...BATTERY SAFETY AND OHMS LAW Battery Safety Basics- Do not overcharge or over-discharge. When the charger indicates that the batteries have been fully charged, you can remove them from the charger. Leaving batteries in a charger all night long or longer can cause them to be overcharged, which can result in battery failure (depending on the charger). Charging your battery over 4.25 volts can shorten its life-cycle and going over 4.5 volts can cause it to burst. Cease using your charger if this ever happens. Our recommendation on a good charger: Nitecore D2 Charger (2 Bay) or Nitecore D4 Charger (4 Bay) Efest LUC (2 Bay) Efest LUC (4 Bay) Efest Soda (2 Bay) Recharge batteries with a resting voltage below 3.6V as soon as possible. Leaving LiIon batteries in a discharged state will incur irreversible damage – creating a loss in capacity and a loss in cycles. Determining the exact voltage can be tricky, unless you have a Tank-O-Meter/Volt Meter. If you are building your own coils a Tank-O-Meter is great device to have because you can use it to test your coils and your batteries. Sure, you can always use a battery tester, but the majority of battery testers are not equipped for the types of batteries that are used in mods, or even test batteries under load condition. Do not short circuit your batteries. Short circuiting can cause a huge surge of current that will potentially burn out your battery, damage your mod, or even your face! Short circuits happen when the voltage...
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...experiment went. Introduction: ------------------------------------------------- The resistance of a material is the extent to which is oppose the flow of current. “Electronics for today or tomorrow, 2nd Edition, Tom Duncan, page 8” Where as conductors have low resistance and inductors have high resistance. Further more resistance is measures with ohms. The main concept of the experiment is to investigate the difference in the resistance when having several lengths of a wire. The reason why different lengths of a wire affect the resistance is because the length of the will is increased which will also make the resistance increase as well, therefore electrons will have a longer distance to travel. Because of this the length of a wire should be proportional to the resistance. Conductors are good metals of electricity because they have low resistance which is why electrons get away easily just by applying the voltage. Furthermore, the resistance of a wire and the length of the wire both increase but the thickness of the wire decreases at the same time. Moreover, thin wires have high resistance but thick wires have low resistance. Due to Ohm’s law which stated that the resistance of a wire id directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its thickness. Theory: The theory of this experiment is that the resistance R in the circuit of a component is given by this equatio n: V=IR Where as: * V is the...
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...EPE is. Arrange problem to solve for EPE: EPE= qv = 2C x 100,000,000 = 200,000,000 VC or 2E9J Page 454: one-step calculations #6 P = IV I = 10 A V = 120 V 10 A * 120 V = 1200W P = IV I = 10 A V = 120 V 10 A * 120 V = 1200W V = 120 V = 120 exercise #9 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Only #5 will work. Page 457: problems #3 C (current) = I P = IV to get current PI = 1200 W120 V 10 A I = 10 A Ohms Law V = IR VI = IRI = VI = R = 120 V10 A = 12 Ω C (current) = I P = IV to get current PI = 1200 W120 V 10 A I = 10 A Ohms Law V = IR VI = IRI = VI = R = 120 V10 A = 12 Ω P = 1200 W P = 1200 W V = 120 V = 120 HW. 3 3.1 Pg. 435 6. 2x106 1.6/3.2 10-10x10-4 Pg454 4. Power= 2w 5. 0.5x120= 60v Pg. 457 2. Resistance= 6 ohms Pg. 435 #4 me= 9.109x10-31 kg mE= 6x1024 kg q= 1.602x10-19 C E= 10000 vm F= qE F= 1.602x10-19 C x 10000 vm F= 1.602x10-15 N Fg= Gme mE r2 re= 6.4x106 m G= 6.67x10-11 Nm2kg2 Fg = 6.67x10-11 Nm2kg2 x 9.109x10^-31 kg x 6x10^24 kg (6.4x106 m)2= 8.89x10-30 N Pg. 454 #1 R= 15 Ω V= 120 V I=V/R I= 120 V15 Ω= 8 A Pg. 454 #2 R=90 Ω V=9 V I= V/R I= 9 V90 Ω= .1 A Pg. 454 #3 R=1000 Ω V=6 V I= V/R I= 6 V1000 Ω= .006 A Pg. 456 #44 The brightness of Bulb A will remain the same because the voltage of the battery will be equal to voltage of all bulbs...
