of the value of the individual in our society, as is recognized in Principle 1.13: "The psychologist should express in his professional behavior a firm commitment to those values which lie at the foundation of a democratic society, such as freedom of speech, freedom of research, and respect for the integrity of the individual" (1, p. 10). Philosophy of Counseling. From ethics and values to philosophy is only a short step. A philosophy is an integration of values, usually resulting in statements of postulates and assumptions, or principles. It is only natural, and to be expected, that philosophies of counseling and psychotherapy should reflect the philosophies How Values Affect Counseling of the societies in which these activities and Psychotherapy...
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...1.1 Introduction Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system, harms the brain's ability to send and receive signals. It is considered one of the common diseases of the central nervous system. It affects in most cases the children and people aged between 20-40 years. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. The exact reason(s) for the inflammation that occurs in MS are not yet known, and this remains an active area of research. We do know that the inflammation damages both neurons and the myelin that protects neuronal processes (called axons). The effect of multiple sclerosis (MS) on the individual and...
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...HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Instructional Overview The instructor may, by way of introduction, make a few comments regarding the importance and relevance of understanding the historical background of a profession and then briefly highlight the important points in Chapter One, adding any statements from his or her own background plus any appropriate comments. The major points of this chapter (which could be covered in an instructor’s introduction of the chapter) are as follows: 1. Occupations, including counseling, develop because there is a need. 2. The need for such personal assistance - advice, guidance, counseling - has existed, and in various ways been attended to, over the ages. 3. Many of the well-known historical figures (e.g. Plato, Aristotle, Charlemagne, Rousseau, and Thomas Jefferson) have expressed “counseling” points of view. 4. Psychology emerged as a field of study and psychiatry as a specialized branch of medicine in the late 1800s. 5. The development of programs of guidance and counseling in American education began in the years just prior to World War I. Frank Parsons is usually credited with much of the success of its early beginnings. 6. Parsons considered three factors necessary for the wise choice of a vocation. They were: (a) a clear understanding of self; (b) a knowledge of the requirements and conditions for success, compensation, and opportunities in different careers; and (b) true reasoning on the relationships...
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...Educational Preparation Carol Walker Grand Canyon University Professional Dynamics NRS-430V Leigh Ann Tovar April 28, 2012 Educational Preparation Now that I have completed my Registered Nursing (RN) degree, and am working as a new grad nurse, I am venturing into the future with my Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree. Some people ask me “why do you bother getting your BSN?” This is a question I have considered myself over the past year, and now I am back in school, I realize the benefits to further education are enormous. Nursing link website states “in today’s nursing world, more is expected from a nurse than following doctor’s orders and starting IVs.” (Forster, 2008, para. 4) It continues to report that we as nurses must be able to “make critical decisions about a patient’s care, to question the doctor if orders seem inappropriate and to help the patient through, sometimes, difficult life-changing decisions.” One can only develop these skills with a broad based education, one that includes “critical thinking, and exposure to many different people, though process, and cultural and social norms.” Therefore BSN programs offer more education aimed at developing such necessary skills. (Forster, 2008, para. 4) This paper will discus such benefits in obtaining a BSN degree in further detail; by comparing the differences in competencies between nurses based on their degree level, the use of patient care situation describing differences in approach to nursing...
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...Cleveland-Joel Wilcox Prof. Danelski Engl 102-20 November 16, 2012 The Metamorphosis of the Video Game Part I – What I Want to Know and Why I have played video games since I was seven years-old and I have watched it evolve over the years. My father started me off with my first video game system, which was the Super Nintendo. Although the system played off video game cartridges, which were inserted through the top of it, it was very advanced for its time. My siblings and I would play the game Mario Kart for hours on end – with my father joining us every so often. I noticed as months and years went by, that newer systems with better games and better graphics started to come out. The Gameboy Color, which came out in 1998, was the first handheld gaming device that I had the liberty to enjoy playing. Since GameBoy Colors were one of the first handheld videogame systems, making them very expensive, it was rare for kids to have them, so I was one of the lucky few who owned a GameBoy Color. As we moved toward the beginning of the 21st century, newer and sleeker versions of almost every videogame system slowly came out. Sony started out with the PlayStation, which turned into the PlayStation 2. The PlayStation 2 later evolved into the PlayStation 3, which had the technological advancements of an updated hard drive, wireless internet, Bluetooth capabilities, blue ray, Wi-Fi, and wireless motion detected controllers. Microsoft designed its own video game system that would later rival...
