...machines as they are mind amplification tools (“bicycles for the mind,” as Steve Jobs is fond of saying) and a different kind of expressive medium. As a result, the tools are beginning to look less like machines and more like parts of our minds, and also like other forms of expression such as writing, painting, sculpture, animation, and filmmaking. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is part of this movement toward using the computer as an expressive medium. This chapter will introduce you to the basic concepts of OOP, including an overview of development methods. This chapter, and this book, assumes that you have some programming experience, although not necessarily in C. If you think you need more preparation in programming before tackling this book, you should work through the Thinking in C multimedia seminar, downloadable from www.MindView.net. This chapter is background and supplementary material. Many people do not feel comfortable wading into object-oriented programming without understanding the big picture first. Thus, there are many concepts that are introduced here to give you a solid overview of OOP. However, other people may not get the big picture concepts until they’ve seen some of the mechanics first; these people may become bogged down and lost without some code to get their hands...
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...v _ __________________________________________________________________________ Preface No programming technique solves all problems. No programming language produces only correct results. No programmer should start each project from scratch. Object-oriented programming is the current cure-all — although it has been around for much more then ten years. At the core, there is little more to it then finally applying the good programming principles which we have been taught for more then twenty years. C++ (Eiffel, Oberon-2, Smalltalk ... take your pick) is the New Language because it is object-oriented — although you need not use it that way if you do not want to (or know how to), and it turns out that you can do just as well with plain ANSI-C. Only object-orientation permits code reuse between projects — although the idea of subroutines is as old as computers and good programmers always carried their toolkits and libraries with them. This book is not going to praise object-oriented programming or condemn the Old Way. We are simply going to use ANSI-C to discover how object-oriented programming is done, what its techniques are, why they help us solve bigger problems, and how we harness generality and program to catch mistakes earlier. Along the way we encounter all the jargon — classes, inheritance, instances, linkage, methods, objects, polymorphisms, and more — but we take it out of the realm of magic and see how it translates into the things we have known and...
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...www.kbcafe.com OOP Concepts by Example by Randy Charles Morin Of late, I have been writing very narrow focused articles that explain how to accomplish this or that task. Many of you have changed your questions from the narrow focus of how-to questions to broader theorectical questions. One question I got lately that intrigue me was to explain the concepts of OOPs showing C++ examples. Let's start by laying down some ground work. I assume that you are familar with the following OOP concepts; classes, objects, attributes, methods, types. If not, then this article might not be in your realm. I'd suggest starting with the basic concepts of C++ before you attempt to understand the more indepth concepts that I'll be discussing in this article. When we speak of OOP concepts, the conversation usually revolves around encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. This is what I will attempt to describe in this article. Inheritance Let us start by defining inheritnace. A very good website for finding computer science definitions is http://www.whatis.com. The definitions in this article are stolen from that website. Definition: Inheritance Inheritance is the concept that when a class of object is defined, any subclass that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes. This means for the programmer that an object in a subclass need not carry its own definition of data and methods that are generic to the class (or classes) of which it is a part. This not only...
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...but also the types of operations (functions) that can be applied to the data structure. In this way, the data structure becomes an object that includes both data and functions. In addition, programmers can create relationships between one object and another. For example, objects can inherit characteristics from other objects. One of the principal advantages of object-oriented programming techniques over procedural programming techniques is that they enable programmers to create modules that do not need to be changed when a new type of object is added. A programmer can simply create a new object that inherits many of its features from existing objects. This makes object-oriented programs easier to modify. There are five characteristics of OOP such as below. Class & Object – Allow programmer to look at a system in a whole different way. Encapsulation – Encapsulation is capturing data and keeping it safely and securely from outside interfaces. Inheritance - This is the process by which a class can be derived from a base class with all features of base class and some of its own. This increases code reusability. Polymorphism - This is the ability to exist in various forms. For example an operator can be overloaded so as to add two integer numbers and two floats. Abstraction - The ability to represent data at a very conceptual level without any details. We are going to describe and solve two problems using Encapsulation. First we need to define what encapsulation is. The term...