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...Wire Resistance and Ohm’s Law PhET MiniLab Introduction: When an electrical potential exists in a circuit, a current may flow. Current is the flow of electrons in a circuit. Resistance in the circuit slows the flow of the electrons, reducing the current in the circuit. We will use the mathematical form of Ohm’s Law frequently when we investigate electric current and circuits later in this unit. Additional Material Needed: Clean Drinking Straw Procedure Part I Wire Resistance: • Blow through the drinking straw. • Cut the drinking straw in half and blow through a half-straw. • Describe the effect of length on ease to blow air through the straw. There is more resistance when the straw is longer. • Cut the halves again in half. • With the four pieces, blow through one, then blow through all four made into a larger, square-shaped straw. • Describe the effect of straw size (diameter) on ease to blow air through the straw. Less resistance • Now, open the PhET Simulation Electricity, Magnets, and Circuits ( Resistance in a Wire[pic] As wire length (cm) increases, the resistance (Ω) INCREASES As wire area (cm2) increases, the resistance (Ω) DECREASES As wire density (Ωcm) increases, the resistance (Ω) STAYS THE SAME Procedure Part II: Ohm’s Law: Electricity, Magnets, and Circuits ( Ohm’s Law [pic] mA is milliamps, and 1000 milliamps equals one Ampere. • Move the potential (volts) and resistance (ohms) sliders and observe the current (amps) As voltage increases...
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...EXPERIMENT 9: KIRCHOFF’S RULES Introduction Kirchhoff’s Law is defined through two separate components which are Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. These two laws are collinearly related through its total summation being which is equal to 0, except that for Kirchhoff’s Current Law having its variables to be of currents flowing into and outward a node (fig.1), and for Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law having its variables in terms of the drops and rises of its voltages in a closed loop (fig. 2). ∑▒I_in +∑▒I_out =0 Figure 1: Kirchhoff’s Current Law ∑▒V=0 Figure 2: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law For experiment 9 entitled Kirchhoff’s Rules, the activity hoped to exemplify and prove Kirchhoff’s Law in mainly one aspect of his law which...
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...Michelle Cameron-Bex Greg Berry Writing227 July 9, 2013 Ohm’s Law What is Ohm’s Law? Ohm’s Law is a law relating the voltage difference between two points, the electric current flowing between them, and the resistance of the path of the current. Mathematically, the law states that V = IR, where V is the voltage difference, I is the current in amperes, and R is the resistance in ohms. For a given voltage, higher resistance entails lower current flow. Where did it originate from? Ohm's Law comes from Georg Simon Ohm who was born in Bavaria in 1789. His father taught him philosophy, chemistry, mathematics and physics. In 1806 Ohm became a mathematics teacher in Switzerland. In 1811, Ohm received a doctorate from Erlangen and then became a mathematics lecturer. In 1820, he learned of Oersted's electromagnetism discovery, began experimenting with electricity, and convinced himself of what is now known as Ohm's law. In 1825, he published a paper that explains the decrease in electromagnetic force (The fundamental force associated with electric and magnetic fields), which is proportional to current, around a wire as its length is increased. He published two papers in 1826 that mathematically describe electrical conduction in circuits. In 1827 he published his famous book Die Galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet, which contains what we now know as Ohm's law. How is it used? Ohm's Law can be used to solve simple electrical circuits. A complete circuit is one which...
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...Name: _Amogh Prabhakar____________ Date: Oct. 10, 2014___ CP: _____ Virtual Circuit Lab Learning Goals: Students will be able to understand Ohm’s Law. Students will be able to see the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. Go to ⎝Battery-Resistor Circuit. Click on the green “Run Now” button. The simulation should look like the picture to the right. 1. Change the resistance and voltage. Observe what happens to the current. Note the relationship you observed between each of the following: (direct, inverse, none) a. resistance and current = _indirect_______________________ b. voltage and current = direct__________________________ Go to ⎝Ohm's Law. Click on the green “Run Now” button. The simulation should look like the picture to the right. 2. What is the current through a resistor with the following resistances? Let voltage = 6 V a. R = 100 ohms I = _60__ mA(current) b. R = 300 ohms I = 20____mA(current) 3. Now, determine the current through the wire with the following volts. Let resistance = 500 ohms a. Volts = 3 V I = 6___mA(current) b. Volts = 6V I = 12____mA(current) 4. Think about the formula (V=IR), does this make sense according to this formula? Explain! (Be sure to include the relationship between resistance and current, and the relationship between voltage and current in your answer) Yes, it...
