...During the 1990’s, incidents like Waco and Ruby Ridge caused a general disrespect in the AFT and FBI at the time. The agencies became criticized for their use of force during these engagements. However, the true consequences of Ruby Ridge and Waco will not be seen until 1995. The Oklahoma City Bombing, committed by Timothy McVeigh was in retaliation for the events at Waco. These events in the 90’s changed how law enforcement uses force against the public. The Ruby Ridge incident in 1992 resulted in an officer, a boy, and an unarmed mother deaths. Sammy Weaver and Kevin Harris were walking in the woods when they encountered a U.S. Marshal recon team. A firefight resulted, but who fired the first shot is still unknown. Randy Weaver prior to the siege already possessed a great distrust for the government, after being solicited into becoming an informant for the ATF. Following...
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...THE OKLAHOMA BOMBING CONSPIRACY The Oklahoma City bombing which occurred on April 19, 1995 has gone down in history as the worst domestic terror attack in the history of the United States. The attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building killed 168 people, including 19 children, and injured over 500 others. The front of the building was blown up with a fertilizer bomb hidden in a rented truck. Timothy McVeigh aged 33, a Persian Gulf War veteran, was responsible for the attack. He has since been convicted and was executed with Potassium Chloride injection on June 11, 2001 at the Federal penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana. Two other persons indicted in the case were Terry Nichols and Michael Fortier, friends of McVeigh and fellow veterans....
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...prepared for terrorist attacks for years. The terrorist events in the fall of 2001 put to test the extent to which the local, State, and Federal emergencies had in responding to emergency or disaster (Fema, 2004, p. 7). London bombings of 2005, Oklahoma City Bombings of 1995, and Centennial Olympic Park bombings of 1996 have challenged the effectiveness and efficiency of emergence services in the United Kingdom, and the U.S. London bombings on July 7, 2005 have revealed several serious emergency issues, which were similar to emergency issues in 1995 and 1996 in the United States. Terrorist acts seriously undermine the stability of any society. The role of emergency services is to provide victims and injured with full information and timely assistance. Critical accidents similar to Oklahoma or Olympic park bombings reveal the major emergency inconsistencies and failures. These failures are later evaluated and addressed in numerous after-action reviews. Emergency response to London bombings 2005 “Terrorists attacked London on 7 July 2005, claiming 52 innocent lives and injuring hundreds more. Many more people were affected by their experiences that day and in the days that followed” (Home Office Security, 2006). Emergency response to bombings was immediate and highly qualified, aimed at...
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...is known as domestic terrorism. This has been seen over the past decade in the form of violence and terrorism across the United States. This has become a threat to American security and the American people in general. To battle against this issue, Congress has upheld the Anti-Terrorism Act in 1996. One of the best examples on examining these acts of uproar can be viewed, seen and understood by studying the case of the Oklahoma bombing which occurred in 1996. Major newspaper headlines have also described the World Trade Center bombing, the Unabomber’s arrest and Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta as other major cases. All this demonstrates how sinister1 terrorism is in American society. This paper will explain background data on anarchy/terrorism, case studies including the Oklahoma bombing, government’s reaction toward terrorism. In addition terrorism now and the years coming. A number of terrorist attacks in the 1990s have brought the fear to the public, giving rise to vulnerability2 between many Americans. Most terrorist incidents in the United States have been bombing attacks, involving detonated and undetonated explosive devices, tear gas and pipe and fire bombs. The effects of terrorism can cause loss of life and injuries to property damage and disruptions in services such as electricity, water supply, public transportation and communications. The dictionary defines terrorism as “ n. the policy of using acts to inspiring terror as a method of ruling or of conducting political...
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...Morganne Rhine Tim Timmons US History II 11/27/12 The Oklahoma City Bombing This is a review of the book entitled Terrorist Attacks: The Oklahoma City Bombing by Geraldine Giordano. The author’s purpose is to inform the reader about the life of Timothy McVeigh, convicted bomber, the destructive plan, the actual bombing, the investigation of the case, and the aftermath. Giordano hooks the reader by implementing a very dramatic introduction of the events of that morning. “It was a day no one would soon forget” (Giordano 5). The first chapter is devoted to the life of Timothy McVeigh, his biographical information, and additional facts of interest to the reader, such as McVeigh and a friend bought 10 acres of land in New York and told their parents that they wanted to use the land for hunting. In reality, they planned to use the land as a survivalists’ bunker. It was surprising to learn that McVeigh wanted to be a Green Beret but failed the required psychiatric test. Chapter two is devoted to the alliance between McVeigh, Terry Nichols, and Michael Fortier. The author suggests that the Ruby Ridge incident and the Waco incident concerning the Branch Davidians were turning points for McVeigh. The author argues that the Murrah Building was targeted for several reasons. The first reason being that McVeigh knew the building contained several government offices and agencies. According to her, McVeigh believed that he could retaliate against those who were responsible...
