...Please cite this note as: OECD (2014), “OECD forecasts during and after the financial crisis: A Post Mortem”, OECD Economics Department Policy Notes, No. 23 February 2014. OECD FORECASTS DURING AND AFTER THE FINANCIAL CRISIS: A POST MORTEM OECD Economics Department Policy Note no. 23 February 2014 This Policy Note is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. © OECD 2014 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted...
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...Eloïse Stark Midterm Essay How to explain that women still get lower wages than men in the OECD countries? In western countries since the Second World War, women’s growing participation on the labor market has been one of the most profound transformations not only of the economy but also of society as a whole. Dual income families have become the norm and in a bid for sexual equality, most OECD countries have created laws to protect pay equality for men and women, such as the Equal Pay Act in 1963 in the US, or the article 119 of the EEC treaty. Nonetheless, women continue to earn less than men in all OECD countries. There are different ways of measuring this. Comparing annual or monthly earnings shows the difference between what both sexes “take home”, which is interesting from a sociological perspective. However we shall focus on the “gender pay gap”, defined as the “the relative difference in the average gross hourly earnings of women and men working full time”. This shows the difference between the actual “price” of women and men’s labor, taking into consideration the fact that men work more hours on average. How does the gender gap stand today? Despite differences between countries the gender pay gap remains a persistent characteristic of OECD labor markets. In 2006, women earned an average of 16% less than men, per hour worked. … Although we can see a slow but continuous drop over the past few decades in all countries In OECD countries, which are...
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... It has been recognized that there is an urgent need of transition towards green growth to achieve sustainable development and prosperity. As per Asian Development Bank "... green growth is an imperative not a luxury, for developing Asia". It is still not clear whether 'green growth' is a new transitional shift or just another gimmick to cover up inconsistencies between economic and environmental objectives of governments. There is no universally accepted definition of green growth. But normally it is being treated as a synonym to sustainable development. "Green growth is fostering economic growth and development, while ensuring that natural assets continue to provide resources and environmental services on which our well-being relies"-OCED. So green growth basically emphasizes on the efficient use of natural resources that minimizes pollution and environmental impacts at the same time it also plays role of environmental management and natural capital in preventing physical disasters. Main focus of green growth is low carbon growth that promotes growth with the help of creation of new environment friendly products. Green growth is matter of both economic policy and sustainable development. Politicians normally think that today's voters are more concerned with basic problems like inflation, unemployment and corruption etc. but don't attach more weight to expected growth for unborn generations. But green growth is now generating a diversity of political positions, from enthusiastic...
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...BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY NAME Mataire Munyaradzi REG NUMBER B0924494 COURSE TITLE Rural Planning and Development COURSE CODE DG 420 PROGRAMME Bachelor of Science Honours in Development Studies LECTURER Mrs. Chinyanganya ASSIGNMENT TITLE Rural development hinges on effective rural planning. Discuss. The development of rural areas requires a comprehensive and holistic approach which calls for a multi-sectoral effort and a wider pool of institutions. It incorporates socio economic, political and environmental processes which require effective rural planning. Rural planning is therefore an essential prerequisite for sustainable rural development. Rural planning is multidimensional as it includes comprehensive, spatial (physical planning), economic and financial (development planning), agricultural land use (land use planning) and natural resource management (water, environmental, national parks and forestry planning) (PlanAfric; 2000). However, effective rural planning faces a number of challenges which will be highlighted later in the text. Rural development is defined by AgriInfo (2011) as a process that aims at improving the standards of living of the people living in the rural areas. It is an integrated process...
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...[pic] BBA Program Dept. of Business Administration International Islamic university Chittagong Dhaka campus INTERNSHIP REPORT ON PRODUCTION & FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF STATE OWNED ENTERPRISES (SOEs) IN BANGLADESH Supervised by: Mohd. Mohsin Assistant professor in Finance Dept. of Business Administrative International Islamic university Chittagong Dhaka campus Prepared by: Mukter Hossain ID: B071515 24th Batch, BBA Major in Finance & Banking Dept. of Business Administration International Islamic university Chittagong Dhaka campus Letter of Transmittal May 22, 2011 To Mohd. Mohsin Assistant Professor in Finance Department of Business Administration International Islamic University Chittagong Dhaka Campus Subject: Submission of internship Report. Dear Sir, Here is my report on “Production & Financial Performance of State Owned Enterprises in Bangladesh” It has been a pleasure as well as a challenge on my part to work on this report that has enabled me to know about Production of State Owned Enterprises and their Financial Performance. I wish you would be to kind to accept my internship without placement report and help me to complete my degree. Sincerely your’s, Mukter Hossain ID. No. B071515 Major in Finance & Banking IIUC, DC Letter of Acceptance Mukter Hossain, ID. B071515, Batch 24th, BBA program has submitted the report on “Production & Financial Performance of State owned...