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...Name: Date: 13.3 Ohm's Law A German physicist, Georg S. Ohm, developed this mathematical relationship, which is present in most circuits. This relationship is known as Ohm's law. This relationship states that if the voltage (energy) in a circuit increases, so does the current (flow of charges). If the resistance increases, the current flow decreases. Voltage (volts) Current (amps) = --------------------------------------------Resistance (ohms, ) To work through this skill sheet, you will need the symbols used to depict circuits in diagrams. The symbols that are most commonly used for circuit diagrams are provided to the right. If a circuit contains more than one battery, the total voltage is the sum of the individual voltages. A circuit containing two 6 V batteries has a total voltage of 12 V. [Note: The batteries must be connected positive to negative for the voltages to add.] If a toaster produces 12 ohms of resistance in a 120-volt circuit, what is the amount of current in the circuit? Given The resistance (R) is 12 ohms. The voltage (V) is 120 volts. Looking for The amount of current (I) in the circuit. Relationships V I = -R Solution 120 volts I = V = --------------------- = 10 amps -R 12 ohms The current in the toaster circuit is 10 amps. If a problem asks you to calculate the voltage or resistance, you must rearrange the equation I=V/R to solve for V or R. All three forms of the equation are listed below. V V II = V-V IR R R R I In this section...
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...resistance was observed as well as change in the applied voltage. The voltage versus the current was analyzed using ohms law it was predicted that if voltage across a resistor increases the current through the resistor will increase as well. Introduction While debating about the role of electric circuits in biological systems it was argued that a light bulb may not be a good model for biological electrical energy transfer. A light bulb is easy to observe difference in energy transfer rates by observing the change in brightness. However in order to give light it’s raised to temperature higher than biological systems. Instead a resistor was suggested to be a better model for biological systems because its transfers energy out of the electric circuit without extreme behavior of a bulb. To determine the similarities and difference between use of bulbs and resistors a graph is drawn depicting the relationship between the voltage across a light bulb to the current through the light bulb and then compared to a resistor. In the experiment testing was done to determine if a light bulb is a constant resistor and how its resistance changes with current changes. Prediction This experiment uses the concept of direct circuit to demonstrate ohms law. Ohms law gives the relationship between the current (I) that flows through a resistor and the voltage through it. Ohms law shows that voltage is directly proportional to...
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...------------------------------------------------- Ohm's law From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the law related to electricity. For other uses, see Ohm's acoustic law. V, I, and R, the parameters of Ohm's law. Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directlyproportional to the potential difference across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance,[1] one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship:[2] where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.[3] The law was named after the German physicist Georg Ohm, who, in a treatise published in 1827, described measurements of applied voltage and current through simple electrical circuits containing various lengths of wire. He presented a slightly more complex equation than the one above (see History section below) to explain his experimental results. The above equation is the modern form of Ohm's law. In physics, the term Ohm's law is also used to refer to various generalizations of the law originally formulated by Ohm. The simplest example of this is: where J is the current density at a given location in a resistive material, E is the electric...
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...Network Modes Zachary Gurley NTC\405 August 10, 2015 Bradley Rush Network Modes Throughout time, Ethernet has transformed computer systems into a network of computing devices with unlimited potential. Before the days of Ethernet, networking was not very effective or efficient. The only way to transfer data before this time was to go from device to device and manually move files. Definitely not what I would call a good means of transporting data compared to the ways of today. However, during those times, you had to work with what you had. All of this was done before Ethernet was an industry standard. However, more recently, people have utilized the potential of Ethernet to move frames or packets across a network. Because of Ethernets adequate performance, and superior economics, it won the heart of network administrators and most people using networking equipment. Today, Ethernet focuses on wired LAN technology and continues to grow in speed and sophistication. Despite Ethernet’s sophistication, its means of communication is done in a systematic manner. For instance, Ethernet sends data across a network in frames or packets. Data is wrapped in six layers of assembly which consist of first a Preamble, next a recipient MAC address, followed by a senders MAC address, length, (Data), Pad, and the cyclic redundancy checker for errors of missed packets. Lastly, but more importantly, the foundation of Ethernet are found at the physical and data link layer of the OSI model...