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...or negative symptoms like diminished emotional expression or avolition. At least two of these symptoms must be present for a significant portion of a 1 month period. Last it should at least delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. Next since the onset of symptoms daily functioning like school, work or personal aspects must be lower than what was before the onset of symptoms. Lastly the symptoms can not be a result of substance abuse such as illegal drugs or alcohol (DSM-IV-TR, 2005). The disorder appears in a person usually at the beginning of their adulthood, usually between ages 15 and 25 years old. Women tend to start symptoms later in life than men, usually 10 years later than men and more commonly in their 30’s. Onset for children under age 10 and people over 40 years is a very rare occurrence (Maj, 1999, page 9). The word “schizophrenia” is a word that is less than...
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...A Comparative View of the Associate and the Baccalaureate Prepared Nurse A Comparative View of the Associate and the Baccalaureate Prepared Nurse Universities began establishing baccalaureate-level nursing programs in the 1950’s, awarding graduates with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree. In 1951, Mildred Montag proposed the innovative idea of a 2-year Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) program at the community college level to remedy the severe nursing shortage following World War II. Nursing faculty regarded ADN nurses as competent in basic nursing practice as they demonstrated the ability to pass state nursing licensing examinations. This commenced the national ADN educational movement followed by public confusion regarding the credentialing requirements and competencies of a professional nurse (Creasia & Friberg, 2011). Over the past 40 years, the entry-level education and qualifications for nursing have been widely debated by the medical community (Institute of Medicine, 2011, p. 169). This essay serves to provide a comparative view of registered nurses prepared at the associate and baccalaureate levels, detailing the specific competencies of each. According to the Institute of Medicine, the ADN “prepares nurses to provide direct patient care and practice within the legal scope of professional nursing responsibilities in a variety of health care settings” (2011, p. 44). This includes the utilization of critical thinking in patient assessment and...
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...system involves an assessment on several axes, which refer to a different domain of information that may help the clinician plan treatment and possibly predict the outcome (Association, 2000). The five axes included in the DSM-IV multi-axial classification are as listed: * Axis I: Clinical Disorders and Other Conditions That Need Clinical Attention. * Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation. * Axis III: General Medical Conditions. * Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems * Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF). As stated in the DSM-IV-TR “the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale is a 100-point scale that measures a person’s overall level of psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a continuum” (Association, 2000). Schizophrenia is a chronic, disabling mental illness characterized by a wide range of symptoms, including: abnormal thinking, loss of contact with reality, and hallucinations. This illness usually starts in late adolescence or early adulthood,...
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...Review of a 21st-Century Health Care Profession Prepared by the American Physical Therapy Association January 2011 Foreword The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) created Today’s Physical Therapist: A Comprehensive Review of a 21st-Century Health Care Profession to provide accurate information for government entities and the public about the history, role, educational preparation, laws governing practice, standards of practice, evidence base of the profession, payment for physical therapy services, and workforce issues unique to the physical therapy profession. As government, private health care entities, and provider groups pursue solutions to the considerable health care provision challenges the United States faces, it is imperative that accurate information about the qualifications and roles of specific providers, in this case physical therapists, be available to inform all entities as they engage in these discussions. APTA is the national professional association representing more than 77,000 physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, and students nationwide. The association acknowledges and thanks the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy, the national organization representing 51 boards of physical therapy licensure, for input and assistance with this document. © 2011 American Physical Therapy Association. All rights reserved. i | American Physical Therapy Association Table of Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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