...Cha Xiong MGT 230 Management: Theory and Practice October 30, 2012 Organizational Structure Organizational structure is a description of methods used to organize the procedures of departments and individuals who contribute to achieving a certain goal. There are various organizational structures in management; however the most predominant structure in the United States Navy would be the chain of command structure. The Navy uses two types of chain of command structures, which are the normal chain of command and the operation chain of command. Throughout this paper, I will compare and contrast the two different types of chain of command structures used by the Navy. I will also evaluate how organizational functions influence and determine the organizational structure. Additionally, I will explain how organizational design helps determine which structure best suits the organization’s needs. Normal Chain of Command Structure The normal chain of command is the organization’s structure used during normal peace time routine. This structure is different from the operation chain of command structure because it goes through the Vice President and Secretary of the Navy. This chain of command involves the President of the United States, the Vice President, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of the Navy, and the Chief of Naval Operation (CNO). After the CNO, this chain of command is divided into three categories: training commands, shore establishments, and operation...
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...shipping Q.1. Explain the role of shipping in international trade. What are the different modes of shipment? MODES OF SHIPPING * Free on board (FOB)–the exporter delivers the goods at the specified location (and on board the vessel). Costs paid by the exporter include load, lash, secure and stow the cargo, including securing cargo not to move in the ships hold, protecting the cargo from contact with the double bottom to prevent slipping, and protection against damage from condensation. For example, "FOB JNPT" means that the exporter delivers the goods to the Jawahar lal Nehru Port, India, and pays for the cargo to be loaded and secured on the ship. This term also declares that where the responsibility of shipper ends and that of buyer starts. The exporter is bound to deliver the goods at his cost and expense. In this case, the freight and other expenses for outbound traffic are borne by the importer. * Carriage and freight (now known in the US as "cost and freight")(C&F, CFR, CNF): Insurance is payable by the importer, and the exporter pays all expenses incurred in transporting the cargo from its place of origin to the port/airport and ocean freight/air freight to the port/airport of destination. For example, C&F Los Angeles (the exporter pays the ocean shipping/air freight costs to Los Angeles). Most of the governments ask their exporters to trade on these terms to promote their exports worldwide such as India and China. Many of the shipping carriers (such as UPS...
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...environmental damage. | Tutor Name | Tatiana Wood | Student ID Number | T0022045 | Date of Submission | 28 Feb 2014 | Word Count | | Examine two ways in which plastic bags contribute to environmental damage. We are surrounding by plastic. Think about every piece you touch in a single day: shopping bags, plastic cups, drink bottles. Plastic may be very convenient, but it is also harmful in many ways to environment. There are so many ways to damage environment such as general waste, plastic bags and pollution. Ultimately, plastic bags are the major issue of causing environmental problems since it is generating pollution according burning plastic bags would generate air pollution, and throwing rubbishes and general waste in the ocean would damage the living things in the sea. According to above statement, millions of generate waste are generating each day causing tons of waste which contribute to environmental damage. As a result, this will lead to damage to living things and animals, as burning plastic bags will generate the harmful air pollution. Also, the place where is locating the rubbishes and plastic bags would not be able to use for other uses. For example, building house or planting. As Tyler Lacoma, eHow Contributor, shows the academic opinion the material of plastic bags is based on polymers. It has divided to HDPE, LDPE and LLDPE are also made by fossil fuel. It is forming long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms which hardly to resolve. As a result...
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...Lecture 4 & 5 - CISG- International Contracts of Sale of Goods Contract * The issues in this case is -- what is the governing law? -- Does CISG apply? -- Is there a breach of contract by (seller) as regards to (a) Delay of delivery (b) quality if wines? -- What are the remedies available to (buyer)? 1. Is there a choice of law clause? * ( Yes – Australian is the governing law ) ( No- where there is no choice of law clause in the sale contract, courts will choose the law of nation which has the ‘ closest and most real link to the contract- The forum of the contract * Currency of payment * Place of performance of contract * Place where contract is concluded * Residency of parties to contract * Subject matter of contract * Contract concluded in Aus, using AUD$, Performance is in Australia therefore, governing law of this contract is Australia. * The governing law is determined following the steps laid down in John Kaldor v Mitchell Kotts . * Under Article 1(a) Vienna Convention 1980, both countries must be signatory of Vienna Convention. In fact, both (China and Australia) is signatory countries, there for VC will apply. * Moreover, under Article 1( b) Vienna Convention 1980, if the governing law of contract and the country is the signatory of VC, VC applied. * Furthermore, incoterm … * Offer and acceptance (Notes) * Under Article 23 of Vienna Convention, contract is concluded upon effective acceptance of...