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...Running Head: Impetus of the DHS 1 IMPETUS OF THE DHS-CASE STUDY 1 Impetus of the DHS 2 Prior to the 9/11 attacks, there were other terrorist events that took place on U.S. soil. Two of these were the Oklahoma City bombing and the World Trade Center bombings. Even though these attacks were devasting they did not have the same impact as the 9/11 attacks. The 9/11 attacks helped to lead to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The 9/11 attacks was the impetus for forming DHS because of an impulse. An impulse to enhance efforts to protect the United States. The essence of homeland security can be summed up in three words: prevent, protect, and respond. The ideal objective is to prevent terrorist attacks. It was also desirable that potential targets of terrorism are not left completely vulnerable to attack, that protection is increased to the fullest extent possible. When 9/11 happened it finally put the boot in America’s behind that something had to be put into place to protect Americans and the U.S. Prior to 9/11, the Oklahoma City bombing and the World Trade Center bombings caused devastation for many but did not have the same impact as 9/11. I think this is because they were smaller events and the individuals guilty of these attacks were caught after a complete investigation. Once these events happened the government and police got right into investigating...
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...Oklahoma City Bombing: 1995 Mary Kate Hudson EMGT 616 – Spring 2015 A rental truck was filled with improvised explosive devices and was left in front of a busy federal building in Oklahoma City. The aftermath of the explosions left over 150 people dead and many more severely injured. This was the worst case of domestic terrorism that the country had seen to date. Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building The Murrah building was named after an Oklahoma federal judge Alfred P. Murrah. It was designed and created in March of 1977 out of reinforced concrete (Locke). The building had nine floors that contained 16 federal buildings including the Social Security Administration, Secret Service, Drug Enforcement Administration, Alcohol, Tobacco,...
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...Muslims may be the victims themselves. THE ISSUES AND WHO ARE INVOLVED The world has been plagued by terrorism, especially so over the past decade and this has led to widespread discrimination against Muslims. This is due to the fact that many of the terrorist acts were carried out by terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiah whose members are mainly of Muslim religion. However, there are much overlooked facts such as majority of the Muslims are actually not involved in those terrorist acts and some of the Muslims may even be victims of those terrorist acts themselves. One example of discrimination against Muslims would be the Oklahoma City bombing incident executed by Timothy McVeigh, an American, whereby Muslims were suspected for the bombing even before investigations started. Another would be the very recent French study led by David Laitin of Stanford University in California which shows that Muslims in European countries are more likely to be unemployed compared to people of other religions. Thus, such unreasonable discrimination against the Muslims has made me come to a decision to write about this topic as I feel that it is unfair for Muslims to be stereotyped just because of a few groups of terrorists who share the same religion as them. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR US TO TALK ABOUT IT In the second example stated above, discrimination against the Muslims in...
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...EDM501 Domestic Terrorism TUI University Summer 2015 Select one of the following events/person: the 1993 World Trade Center Bombing, the Oklahoma City Bombing, the Unabomber, the Centennial Olympic Park Bombing, 2001 Anthrax Attacks, or the Fort Hood Attack. * Explain the following: * What was the target/s? * Why was it selected? * What tactics were used? * What tools were used? * What were the expectations? * What were the outcomes of the events; e.g., media coverage, public acceptance, goals achieved? * What vulnerabilities were recognized and mitigated after the event? Or, were they? What was the target/s? In 1993, a massive truck bomb ripped a hole almost 30 meters (100 feet) across the B-2 level of the parking garage beneath the World Trade Center's North Tower. The blast wave was so powerful that it penetrated five stories of the reinforced concrete building. In addition to causing structural damage, the explosion destroyed or heavily damaged hundreds of vehicles in the garage. That such a powerful explosion killed only six people is nothing short of a miracle, for the attackers had a goal of much more. On the morning of February 26th, 1993 World Trade Center was the target of a terrorist bombing when a truck bomb was detonated below the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The bomb was intended to knock the North Tower into the South Tower, bringing both towers down and killing thousands of people....
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...Public Relations Cases This collection of contemporary international public relations case studies is an invaluable resource for teachers, researchers and students working in public relations, corporate communications and public affairs, as well as offering practitioners an indepth understanding of the effective use of public relations in a range of organizational contexts. Including cases from the UK, Norway, Sweden, Spain, South Africa, Canada and the USA, with a focus on such global corporations as Shell, BBC America, Worldcom, PriceWaterhouseCoopers and Marks & Spencer, it offers important insights into the development of public relations and communications strategies. These include: • • • • • • • • Corporate identity change and management Global reputation management Crisis management in the oil, shipping and tourism industries Developing strategic alliances between voluntary and private sector organizations Public relations support for international branding and market entry The importance of internal communications during international mergers The integration of public relations and marketing communications Business-to-business communication The cases examined in this book demonstrate the breadth of contemporary public relations practice and the increasing importance of the public relations function in both public and private sector organizations worldwide. Danny Moss is Co-Director of the Centre for Corporate and Public Affairs at the Manchester Metropolitan University...
