...ultimately responsible for everything including evil as stated inIsa.45:7 "I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and createevil: I the Lord do all these things". In the Bible, the story of Jobillustrates that according to specific Christian beliefs, all have sinnedand fallen short of the perfection of God (Romans 3:23), and because we arenot perfect and commit sin, the punishment is mortality. Many religious andphilosophical traditions agree that evil behavior itself is a transgressionthat results from the imperfect human condition. The doctrine of originalsin, as articulated by Saint Augustine's interpretation of Saint Paul,provides that the fall caused a fundamental change in human nature, so thatall descendants of Adam are born in sin, "For all have sinned and fall shortof the glory of God" and can only be redeemed by divine grace. Sacrifice wasthe only means by which humanity could be redeemed after the Fall andbecause "God so loved the world that he sent his only son (Jesus Christ whowas without sin and died on the cross as the ultimate redemption for the sinof humankind) that whoever believes in him should not perish, but haveeverlasting life".Evil has also been an important aspect to the existence of free willand human agency. Others argue that evil itself is ultimately based in anignorance of truth (i.e. human value, sanctity, divinity). A variety ofEnlightenment thinkers have alleged the opposite, by suggesting that evil islearned as a consequence of tyrannical...
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...WORLD RELIGIONS – REL 212 World Religions | | | HINDUISM & JAINISMWEEK 2 | | Cosmogony - Origin of the Universe | Hinduism-No founder and no starting point. Jainism- Founder Mahavira 500 B.C | Nature of God/Creator | Hinduism-Vishnu, Brahma, Shiva, Many Gods Jainism-No Gods worship Siddha, Mukta | View of Human Nature | Hinduism-Birth, death, re-births Jainism-All things have souls but to achieve liberation you have to have human form. | View of Good & Evil | Hinduism-Balancing act between order & chaos. Jainism-Remove all Karma to end the cycle and to become Mukti. | View of Salvation | Hinduism-Dharma the way of life but the goal is liberation. Jainism-Removing Karma from the soul | View of After Life | Hinduism-Not permanent. It’s a cycle of birth, death and rebirth that allows the soul to recuperate. Jainism-Believes in cycling through birth and rebirth. | Practices and Rituals | Hinduism-Ritual to engage the senses of both devotee & the Gods. Jainism-Through their rituals their beliefs and values are expressed. | Celebrations & Festivals | Hinduism-Maha, Shivararti, Holi, Ram Navami Jainism-Do not allow pageantry in their festivals, due to emphasis on self discipline. | Week 2 - Sources | | | | | | | | | | BUDDHISMWEEK 3 | | Cosmogony - Origin of the Universe | Was taught as an alternative to the ritual oriented Brahamanism of India. | Nature of God/Creator | Teaches us that there is no personal God. Liberation...
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...WORLD RELIGIONS – REL 212 World Religions HINDUISM & JAINISM WEEK 2 Cosmogony Origin of the Universe Hinduism and Jainism cosmogony origin of the universe is that there isn’t no specific origin or founder. Nature of God/Creator The Gods are in male and female form and represent many different things. View of Human Nature Hinduism and Jainism: Karma is what comes around goes around. View of Good & Evil Hinduism and Jainism: Good actions have a good effect and bad actions have a bad effect. “Karma”. View of Salvation Hinduism and Jainism salvation is called Moksha. It’s when an enlightened human being is freed from the cycle of lifeanddeath and comes into a state of completeness. And the Jainism salvation is achieved through three cycles right belief, right knowledge, and right conduct. Hinduism and Jainism: Samsara reincarnation is taught that the soul leaves the dead body and enters a new body. They believe in the rebirth and reincarnation of the souls. Jainism following liberation one’s jiva ascends to the apex of the universe to join the other siddhas. One can ascend to a heavenly realm due too good karmas accrued but must return to a human incarnation in order to achieve final liberation. Hinduism and Jainism: Practices (both): Praising the Cow called “The Cow is our Mother, for she gives us her milk.” Worship with fire, yoga, sacred chants, verbal formulas, and sacred actions. Worship deity images, pictures and sculptures...
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...What is evil? “Evil” is defined in the dictionary as “morally bad” or “causing harm or injury to someone” (Merriam-Webster). Is this really what evil is? Is there only one source of evil or are there many? Could evil be something that people choose, or are people born that way? Is it possible that evil could be connected to someone’s environment, genetics, and spiritual beliefs? Recent events such as the terrorist attacks in Paris show that there really is evil in the world.Experiments like Milgrim’s and Stanford is prime evidence that evil can be chosen and that it can’t just be blamed on physical defects. Through examining these various theories of “evil” and the memoir Night, we can see that evil is a very complex issue and that it can come from more than one thing such as physical defects, the way someone is raised/the environment they are in, and lastly...