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...Executive summary This assignment is to compare the capital structure, and cost of capital between two same companies in Bursa Malaysia and their effect to market valuation and firm’s performance. It is also to indicate how the companies gearing levels and cost of capital affect the firm’s value and profitability ratios. The ratios being used are for comparing and investigating the relationships between two companies’ financial information. Besides, it indicates if higher gearing level and higher cost of capital affect the firm’s value and performances. This assignment was focused on AirAsia and Malaysia Airline.A company's capital structure refers to the relative proportions of equity (raising money by selling shares) and debt (raising money by borrowing) which the company uses to finance its activities. The uses of capital structure are important to distinguish between market value and book values. In general, financial economic prefer to use market value went measuring debt ratio because it reflect current value whether than historical values. Financial economist does belief that current market value reflects true intrinsic value. In the other hand the uses of book value is very popular because of volatility of stock market it is frequently claimed that the inherent volatility of the stock market makes market-debt ratios move around too much. A company's capital structure can have an enormous impact on its earnings per share, taxes, and interest payments, even though...
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...n9734007 CORRECTING EXTERNALITIES IN CONSUMPTION Word count: 1160 Introduction This research essay aims to provide an insight and overview of the economic effects of a plastic bag tax. It is important that this issue is addressed because if it is left unaddressed, the consequences could be dire. The essay will discuss the impact that plastic bags are having on society and why the over consumption of such needs to be corrected. Furthermore, it will explain the economic models that are relevant to the issue along with analysing real world examples of similar policies; discussing the limitations and restrictions associated with such models. Setting the Context Australia’s consumption of plastic grocery bags was estimated to be approximately seven billion per year in 2002 (National Plastic Shopping Bags Working Group, 2002), so we can assume it is in excess of this figure currently. This consumption results in negative externalities, not only impacting the environment, but also reducing the efficiency of other sectors of the economy. As these plastic bags are composed of many non-renewable resources such as crude oil, coal and gases, there is an opportunity cost associated with not recycling them. The fuel consumed by driving a car one kilometre is equivalent to the petroleum content of 8.7 bags (Environment Australia, 2002). As these bags are used once, and disregarded, that means that Australia is wasting enough potential fuel to power a car for over...
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...I. Customer Analysis a. Who: consumer, business, national, international i. Consumer: Younger, affluent, present on social media, fare-conscious 1. The “middle space” for those who dislike larger airlines and love amenities that low-cost rivals don’t offer ii. Business: NY Jet’s Official Team Carrier iii. National: Serves 90+ destinations in 25 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands 2. New routes from: Detroit, Ft. Lauderdale, Hartford Springfield (CT), Washington-National (DC), Salt Lake City, Orlando, Las Vegas, San Francisco, Cleveland, West Palm Beach, NYC, Pittsburgh, Boston, Savannah/Hilton Head, Charleston, Fort Myers, Reno/Tahoe, Martha’s Vineyard, Anchorage, Portland, and Nantucket iv. International: Serves 15 countries in the Caribbean and Latin America 3. New routes from: Nassau (Bahamas), Port of Spain (Trinidad & Tobago), Curacao (Curacao), Catagena (Colombia), Montego Bay (Jamaica), Newark, Punta Cana, Hyannis/Cape Cod (MA), St. Lucia (UVF), Puerto, Plata (DR), Santiago (DR), and Port-au-Prince (Haiti) b. B2B, B2C, etc. v. B2B: Subsidiary, LiveTB, LLC, provides in-flight entertainment systems and internet connectivity in commercial aircrafts, sells vacation packages through JetBlue Getaways which provides fares for air travel on JetBlue along with a selection of JetBlue-recommended hotels, resorts, car rentals, and attractions 4...
