...have increased by a staggering 40% (Doney, Fabry et al. 2009), resulting in a lesser known consequence: ocean acidification. Anthropogenic activities such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels continue to drive these levels higher. (Doney, Fabry et al. 2009) Ocean acidification occurs when the pH of the seawater declines as CO2 dissolves in water by changes in temperature and sea-air gas transfers, causing changes in chemical balances. (Buck and Folger 2009, Kelly, Foley et al. 2011) Alteration of seawater chemistry generates considerable environmental, social and economic risks. These can begin from marine organism population crashing, resulting in ecosystem imbalances that impact human food resources...
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...polarity. In addition, water molecules are naturally strong, due to the interactions occurring between the hydrogen atoms, known as hydrogen bonding. Specifically, hydrogen bonding in water, accounts for some of its unique properties; such that it is denser in its liquid state than in its solid state (ice floats on water). Water is also the only substance that occurs naturally as a solid, liquid, or gas, and covers about 70% of the Earth’s surface (U.S. Geological Survey, 2000). Water is a very broad topic, and highly crucial to life on Earth. It is important to mention the movement of water throughout the planet, the usages of water, and the underlying scarcity of water. The Hydrologic cycle, more commonly known as the water cycle, is the movement of water between the Earth’s oceans, atmosphere, and land. There is continuous evaporation of water; uptake of water vapor into the atmosphere; precipitation onto the ocean and land surfaces; and the net atmospheric transport of water from land areas to the ocean. Essentially, the water cycle is the means of how the Earth’s constant supply of water is being recycled. It is imperative that this cycle exists, so that water is able to reach plants and animals; provide nutrients and sedimentary movements throughout different aquatic ecosystems; and is able to contribute to Earth’s climate variability. Evaporation controls the loss of fresh water, and precipitation regulates the gains of fresh water. The discovered relationship between...
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...Coral reefs are one of the biological cornerstones of the ocean and are fundamental to many marine ecosystems worldwide. Whilst they have countless uses to socioeconomic and tourism sectors globally, their role in the biological sense is of far greater value. By looking at their importance to the biology of the oceans, a greater understanding of the level in which they need to be protected can be formed. One of their key characteristics is their ability to provide shelter and protection to countless marine organisms. This is done so efficiently that entire ecosystems form solely around coral reefs and the habitats they create. These reefs also act as a vital buffer for waves and strong ocean conditions. By dissipating the wave energy, they...
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...Incoterms 2000 (International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms) supports business groups including manufacturing, shipping and banking industries worldwide. Inconterms include thirteen trade terms classified into four groups (E,F,C and D) plus their variations. The terms are grouped in Exibit 5.5 which arranges the terms with the minimum responsibility of the seller and maximum of the buyer appearing at the top and oppose to that minimum responsibility of the buyer and maximum of the seller appear at the bottom. E Terms place the lowest amount of responsibility on the seller. The seller needs to make goods available at its factory and present the buyer with an invoice for payment. The buyer must arrange all transportation and bear all risks and expenses of the journey for payment and also have to clear the goods for export by obtaining export licenses from the U.S. government. F Terms are shipment contracts, under these terms seller is required to deliver the goods to the designated point of departure ‘‘free’’ of expenses or risk to the buyer. The risk of loss passes from seller to buyer, buyer arranges the transportation and pays all freight costs. F terms are also used when the buyer has contracted for a complete shipload of materials or commodities and thus had reason to assume the responsibility for arranging carriage. These terms can also be used because the buyer feels that it can obtain better freight rates than the seller, and some terms are for ocean shipment...
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...gather lifestyle to an agricultural life style. The agricultural revolution began around 10,000 years ago with people growing their own crops and raise animals for consumption. It was easier for the people to meet their nutritional needs and in turn they began to live longer and produce more children. Second, Greenhouse gases are atmospheric gases that absorb infrared radiation, caused by the industrial revolution. The building of power plants, cars and buses, are some of the reasons of greenhouse gases. Pounds and Crump (1994) hypothesized that hot, dry condition was the main reason for such high adult mortality and breeding issues in other species. Due to greenhouse gases, the warming of the oceans were said to be caused by human release of carbon dioxide, and other gases. Warmer oceans caused the clouds to be higher, so the clouds contact with the trees diminished, causing the forest to dry up. Pounds and two other associates (1999) wrote in the journal of Nature that the high clouds can be contributed to the disappearance of many different species. Building for the...