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...Globalization and Income Inequality Is globalization the cause of income inequality? The effects of globalization is a highly debated topic with the pro-globalists claiming that globalization encourages economic growth while the anti-globalists arguing that globalization is responsible for increasing income disparity (International Monetary Fund, 2007). According to a 2011 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OEDC) report, income inequality has widen over the two decades with the rich experiencing a faster income growth than the poor. Although globalization may boost economic development, it also poses a threat in causing an increase in income disparity which can be solved by improving access to education and promoting skills development. Reform to better access to education are likely to have a positive effect on income inequality. It allows the lower income workers and their children to have an access to education. Moreover, individual with a better and higher education is more likely to secure a good job with high income. A research by Alderson and Nielson (as cited in Wells, n.d., p.5) shows that an individual who receives higher education is better paid than those with only primary or no education at all. Therefore, increasing education access could improve income mobility and thus reduce income disparity. However, this solution does not guarantee equal access to education. In Singapore, it seems that the local universities are accepting more foreign...
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...The BRICS economic success formula will continue to be imitated by aspiring economies in the developing world and particularly in Africa! The term ‘The BRICS’ was first quoted in Goldman Sachs report which was published in 2001, this term is an acronym for the emerging developing countries which are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (Wilson & Purushothaman, 2003, p. 2). In the last decade, these countries have been successful in the global economy and many developing countries across the world, predominately Africa are trying to emulate this success. The essay will show a brief overview of how successful the BRICS have become, once these reasons are established, the essay will focus on the core part of the question which is providing evidence showing how the developing world but in particular Africa are imitating the success of the BRICS. Finally the essay will finish with a conclusion which will summarise the main points which have been explained and discussed throughout the essay. The BRICS have been successful in the last decade, but forecasters believe that by 2050, the BRICs could become a very important source of new global spending and by the year 2032 Japan’s economy would become smaller that India’s and USA’s economy could shrink below China’s economy by the year 2041. If the BRICS combined their economies together, it would be larger than the G6 (Japan, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, United States) by the 2039 (Wilson & Purushothaman, 2003, p....
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...IBUS 750-Exploring Global Business May 31, 2014 Economic and Social Challenges in the United Kingdom and Their Impact on Business. The Great Recession was a crisis that affected economies worldwide. During this time, some countries only experienced small declines in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and declines in international trade while others experienced more severe repercussions such as increased unemployment rates, economic decline, increased poverty populations, higher crime rates, and other calamities. These challenges have caused the demise of businesses, mass employment layoffs, and a decreased ability to take financial risks across the world. Many countries and businesses are continuously struggling to rebuild their wealth and prevent major financial losses from occurring in the future. As a result of this crisis, the United Kingdom faced economic disparities due to a persistently high unemployment rate, stagnant economic growth, and excessive government borrowing. These factors have resulted in social and economic challenges that affect various businesses attributes including reduction in wages, availability of mortgages, talent constraints, global talent acquisition efforts, the need for innovation, global expansion, and an increase in self-employed individuals. The Great Recession had a major impact on the United Kingdom. One of the most detrimental affects of this crisis was the rise in unemployed citizens across the nation. Due to...
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...political landscape. The 21st century has seen a dramatic shift in "traditional" family dynamics and greater recognition of gender in legislation has helped pull apart gender-role divisions. As a result women are far more economically independent and socially autonomous, representing 42% of the UK workforce and 55% of university graduates. Yet women are still less likely than men to be associated with leadership positions in the UK: they account for 22% of MPs and peers, 20% of university professors, 6.1% of FTSE 100 executive positions, and 3% of board chairpersons. This stark inequality is consistently reflected in pay gaps, despite the introduction of the Equal Pay Act in 1975. Income inequality has risen faster in the UK than any other OCED country and today women earn on average £140,000 less than men over their working careers. In recent reports 2.4 million unemployed women said that they want to find employment, and nine out of 10 people want to see men and women equally represented in leadership positions. If the intention to change is there, and basic social and political frameworks support women in the workforce, then we need to look beyond facts and figures to establish what other factors contribute to the gaping hole in gender equality. While statistics offer insights into current patterns and behaviors, they do not address why the skills and talents of women are not being fully utilized. A relatively neglected factor is the role of stereotypes, reinforced by social...
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...China’s Green Credit Policy: Building Sustainability in the Financial Sector World Resources Institute June 8, 2011 Motoko Aizawa, Sustainability Advisor, IFC The Green Credit Policy - the Domestic Context • Pattern of rapid economic growth characterized by: High consumption of energy and natural resources Environmental pollution & biodiversity loss Growing social tension and inequality • Recognition that administrative measures need to be coupled with market-based policies • Turning to the power of the market: Environmental economic policies Environmental Tax Ecological Compensation Mechanism Green Trade Policy Green Government Procurement Green Insurance Green Securities Green Credit China’s Green Credit Policy • Context: Banks provide 80-90% of funding to Chinese enterprises • Dual Purpose: Direct credits away from highly polluting and high energy-consuming enterprises and projects Direct credits toward energy conservation and emission reduction at preferential terms • Launched in July 2007 by three agencies: Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) People’s Bank of China (PBOC) • New feature: Inter-agency collaboration with clear implementation responsibilities Based on lessons learned from the 1995 policy experience IFC Partnership with Chinese Agencies on Green Credit • Objective: Knowledge transfer of IFC experience in sustainable...