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...Chapter IV. Doctrine of Knowledge Problems of Epistemology The first philosophical problem confronted by Augustine after his conversion was the problem of knowledge in a twofold perspective. * Whether we know the truth. * How we know the truth. The first response to the first problem is a severe critique of skepticism. His response to the second problem is the doctrine of illumination, which substituted the platonic doctrine of the reminiscence and which the Aristotelian doctrine of abstraction. A. CRITIQUE OF SCEPTICISM: MAN KNOWS TRUTH * Augustine shows that man can know the truths with firmness, such as his principle of non contradiction and of course his own existence. No one can doubt his own existence, because the doubt itself is the proof of existence. Meaning how a person will doubt something that doesn’t exist, everything that is doubted it is existing. When one doubted something meaning he doubts an existing object. * “I am most certain” St. Augustine states, “of my being, knowing and loving; nor do I fear the arguments against these truths of the academics, who say, ‘and what you deceive yourself ‘if I deceive myself that means that I am, I exist. Certainly he who does not exist cannot deceive himself; if I deceive myself then through this very fact I am. Since I exist, from the moment in which I deceive myself, how can I deceive myself about my being when I am certain that I am, through the fact itself that I deceive myself? Therefore...
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...1INDIGENOUS | The term indigenous is a generalized reference to the thousands of small scale societies who have distinct languages, kinship systems, mythologies, ancestral memories and homelands. These societies comprise more than 200 million people throughout the planet today. | Origin of All Things | Most indigenous peoples have creation stories where they believe the Creator or Great Father in the Sky made the earth, the animals and all humans. | Nature of God/Creator | Many believe that they have lost touch or even forgotten about a Creator that their ancestors knew, but disobeyed. They believe the dark gods of the spirit world are the ones to be afraid of or to placate. Thus they believe that the Creator God, if there is one, is distant, removed and angry with them. | View of Human Nature | Humans are often seen as lost or wandering from a true path that was lost to the ancestors long ago. Humans are seen as capable of good or bad and under the influence of curses, vows, incantations, or evil spirits. In this sense, they may be animistic. Many have a special shaman or witch doctor who is supposed to help them connect to the spirit world. | View of Good & Evil | Good and evil are seen as forces that compete for dominance in a person and in the world. Sometimes there is an ethnocentric idea that ‘our’ group is the good one and all outsiders are ‘bad’. This idea can lead to wars and conflicts. | View of Salvation | The idea of the path or the way or a lifeway...
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...Evil, Christianity, and Saint Augustine Sammy Hoag Philosophy 202 Dr. Ryan Murphy December 2015 What is evil? This ‘problem of evil’ and the existence of evil have plagued the minds of people throughout the centuries. It has been one on the most sought after inquiries and one of the most vexing challenges to Christianity, in explaining the existence of God. Many philosophers and thinkers, both secular and Christian, have endeavored to solve this problem. One of the most notable of whom is Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430). He is perhaps one of the most influential philosophers in the history of the Christian Church. Augustine spent much of his life trying to solve this ‘problem of evil’ and it proved to be quite an undertaking. This paper will explore the problem of evil and argue how Saint Augustine solidified the ways in which philosophy and religion, specifically Christianity, coincide through his work on the concepts of the problem of and the origin of evil. Understanding the problem of evil is essential to everyone because it affects the manner in which life is lived. Whether defending a belief in God or trying to share those beliefs with others everyone will encounter the problem of evil at some point. According to Ed Miller and Jon Jensen, authors of Questions that Matter:...