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...Ethernet Ethernet Switching Modes Michael Martin NTC/405 February 16, 2015 Ronald Bowell Ethernet Switching Modes Ethernet has transformed computer systems from isolated, solitary islands to a network of computing devices with limitless potential. Unfortunately, before Ethernet, network computing was administered solely by proto-geeks who wore white coats and pocket protectors. Previously, the best idea these so-called geeks came up with before Ethernet, was sneaker-net, which meant individuals had to save the files to a disk, lace up their tennis shoes and marched to the next computing device. All of this was done before Ethernet was an industry standard. However, more recently, geeks have utilized the potential of Ethernet to move frames or packets across a network. Ethernet invented and utilized in the 1990s focuses on a hybrid star bus (Meyers, 2009). Because of Ethernets adequate performance, and superior economics, it won the heart of network administrators and most people using networking equipment. Today, Ethernet focuses on wired LAN technology and continues to grow in speed and sophistication. Despite Ethernet’s sophistication, its means of communication is done in a systematic manner. For instance, Ethernet sends data across a network in frames or packets. Data is wrapped in six layers of assembly which consist of first a Preamble, next a recipient MAC address, followed by a senders MAC address, length, (Data), Pad, and the cyclic redundancy checker...
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...discussing the finer points of antenna theory with some friends. The next thing you know a fellow amateur interrupts you by throwing you a small neatly soldered resistor cube. This person then challenges you to find the resistance between any two diagonally opposite corners without using an ohmmeter. Problem: The resistor cube consists of 12 resistors, each having a value of exactly 1 ohm. What is the total resistance between the two diagonally opposite corners labeled A and H on the diagram below? Figure 1 Solution: There are many different approaches to solving this problem and I would encourage you to have a go at solving it for yourself before looking at the solutions I have presented. On the pages that follow I show two very different methods for solving this particular problem. The first method, which is a more generic method, uses loop equations and simultaneous equations to solve the problem. The second method is a very elegant solution and shows what can be achieved by using a totally different approach. It makes use of simple logical reasoning with some ohms law thrown in. Page 1 of 8 Solution 1 – Using Loop Equations The basic steps for solving this problem using loop equations are: 1. 2. 3. 4. Redraw the 3 dimensional resistive cube network in 2 dimensions. Draw all the loop currents in a clockwise direction and identify them. Write the equations for the voltage drops around each loop in turn. Solve the equations to find the unknown...
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... In an AC circuit in which the applied voltage signal is continually changing from a positive to a negative polarity at a rate determined by the frequency of the supply, as in the case of a sine wave voltage, for example. The capacitor is either being charged or discharged on a continuous basis at a rate determined by the frequency. As the capacitor charges or discharges, a current flows through it which is restricted by the internal resistance of the capacitor. This internal resistance is commonly known asCapacitive Reactance and is given the symbol XC in Ohms. Unlike resistance which has a fixed value, ie 100Ωs, 1kΩ, 10kΩ etc (this is because resistance obeys Ohms Law), Capacitive Reactance varies with frequency so any variation in frequency will have an effect on the capacitors, "capacitive reactance" value. As the frequency applied to the capacitor increases, its efrect is to decrease its reactance (measured in ohms). Likewise as the frequency across the capacitor decreases its reactance value increases. This variation is called the capacitorscomplex impedance. Complex impedance exists because the electrons in the form of an electrical charge on the capacitor plates, pass from one plate to the other more rapidly with respect to the varying frequency. As the frequency increases, the capacitor passes more charge across the plates in a given time resulting in a greater current flow through the capacitor appearing as if the internal resistance of the capacitor has decreased...
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...S.Y. 2014-2015 * TOPIC 6 * Ohms Law * Kirchhoff's Law * Direct Current Circuit * Current * A current (I) of electricity exists in region when a net electric charge is transported from one point to another in that region. * If a charge is transported through a given cross section of the wire in a time, then the current through the wire is I = q/t. * Where: q is in COULOMBS, t is in SECONDS and I is in AMPERES (1A = 1C/s). * BATTERY * A battery is a source of electrical energy. * If no internal energy losses occurs in the battery then the potential difference between its terminals is called the ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (emf) of the battery. * The unit for emf is the same as the unit for potential difference, the VOLT. * RESISTANCE * The resistance of wire or other object is a measure of the potential difference that must be impressed across the object to cause a current of one ampere to flow through it. * R = V/I * The unit of resistance is OHMS (Ω), 1Ω = 1V/A. * OHM’s LAW * Ohm’s Law originally contained two parts. * The defining equation for resistance, V = IR, also stated the R is a constant independent of V and I. * The relation V = IR can be applied to any resistor, where V is the potential difference between the two ends of the resistor, I is the current through the resistor, and R is the resistance of the resistor under those conditions. * GEORG SIMON OHM * 1787-1854 * A high school...
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