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...OOPS Concept with Real-world example Introduction OOP is Nothing but Object Oriented Programming.According to Wikipedia, Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. OOPs have following features 1. Object - Instance of class 2. Class - Blue print of Object 3. encapsulation - Protecting our data 4. polymorphism - Different behaviors at diff. instances 5. abstraction - Hidding our irrelavance data 6. inheritence - one property of object is aquring to another property of object 1. Object Basically an object is anything that is identifiable as an single material item. You can see around and find many objects like Camera, Monitor, Laptop etc. In OOP perspective, an object is nothing but an instance of a class that contains real values instead of variables 2. Class A class is a template definition of the methods and variables for a particular kind of object. In other words, class is the blue print from which an individual objects are created. every human has eye ,so eyecolor can be considered as the property of human being which can be encapsulted as a data in our class Human class Human { private: EyeColor IColor; NAME personname; }; Consider object of class of Human myhuman; we want set myhuman's name as "linto" and IColor as "black", For that we want methods to do that task. So need methods...
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...BLUE AND RED HERP DERP Oops … she did it again! Britney Spears has found herself smack dab in the middle of another controversy pertaining to her photo spread in the December issue of Lucky, which hit the web on Friday. "The X Factor" judge dons several different relatively conservative outfits in the mag and reveals some of her fashion secrets — for example, she hates socks. While the whole thing seems pretty innocuous, there's been a big backlash from her fans, who are complaining that the entertainer seems to be wearing a bad wig in pictures that appear to be heavily retouched. [Related: Stars Without Photoshop] In the photos, the 30-year-old singer's hairline does look lower than usual and her part is in a different spot. The texture of her locks also seems different — it's much fuller and more unnatural looking than what we see when she's seated at the judges' table, prompting rumors that she's wearing a wig or some type of a weave. One fan even tweeted at the mag, "Did @britneyspears even show up for the photoshoot or did you just photoshop her face on a body[?]" To us, Spears' tresses scream Kim Zolciak — and we all know that "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" star is all about the wigs. [Related: Kim Zolciak Wigs Out] In the Lucky interview, Spears also talks about her issues dealing with acne, but you can't see a single mark on her face in the pics. While magazines are known for retouching, fans found this to be an "extreme" example with some saying she looks "unrecognizable...
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...sfsBLUE AND RED HERP DERP Oops … she did it again! Britney Spears has found herself smack dab in the middle of another controversy pertaining to her photo spread in the December issue of Lucky, which hit the web on Friday. "The X Factor" judge dons several different relatively conservative outfits in the mag and reveals some of her fashion secrets — for example, she hates socks. While the whole thing seems pretty innocuous, there's been a big backlash from her fans, who are complaining that the entertainer seems to be wearing a bad wig in pictures that appear to be heavily retouched. [Related: Stars Without Photoshop] In the photos, the 30-year-old singer's hairline does look lower than usual and her part is in a different spot. The texture of her locks also seems different — it's much fuller and more unnatural looking than what we see when she's seated at the judges' table, prompting rumors that she's wearing a wig or some type of a weave. One fan even tweeted at the mag, "Did @britneyspears even show up for the photoshoot or did you just photoshop her face on a body[?]" To us, Spears' tresses scream Kim Zolciak — and we all know that "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" star is all about the wigs. [Related: Kim Zolciak Wigs Out] In the Lucky interview, Spears also talks about her issues dealing with acne, but you can't see a single mark on her face in the pics. While magazines are known for retouching, fans found this to be an "extreme" example with some saying she looks...
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...In January 2008 a British journalist, Sarfraz Manzoor, wrote an article with the title “Me, Me, Me” that appeared in the magazine “Esquire”. He gives his opinion on how the phenomenon “New Narcissism” has its influences on today’s society through the Internet. And he leaves us with the impression that there is a reason to be worried about today's youth being more narcissistic than ever before. Narcissism is not new for us. New Narcissism is a modern version of the phenomenon narcissism. And it has been known since ancient Greece with the Greek myth about Narcissus that fell in love with his own reflection in the water. The man that got narcissism recognized as a medical condition was Sigmund Freud (l. 53). But in our age, the word, narcissism, does not seem that serious and is mostly defined as a phenomenon. This New Narcissism has come to life because society reproduces itself (l. 59). And growing numbers of people are more narcissistic according to a study performed by psychologists. Sarfraz Manzoor, who has written this article, describes that New Narcissism is the offspring of today’s society. He makes an example by including a person named Chris Crocker. Crocker became famous because he put a video on the Internet where he defended the celebrity Britney Spears. There can be two reasons for his behaviour. Is he doing this to tell people that they shall back off and because he is fond of her? Or is he doing this to get attention? But it does not seem as if Britney is the...