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...WORLD RELIGIONS – REL 212 World Religions | | | HINDUISM & JAINISMWEEK 2 | | Cosmogony - Origin of the Universe | Hinduism: Brahma: Birth of the universe, Vishnu life of the universe, Shiva: Destruction of the universe.P.87,89Jainism-Universe has no beginning or end has no creator or destroyer. P.124 | Nature of God/Creator | Hinduism: Cycles, Brahman the supreme spirit.Jainism: God is not the creator, no such thing as a heavenly father. Do not believe in Gods and demons. P.124 | View of Human Nature | Hinduism: Karma-Means action and the consequences of action. Every act we make, every thought and every desire we have shapes our future experiences. P.Jainism: Until it frees itself from karma the mundane soul wanders through the universe in an endless cycle of deaths and re-births. P.125 | View of Good & Evil | Hinduism: Good, light, balance, order virtue; Evil: darkness, impurity, imbalance, selfishness.Jainism: Karma: Minute particles that accumulate as we act and think. P.123 | View of Salvation | Hinduism: Moksha-The liberation from the cycle of life and death and become one with God. P101Jainism: | View of After Life | Hinduism: Samsara-Cycle of death and rebirth ends when the soul realizes it’s true nature P.101Jainism: Believe we are born again and again until we free ourselves of samsara. P.133 | Practices and Rituals | Hinduism: Birth, name giving, time of conception, braiding of pregnant mother’s hair, birth, starting education, beginning...
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...Religion | Origin of All Things | Nature of God | View of Human Nature | View of Good and Evil | View of “Salvation” | View of After Life | Practices and Rituals | Celebrations and Festivals | Week 2 Hinduism and Jainism | Ohm – an inert void of being and non being. From this void a desire was born to create beings. | God perceived in three ways. Brahman (residing everywhere) Antaryami (residing within) and Bhagavan (residing outside, beyond) | Karma – the moral law in which the cycle of birth-death-rebirth (reincarnation) takes place, giving opportunities to escape the limitations of life and death. | Doesn't recognize “sin” , views good and evil from the principle of karma. | Moksha – when an enlightened person is freed from the reincarnation cycle and comes into a state of completeness. | Doesn't punish or reward the souls, but reminds them of the true purpose of their existance before returning to earth to continue living. | Many practices center on fulfilling the duties associated with social position: brahmacharga (learning), grastha (worldy pursuits) vanaprastha (focus on spirithood) and sanngasu (contemplation) | Montly celbrations include: Saravati Puja, Maha Shiva Ratri, Holi, Rama Navami, Hanuman Jayanti, RathaYatra, Raksha Bandhana, Janmashtami, Ganesha Chaturthi, Durga Puja, Dussehra, Diwali | Week 3 Buddhism | Doesn't believe in a beginning, says the origin of all things is inconceivable...
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...The Problem Of Evil There are many events throughout the world that occur, that we cannot explain. The evils that exist are moral and non-moral evils. The moral evils that exist are poverty, oppression, persecution, war and injustice. The non-moral evils that occur frequently but not usually on a daily basis are earthquakes, hurricanes, storms, flood, drought, and blight (philosophy. Lander.edu/intro/hick.stml). These evils happen with thousands of people dying daily for no reason. The problem of evil is a touchstone of any religion. The direct confrontation with evil results in suffering, and thus endless questions about the meaning of life. That is why all religions have to give a proper answer regarding the origin, nature and end of evil (www.comparativreligion.com/evil.html). Many people think these occurrences are evil and why does God allow them to happen. To believe in God is difficult because of all of the evil that he allows. This is because many evils (for example, the suffering of children) seem to serve no justifiable purpose. Therefore, these kinds of evils count against the existence of God. These evils are called gratuitous (or pointless) evils. (http://www.equip.org/articles/addressing-the-problem-of-evil-). The pointless evils that exist show that God may not exist. The different religions of the world justify that a God does exist. Many religions of the world believe that you cannot have good without evil because it helps to keep things balanced...
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...Worldview of Hinduism 1. The Origin of Hinduism. The beliefs of a Hindu can be very confusing with the question of origin, because they believe in so many different God’s and there are so many different sects. What unifies the sects though is the worship of Braham. It would be my guess that they believe that Brahma, the creator God, Is what brought them into existence. The Origin of Identity.To a Hindu all forms of living beings are a manifestation of God. They do not see themselves above animals or even plants. They belief that because animals and plants give them sources of food that they should be worshipped. The Question of Meaning/Purpose There are 4 goals in life for a Hindu. To have pleasure, wealth, harmony, and liberation. The first two consume each person because it causes suffering. The other two fulfill them. The concept of Salvation is to overcome the evil desires (pleasure and wealth) and achieve the last two to become moksha (the release of the evil). The Question of Morality Like the previous question they strive to be moksha. They have to release all the evil doings and wrongs to get there. They live through practices, yoga, and correcting living, dharma. Once they achieve these then they have a more desirable reincarnation. The Question of Destiny. Hindus believe in reincarnation which is where after the present body is dead it goes into a new body. Depending how they are in their former life will determine what kind of life they have next. This can include...