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...WHALE SHARK: ENDANGERED SPECIES DUE TO HABITAT DESTRUCTION CAUSED BY POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE Rhincodon typus, hereafter referred to as whale shark, has been listed as “endangered/threatened” by the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). An endangered species is defined as “any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or significant portion of its range…” Whereas a threatened species is “any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” Whale sharks’ habitats are constantly being destroyed by the increasing levels of pollution in the oceans as well as by anthropogenic climate change. Their population is also dwindling as a result...
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...Forest, the Tundra and the ocean. All homes, homes to animals, but why am I telling you this? It’s because they are slowly disappearing due to habitat loss. The tundra and Polar Ice caps are melting due to global warming, the ocean to oil spills, the Forest for space, paper and forest fires. Why am I telling you about this? You don’t care about this, do you? That’s why nothing has changed. The Tundra as well as the Polar Ice caps home to Polar Bears, Penguins, Snow Fox and Snow Rabbits.Slowly melting due to global warming about 112 billion pounds were added to the ice sheet in the 90’s it has decreased to 82 billion in the 2000’s, this leads to sea levels rising which also affects us it affect places below sea level such as the New Orleans, Bangkok and a third of the Netherlands and the loss of habitat. The bright surface of the ice acts as a reflector for the sun keeping the planet cool .It doesn’t only affect the...
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...ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF SOUTH AFRICA Population and GDP South Africa is a middle-income, emerging market with an abundant supply of natural resources; well-developed financial, legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors; a stock exchange that is the 18th largest in the world; and modern infrastructure supporting a relatively efficient distribution of goods to major urban centers throughout the region. At the end of 2007, South Africa began to experience an electricity crisis. State power supplier Eskom encountered problems with aged plants, necessitating "load-shedding" cuts to residents and businesses in the major cities. Growth was robust from 2004 to 2007 as South Africa reaped the benefits of macroeconomic stability and a global commodities boom, but began to slow in the second half of 2007 due to the electricity crisis and the subsequent global financial crisis' impact on commodity prices and demand. GDP fell nearly 2% in 2009. Unemployment remains high and outdated infrastructure has constrained growth. Daunting economic problems remain from the apartheid era - especially poverty, lack of economic empowerment among the disadvantaged groups, and a shortage of public transportation. South Africa's former economic policy was fiscally conservative, focusing on controlling inflation, and attaining a budget surplus. The current government largely follows the same prudent policies, but must contend with the impact of the global crisis and is facing growing...
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...Shark Killing and the Ecosystem Introduction Sharks are fascinating creatures that come in all sizes and live in water all over the world. Arguably, these creatures play a very imperative responsibility in the ocean that a fish cannot. Apparently, sharks are the top food providers in the ocean almost in every part of the world. In this case, they assist in keeping the inhabitants of other fish species healthy and in suitable proportion for their ecosystem. However, shark population faces the threat of extinction in almost all parts of the world due to overfishing. Fishers us a technique called Bycatch, a process in which marine mammals or species of fish are unintentionally, caught while fishing for a specific target. Irrespective of the initiatives and laws put in place for overfishing, fishers have continued to hunt sharks for the fin soup, which is in high demand than their meat. On the other hand shark cartilage and shark liver oil are sold as cures for the hosts of aliments. Due to this disparity between meat and fins, it has led to a horrific practice of shark fining. As a result, there is need to create awareness on the importance of sharks in all parts of the world in order to save ocean ecosystem from extinction. Catching Techniques Many fishing techniques and gear are no selective and result in catching and discarding millions of marine life that is not always the target species. Most of the fishing methods like the long line typically are used to catch tuna. However...
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...Market and Industry Dynamics in the Global Tuna Supply Chain Amanda Hamilton I Antony Lewis I Mike A. McCoy Elizabeth Havice I Liam Campling June 2011 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without the kind assistance of hundreds of people who made time available to meet with members of the consulting team during in-country visits and who provided valuable insights and data. Analytical and research support was also provided by several international fisheries experts, as well as logistical support from a number of industry representatives. The consultants and the FFA Secretariat gratefully acknowledge and extend their sincere thanks to all persons who assisted Pacarrying out this study. ce for in cif ic P eo ple A In particular, special thanks is extended to the following people who provided assistance over s r Sli aire F and above the norm: Phil Roberts, Hugh Walton, Masao Nakada, Len Rodwell, Peter Terawasi, Marco D’Agostini, Rick Heroux, Kwame Mfodwo, Isamu Murakami, Taro Kawamoto, Ken Banwell, David Webb, Jamie Birch, Alfonso Beitia, Alberto Quinteiro, Vicky Franco, Liu Xiaobing, Davy Chen, Zhao Gang, W.H. Lee, Chris Hsu and Jerry Tsai. 2011 - production of this report was provided by the Funding for the assignment undertaken for the2014 Government of Japan through the Overseas Fisheries Cooperation Foundation. OFCF Funding for the publication and distribution of this report has been provided by the European Union through the DevFish...