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...Lone Wolf Terrorism Introduction Problem background and significance In the United States terrorism incidents such as the attack in 1995 in Oklahoma by Timothy McVeigh and the September 11th attack in 2001, have led to the realization that lone wolf terrorism posses a grave threat to the safety of the public. Terrorism analysts and law enforcement authorities have insisted that it is hard to spot lone terrorists before they strike and this is of great threat to the security of a nation. From FBI information it is evident that lone terrorism trends indicate that it is an ongoing risk both in side the United States and outside the country (Risen & Johnston, 2003) In 2003 the director of the FBI stated that there was an increased threat from persons who are affiliated or sympathetic with the Al Qaeda and they act without having any conspiracies surrounding them or external support. Scholars in the field of terrorism have in the past concentrated on the how terrorist groups work so as to explain how individuals work. The general view of terrorism is that it is a group activity which is mainly influenced by leaders training, recruitment, obedience and conformity, solidarity and moral disengagement. Due to the imbalance that exists between the focus by scholars on terrorism that is group based on one hand and apparent threat posed by lone wolf terrorist on the other hand, necessitates the empirical and conceptual analysis of lone wolf terrorism so as to establish a good understanding...
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...CASE STUDY PAPER 1 Kid Killers: Delinquency Theories Arache Lotfalian UMUC CCJS 350 Professor Donovan 11/29/2012 CASE STUDY PAPER 2 In the middle class suburban town of Littleton, near Denver Colorado, a 17 year old murderous fantasy is beginning to take shape. Eric Harris and a friend known as “Vulcan” or “V” intend to commit an act so violent that it will secure their place in history. The following is an expert from Harris’s Journal, mastermind behind the Columbine Shooting: “Sometime in April next year, me and “V” will get revenge, kick natural selection up a few notches. If we’ve learned anything about the art of making pipe bombs, we’ll set hundreds of them around roads, bridges, buildings, and gas stations; anything that will cause damage and chaos. It will be like the L.A. riots, Oklahoma City bombings, WWII, Vietnam, Duke and Doom all mixed together. I want to leave a lasting impression on the world.” One year later on April the 20th 1999, Eric Harris and another Columbine student, Dylan Klebold, committed the worst High School massacre in American history. They killed twelve students and one teacher; injured twenty three others and then turned the guns on themselves (Avila, 2000). Immediately following the mass shootings, media, sociologists and criminologists set about the difficult task of discovering the motives of the killers and answering the question of whether or not problems within society allowed this to happen....
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...these dangers include: death, stress, physical damage to the body, mental damage to the mind and various health issues. One danger for police officers that which seem to be rising over the years is that police officers are being killed by perpetrators. According to statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 72 officers were killed by perpetrators in 2011, a 25% increase from the previous year and a 75% increase from 2008. The 2011 deaths were the first time that more officers was killed by suspects than car accidents, according to data compiled by the International Association of Chiefs of Police. The number was the highest in nearly two decades, excluding those who died in the September 11 attacks in 2001 and the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 (Schmidt & Goldstein, 2012, para. 5&6). Officers have come to realize that when they go out to do their job, there...
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...where marijuana can be obtained by patients with debilitating medical conditions such as cancer, Aids, and multiple sclerosis. The Arizona Department of Health Services plans to issue about 125 certificates to people who are interested in running medical-marijuana dispensaries. Legalization of the herb is a starting point for getting the medicinal help to the ones in need but there are also numerous issues. There is evidence that marijuana can relieve certain types of pain, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms caused by such illnesses as multiple sclerosis, cancer and AIDS. Several recent studies, including the one from the Scripps Research Institute, shows that TCH, the chemical in marijuana responsible for the high, can help slow the progress of Alzheimer’s disease. (In fact, it seems to block the formation of disease-causing plaques better than several mainstream drugs.) Other studies have shown THC to be very effective antinausea treatment for people for whom conventional medications aren’t working. Medical cannabis has also shown promise relieving pain in patients with multiple sclerosis and reducing intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients. Marijuana has also been known to help with such diseases as seizures, migraines, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), ADHD and helps minimize symptoms of crohn’s disease as it stops nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea. There is evidence, however, that frequent marijuana use can seriously affect a person’s short term memory, impair...
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...Abstract Global terrorism would appear to be the curse of our modern society. Turn on any television and world news will be reporting on an act of terror or its consequences. Prime examples of this include the destruction of the World Trade Centre, the bombing of the Underground system in London, the Mumbai nightclub bombings to name but a few of the more prominent events over the last decade. These acts have crystallized the focus of public attention to ensure that the topic of terrorism will remain high on the global political agenda for many years to come. However, terrorism is not a new phenomenon. On a global scale, terrorism has been alive and well for many decades. What has changed is the emergence of the global financial market and the modus operendi of the modern day terrorist groups. A terrorist act of sinking a crude oil carrier in the Straits of Hormuz for example, could have a direct impact on the price of crude oil and petroleum on the world market, to say nothing of shipping carrier prices and maritime insurance. Like ripples in a pond, the act would have far reaching consequences. Quantifying terrorism has now become an important tool both for the financial sectors 9who use it predominantly for insurance based risk analysis and also for government bodies who could use it for spotting emerging trends in terrorism and therefore investing in anti and counter terror procedures. So why might it be difficult to quantify terrorism? This paper attempts to answer...
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