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...Developing a Global Marketing Vision Through Marketing Research Defining the Issue • What is marketing research? – “systematic and objective identification of information, collection, analysis and dissemination of information for the purpose of improving decision making related to the identification and solution of problems and opportunities in marketing” I. Differences with Domestic Research - New parameters - New environments - More factors to consider - More competitors Recognizing the Need for Research • Reasons that executives may view international research as unimportant: – Lack of sensitivity to differences in consumer tastes and preferences. – Limited appreciation for the different marketing environments abroad. – Lack of familiarity with national and international data sources and the inability to use them. – Actual but limited business experience in a country or with a specific firm may be used as a substitute for organized research. II. Why do International Marketing Research? - Reduce Risk of Failure - Identify opportunities - Lead to more informed decisions - Reduce mistakes III. The IMR Process - Step 1 : Problem Definition - Step 2 : Examine Secondary Data Researching Foreign Market Potentials Stage 1: Preliminary Screening for Attractive Country Markets Key Question: Which Foreign Markets Warrant Detailed Investigation? Stage 2: Assessment of Industry Market Potential Key Question: What is Aggregate Demand for Each...
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...origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, trade-union membership, data concerning health How collected? • Some examples: – Registering with email service – Online shopping – Online bill payment – Social networking – Online gaming Recent Incidents • The Vodafone Germany case (12 September 2013, BBC News): – Personal information of customers stolen by hackers – Affected – Two million – What kind of information? • • • • Names Addresses Bank Account Numbers and Birth Dates Recent Incidents • Adobe Data Stolen(4 October, 2013, BBC News): – Personal information stolen – About 2.9 million customers affected – Nature of information stolen • Encrypted customer passwords • Other private information The OCED Guidelines • Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Trans border Flows of Personal Information (1980) – The Collection Limitation Principle • Collection of personal data should be limited • Data only obtained through legal means • Appropriate consent has been obtained – The Data Quality Principle • Accurate • Kept up-to-date • To the extent required for processing of...
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...Switzerland vs. Mexico Switzerland My research paper will individually concentrate on Switzerland and Mexico in its history, competitive advantage, export, trading, and globalization. I will then compare and contrast both countries by their competitive advantage in the market, government intervention, trading, export, and globalization. The Switzerland economy is founded on an exceedingly competent labor force and skilled work. The principal areas consist of micro technology, hi-tech, biotechnology, and pharmaceuticals, also, includes banking and insurance knowledge. Switzerland was not the success story that it is today; in the late nineteenth century Switzerland was a poor nation and its major exports were mercenaries and emigrating citizens. By the early period of the twentieth century, Switzerland had emerged as an industrial nation of importance despite its small size. Switzerland was one of the richest nations in the postwar period and by the 1960 using some measures, Swiss per capita income was the highest in the world. The wealth of Switzerland is the outcome of national competitive advantage where there are shockingly numerous competitors in a wide range of advanced manufacturing and service industries and Switzerland a small nation was able to establish their competitive advantage over large nations and their competitors. The industrial success has allowed Swiss citizens to be employed at high wages and for many years the unemployment has affected...
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...BUSM4176 Introduction to management--Essay Due Date: 11:59PM on October 18, 2013 Student Number: s3428065 Student Name: Shuning Qu Contact Number: 0424698201 Workshop Time: Friday 9:30AM – 10:30AM Tutor Name: Joy Barrett Table of Contents Topic 3 Introduction 4 Gender Equality in Workplace 5 Conclusion: 11 References List: 12 Topic Gender equality in the workplace is still a major issue of concern in many countries, including Australia. What is it that makes this such an apparently impossible issue to resolve? Critically examine the implications, of this gender inequality, for efficient and effective work and management practices in companies today. Introduction Gender inequality issue originates from Christian ideology, which advocates traditional thought of “male superiority to female”. In the workplace, gender inequality causes unequal treatment between male and female employees, such as women are typically more difficult to get promotions than male; they do the same work as male but get paid less than men, they even suffer from other issues such as sexual harassment. Sexual harassment exists in most countries including Australia. As long as the society couldn’t reach to gender equality, people’s human rights will be threatened whether people in the workplace, or anywhere else. This essay introduces the histories and background of gender equality, and further examines the gender equality improvement in Australia, as well as the effects...
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...Individual Assessment Cover Sheet / Plagiarism Declaration Form This form must be completed and included with each assessment you submit for marking to the School. Although this assessment is submitted electronically, you must still complete and include this form with your assessment. | | | | | | |Student Number: |201413996 | | | | |Unit Code No.: |HOS201 | | | | |Unit Title: |Operation and Environmental Management | | | | |Assessment No.: |Individual essay ...
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