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...CHAPTER 4: Quick Study 1 1. Q: Define economic system. What is the relation between culture and economics? A: An economic system consists of the structure and processes that a country uses to allocate its resources and conduct its commercial activities. A nation’s economy tends to express individual or group values as reflected in its history and culture. However, no economy is focused entirely on the group at the expense of individuals or vice versa. 2. Q: What is a centrally planned economy? Describe the link between central planning and communism. A: A centrally planned economy is one in which a nation’s government owns most of the land, factories, and other economic resources and plans nearly all economic activity. Karl Marx popularized the idea of central economic planning in the nineteenth century while promoting his belief in communism. Marx argued that market economies cannot be reformed—governments must be overthrown and economies replaced with more equitable “communist” systems. 3. Q: Identify several factors that contributed to the decline of centrally planned economies. A: Factors included: (1) failure to create economic value, (2) failure to provide incentives, (3) failure to achieve rapid growth, and (4) failure to satisfy customer needs. 4. Q: Describe China’s experience with central planning, and the challenges it faces. A: China always reserved a place for private initiative even in the early days of its implementation of communism in 1949...
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...epidemic occurs when host immunity to either an established pathogen or newly emerging novel pathogen is suddenly reduced below that found in the endemic equilibrium and the transmission threshold is exceeded. 3 what are geo science? The earth is in continuous change. Scientists from many branches of science are required in order to understand the large range of variations occurring in the planet. The different disciplines that are involved in the study of the earth are called the geosciences. These include geology, oceanography, meteorology, and many others. Just as science can be divided into three general areas of biology, chemistry, and physics, the geosciences can be divided in three major groups: atmospheric sciences, earth sciences, and ocean sciences. 4 define richer scale? Ans The Richter scale assigns a...
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...9-104-071 REV: SEPTEMBER 14, 2007 ROBERT S. KAPLAN DAVID KIRON Accounting Fraud at WorldCom WorldCom could not have failed as a result of the actions of a limited number of individuals. Rather, there was a broad breakdown of the system of internal controls, corporate governance and individual responsibility, all of which worked together to create a culture in which few persons took responsibility until it was too late. — Richard Thornburgh, former U.S. attorney general1 On July 21, 2002, WorldCom Group, a telecommunications company with more than $30 billion in revenues, $104 billion in assets, and 60,000 employees, filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Between 1999 and 2002, WorldCom had overstated its pretax income by at least $7 billion, a deliberate miscalculation that was, at the time, the largest in history. The company subsequently wrote down about $82 billion (more than 75%) of its reported assets.2 WorldCom’s stock, once valued at $180 billion, became nearly worthless. Seventeen thousand employees lost their jobs; many left the company with worthless retirement accounts. The company’s bankruptcy also jeopardized service to WorldCom’s 20 million retail customers and on government contracts affecting 80 million Social Security beneficiaries, air traffic control for the Federal Aviation Association, network management for the Department of Defense, and long-distance services for both houses of Congress and...
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...Wor9 - 1 04 - 0 71 R EV: JU LY 2 6 , 2 00 4 RO BERT S. KAPLAN D A VI D KIR O N Accounting Fraud at WorldCom WorldCom could not have failed as a result of the actions of a limited number of individuals. Rather, there was a broad breakdown of the system of internal controls, corporate governance and individual responsibility, all of which worked together to create a culture in which few persons took responsibility until it was too late . — Richard Thornburgh, former U.S. attorney general1 On July 21, 2002, WorldCom Group, a telecommunications company with more than $30 billion in revenues, $104 billion in assets, and 60,000 employees, filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Between 1999 and 2002, WorldCom had overstated its pretax income by at least $7 billion; a deliberate miscalculation that was, at the time, the largest in history. The company subsequently wrote down about $82 billion (more than 75%) of its reported assets.2 WorldCom’s stock, once valued at $180 billion, became nearly worthless. Seventeen thousand employees lost their jobs; many left the company with worthless retirement accounts. The company’s bankruptcy also jeopardized service to WorldCom’s 20 million retail customers and on government contracts affecting 80 million Social Security beneficiaries, air traffic control for the Federal Aviation Association, network management for the Department of Defense and long-distance services for both houses of Congress and the...