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...Oral Roberts University SUPERIORITY AND BLURRED LINES: An observation of the themes communicated in major DC Comics storylines Joshua Gallego Philosophy of Science HONR 102 Dr. Ken Weed/Dr. Samuel Thorpe March 13, 2014 Introduction Superheroes are part of an American upbringing. Stories of persons with capabilities that far exceed that of the human race are popular and appealing to our youth and even to many adults. Entertainment in general pervades the American culture, and this specific type of entertainment dealing with superheroes is of considerable size and has been a constant for several decades. Images of Superman, Captain America and many others are immediately recognized when seen. The entertainment value of these fictitious tales has caused the companies that own them to expand into creating computer games and producing movies, which has made them even more visible. It is considered weird if a person does not even know the basic story of these costumed figures. The adventures, stories, and even lives of these fictions have become a part of the American Psyche. Throughout the course of this semester, discussion in the Philosophy of Science class has led to topics such as the paradigms and presuppositions that we approach our world from and the metaphors that we use to communicate ideas and concepts. Such discussion has led to the asking of questions concerning things that we encounter in everyday circumstances. Questions like “What are the presuppositions...
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...approach to thinking. When Augustine writes about the Manicheans, he tends to focus on their materialism, substantive dualism, and their identification of the human soul as a particle of the Light. These three key qualifications from Platonism provide Augustine with a philosophical framework for both the medieval and modern periods. In the Confessions, Augustine gives his most extensive discussion of the books of the Platonists. In the Confessions, he makes clear that his previous thinking was dominated by common- sense materialism. It was the books of the Platonists that first made it possible for him to conceive the possibility of a non-physical substance. It did provide him however with a non- Manichean solution to the problem of the origin of evil. In addition, the books of the Platonists provided him with a framework where he plotted the human condition. According to Augustine the framework for Platonists can account for the difficulties with which life brings about to us, in the same aspect it offers a theory that the highest ethical goal is happiness and personal well- being. In this account, Augustine is talking about intent, not about the different types of materialism of the Stoics and Manicheans. The key thoughts of the Neoplatonic ontology are both the resoluteness of its promise and the brilliance with which it complements the world of visible appearances. In the books of the Platonists, Augustine encountered an ontology in which there is a fundamental divide...
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...comic’s books and Hollywood movies. Scholars often conduct researches to define and analyze pieces of art to check its methodological features in terms of form and content. In this humble research we will try to shed the light on the aspects of mythology in batman as a superhero and a legend taking the dark knight trilogy as an example to examine how mythology is represented in this masterpiece by the brilliant director Christopher Nolan. The dark knight trilogy consists of 3 movies: batman begins (2005), the dark knight (2008) and the dark knight rises (2012). The three of them was directed by the filmmaker Christopher Nolan and were inspired from the batman character created by Bob Kane. ``Batman Begins`` movie was basically about the origin of the batman legend as a force of good in Gotham city. In the light of his parents tragic robbery murder (Bruce Wayne) took a journey around the globe looking for meaningful values and tools to fight injustice and criminals. He was taken in by a strange instructor called Ducard and taught him how to become a ninja in what is named the League of Shadows after that he came back to Gotham and uncover his masked crusader (Batman) in order to start fighting gangsters to end their rule in his native city streets. In the second movie ``the dark knight`` batman continues cleaning up street from the organized crime this time. The emergence of Gotham's new district attorney Harvey Dent with his determination to destroy the higher rings of crime...
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...heard those superstitions, but did you ever wonder who made them up? Many famous superstitions such as the one about black cats originated in early Christianity or in Ancient times. In Ancient Egypt, people believed in mythical gods. One of those gods was a black female cat named Bastet, and since Christians were trying to get rid of other religions, black cats and their owners were burned. After many years, black cats were thought to have another meaning - evil. They were believed to have supernatural powers of evil and be associated with witches and demons. People believed that if any black cat crossed your path, this was a sign that the devil was thinking about you and blocking your way to Heaven. Many years ago, it was proven that black cats weren’t evil, but to this day people still try to avoid having a black cat cross their path. Although it seems unfair to have bad luck for a day just because a black cat crossed your path, did you know that you can have bad luck for seven years if a mirror is broken? The origin of this superstition is quite old. In Ancient times, it was believed that a mirror was a sign of the Egyptian gods. Mirrors were believed to hold a lot of power, therefore if one was broken; disaster would strike and...
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