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...Years between 1928 and 1939 were period for dust bowl which was worst tragedy of the twentieth century in the parts of west and Midwest of America. Grasses that gave shelter and food for wildlife was destroyed by farmers during 1920s because of their plan to do wheat cultivation. Initially it had no effects with its extinction but as more and more acres of grasses were removed the land became vulnerable with no expected rainfall. Later in 1930s, heavy wind started roaring that swept top soil in the farms and created huge clouds of dust. This huge forms of dust bowl got spread almost entire America and people were able to distinguish origination of the dust from where it arrived depending on its color. Black Sunday was another unforgettable...
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...Approach to Breakthrough Innovations). Christensen (1997) argues that a necessary condition for an innovation to be disruptive is that it “captures new markets in an original and unexpected way.” Academics of marketing literature differ in their opinion about a relationship between a significant new technology and disruptive innovation. Some authors believe that radical innovation goes hand-in-hand with a significant new technology (Veryzer et al. 1998, O’Conner et al. 1998). Although the notion that significant new technology is an unavoidable condition of radical innovation can be infirmed by Sony Walkman example. Sony Walkman was revolutionary in its product concept but fundamentally new technology was not used in its creation (Mascitelli 2000). Mascitelli in line with other authors (Lynch 1998)...
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...Asian Institute of Maritime Studies Pasay City, Philippines INTERNATIONAL SHIP AND PORT FACILITY SECURTIY CODE In partial fulfillment of the Case Study and presentation for: Issues and problems in the Maritime Industry being addressed by ISPS Sunken Ships Submitted to: ENS. GRACIANO C. CONSORIO PCG (Ret) Instructor Submitted by: Group Number 2 I. Introduction The sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land. More broadly, the sea is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. Moreover, it has served as a home for marine and aquatic environment and also as defined roads for marine transportation in the conduct of trade and civilization. In spite of the glorious facts accounted, the sea was also the venue and sole witness of such tragedies, catastrophes known as maritime incidents. By definition, maritime incident means any occurrence, other than an accident, that is associated with the operation of a ship and effects or could affect the safety of operation. From the initiation of transport at sea up to the present, tremendous accounts of maritime incidents can be noted and such incidents lead to countless loss of lives, property, and the environment. With these adverse effects at hand, major approaches can further explain the importance of such incidents. From a historical approach, the first transport at sea was accounted as trade using small...
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...Alex Espinosa Dr. Wilson MCWP 125 2/8/16 Why Naval Sonar Use Should Be More Highly Regulated Over recent years, military- derived sonar has been found to be linked with cetacean strandings. This and the general increase of noise in the ocean within the last century, which is known to have increased with the introduction of propeller ship engines (Jasny 12), has largely impacted the oceanic ecosystem. If such strong correlations have been scientifically determined, why has the United States Navy failed to adjust its practices in favor of saving marine organisms? How much evidence will suffice for the United States government to take necessary strides towards keeping our oceans safe? It is with this in mind that I claim that the U.S. Navy’s use of active sonar, whether it be mid or low frequency, needs to be more highly regulated. Therefore, government officials need to use their political power to support the marine species being affected by these anthropogenic noises. My first sub claim supporting my driving thesis will pertain to the negative impact sonar activity has on marine organisms. I will begin with the introduction of the importance of sound to the ocean’s mammals, the most prominent subjects of mid and low frequency sonar. This is an imperative aspect of this issue because the survival of every single one of these marine animals is based concretely in their specialized abilities to hear through the oceanic medium. With this I will present the scientifically supported...
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............................. 5 2 Definition and Origin of Competitive Advantage .............................................. 6 3 Approaches and Methods to Achieve Competitive Advantages......................... 8 3.1 The Traditional Approach According to Porter ........................................... 8 3.1.1 Cost Leadership ................................................................................. 10 3.1.2 Focusing on Priorities ........................................................................ 10 3.2 Modern Approaches .................................................................................. 10 3.2.1 The Strategy as a Compilation of Simple Rules ................................ 11 3.2.2 The Blue Ocean Strategy ................................................................... 12 4 Ways to achieve Sustainable Competitive Advantage...................................... 13 5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 15 References ............................................................................................................. 16 3 Declaration We hereby declare that we have developed and written the enclosed term paper entitled „How Companies Could Achieve Sustainable Competitive Advantage” entirely on our own, and have not used outside sources without...
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