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...Unit One :Introduction of International Trade Law Outline Definition of ITL The Scope of ITL （调整范围） History of ITL Comparison of ITL and In. Business Law Sources of ITL( 渊源） Question How to understand the word “international law” here? What is International Law? “A rule… that has been accepted as such by the international community.” Includes :Customary international law. International treaties and agreements. General principles common to major legal systems. Public vs. Private International Law Public International Law. – Involves relationships between countries and applies “norms regarded as binding on all members of the international community” Private International Law. – Is described as conflict of laws or “domain of rights, duties, and disputes between and among persons from different places. Part I Definition 国际贸易法：调整跨越国界的货物贸易、技术贸易和服务贸易关系以及这些贸易关系有关的其他关系的法律规范和规则的总和。 (a) The body of norms and rules – Private law: governs transnational Relationships of Private Persons ( International transaction Law) e.g. the law of international sales, trade finance, licensing agreement etc. – Public law: laws that make up the legal framework within which international business takes place. e.g. the treaties of EU, GATT agreement, NAFTA (b) the scope of ITL（调整范围） Trade in goods, Trade in service，Trade in technology,other international business field Part III History of International Trade Law • Customs and usages ...
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...*Physics Prelims (1-7).qxd 12/11/08 1:00 PM Page 1 SCIENCE VISUAL RESOURCES PHYSICS An Illustrated Guide to Science The Diagram Group *Physics Prelims (1-7).qxd 12/11/08 1:00 PM Page 2 Physics: An Illustrated Guide to Science Copyright © 2006 The Diagram Group Author: Derek McMonagle BSc PhD CSci CChem FRSC Editors: Catherine Gaunt, Jamie Stokes Design: Anthony Atherton, Richard Hummerstone, Lee Lawrence, Tim Noel-Johnson, Phil Richardson Illustration: Peter Wilkinson Picture research: Neil McKenna Indexer: Martin Hargreaves All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 For Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, please contact the Publisher ISBN 0-8160-6167-X Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at 212/967-8800 or 800/322-8755. You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com Printed in China CP Diagram 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 This book is printed on acid-free paper. *Physics Prelims (1-7).qxd 12/11/08 1:00 PM Page...
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...Solar Cell Technology and Applications More free ebooks : http://fast-file.blogspot.com OTHER AUERBACH PUBLICATIONS Advances in Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization, Volume 2 Marios Angelides ISBN: 978-1-4200-7664-6 Architecting Secure Software Systems Manish Chaitanya and Asoke Talukder ISBN: 978-1-4200-8784-0 Architecting Software Intensive Systems: A Practitioners Guide Anthony Lattanze ISBN: 978-1-4200-4569-7 Business Resumption Planning, Second Edition Leo Wrobel ISBN: 978-0-8493-1459-9 Converging NGN Wireline and Mobile 3G Networks with IMS: Converging NGN and 3G Mobile Rebecca Copeland ISBN: 978-0-8493-9250-4 Delivering Successful Projects with TSPSM and Six Sigma: A Practical Guide to Implementing Team Software ProcessSM Mukesh Jain ISBN: 978-1-4200-6143-7 Designing Complex Systems: Foundations of Design in the Functional Domain Erik Aslaksen ISBN: 978-1-4200-8753-6 The Effective CIO: How to Achieve Outstanding Success through Strategic Alignment, Financial Management, and IT Governance Eric Brown and William Yarberry, Jr. ISBN: 978-1-4200-6460-5 Enterprise Systems Backup and Recovery: A Corporate Insurance Policy Preston Guise ISBN: 978-1-4200-7639-4 Essential Software Testing: A Use-Case Approach Greg Fournier ISBN: 978-1-4200-8981-3 The Green and Virtual Data Center Greg Schulz ISBN: 978-1-4200-8666-9 How to Complete a Risk Assessment in 5 Days or Less Thomas Peltier ISBN: 978-1-4200-6275-5 HOWTO Secure and Audit Oracle 10g and 11g Ron Ben-Natan ISBN:...
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...MARKETING CAPSULE FOR SBI PO 2014 EXAM Dear readers, As you all know that Marketing section was included in SBI PO syllabus from 2010 onwards. So here we are presenting to you the last three years Marketing questions which was asked in SBI PO exam. Also we are providing you some expected marketing questions which can be asked in upcoming SBI PO 2014 exam. Marketing is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers, for the purpose of selling that product or service. Marketing can be looked at as an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, delivering and communicating value to customers, and customer relationship management that also benefits the organization. Marketing is the science of choosing target markets through market analysis and market segmentation, as well as understanding consumer behavior and providing superior customer value. From a societal point of view, marketing is the link between a society’s material requirements and its economic patterns of response. Marketing satisfies these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. Marketing may be defined in several ways, depending on the role of the advertised enterprise in relation to the strategic role in positioning the firm within its competitive market. The main definition is often credited to Philip Kotler, recognized as the originator of the most recent developments in the field, for the works that...
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