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...Britney Spears Outline: Follow this out line for Britney: 1. Situation a. Analysis of Britney Spears and her team of employees relying on social media applications to communicate around the pop icon, and create and maintain her celebrity brand image. b. Britney Spears marketing team uses all forms of online resources to build and promote the brand i. Interaction and connection with fans c. Specifically, the use of social media around her single, “Hold it Against Me” and associated album Femme Fatale in 2011 d. Interplay of postings on Twitter, YouTube, Facebook and comments on her web page are prime examples on how to introduce new products 2. Stakeholders e. Britney Spears ii. Brand iii. Marketing 3. Target Market f. Online Audiences and Social Media channels iv. YouTube v. Facebook vi. Twitter vii. MySpace turned iPhone App: It’s Britney viii. BritneySpears.com ix. Blog * 4. Competition g. Pop artists in the same genre 5. Problems h. Listening to fans, customers, and users * 6. Social Media Advertising Strategy – x. She and her employees rely on social media to build and strengthen her celebrity brand and image. xi. Miss Spears and her employees to be in close touch with her fan base and to interact with her target group on a daily basic. xii. Britney Spears...
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...REVIEW OF JOURNAL PAPER JOURNAL: COGNITION ARTICLE: OOPS, SCRATCH THAT! MONITORING ONE’S OWN ERRORS DURING MENTAL CALCULATONS ABSTRACT: The Feeling of Error (F.O.E) is an experience differing from person to person stating that something has gone wrong during a reasoning or calculation task. The primary goal of the article was to assess the accuracy of F.O.E in the context of mental mathematical calculation. Number bisection task (N.B.T) was used to evoke this metacognitive feeling and it was assessed by asking participants if they felt that they committed a mistake. In this task the participant were asked whether the number in the middle of a triplet corresponds to the arithmetic mean of the outer two numbers (e.g 07_16_25) with a yes or no answer. The result from the study showed that the F.O.Es were strongly correlated with arithmetic errors and properties of the triplets. This finding indicates that even very fast metacognitive feelings are reliable when it comes to evaluating one’s own mental performance. The occurrence of F.O.E is determined also by the fluency with each triplet was solved and the post decision process after answering. In addition the participants were asked to report their confidence in their answer when there was no report of an F.O.E. This was to test whether there was a feeling of error on a sub-conscious level even when it wasn’t consciously reported. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: 1. To prove metacognitive feeling of error is a reliable error...
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...Reusability of Code To be able to compare and contrast procedural programming modules and object-oriented programming, or OOP for short, we need to understand the two different styles. Procedural programming was the most commonly used programming language early on with a top-down model. This programming module places its attention on procedures or actions, which take place within the program. A few examples of procedural programming are FORTRAN and BASIC. OOP although has become the preferred method of use. OOP focuses on objects, which are self-contained unit containing date and data operations. When it comes to the reusability of codes OOP makes this task much easier. As procedural programming is a line-by-line programming style as if to be writing out simple instructions. OOP however allows the programmer to utilize inheritance. Inheritance gives the programmer the ability to create new classes, known as subclasses, based on an existing class, known as the superclass. This ability enables the programmer to utilize the data and methods of the original class or superclass. This whole process is where the programmer is able to utilize code that already was written saving them time and eliminating the opportunity for programming errors. Another benefit to OOP over procedural programming is security and the ability to hide code. Within OOP, the programmer is able to label certain data fields as private. Once these data fields are labeled as private, their data and methods...
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...Object-Oriented Programming with PHP5 Learn to leverage PHP5's OOP features to write manageable applications with ease Hasin Hayder BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI Object-Oriented Programming with PHP5 Copyright © 2007 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the authors, Packt Publishing, nor its dealers or distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book. Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. First published: December 2007 Production Reference: 1031207 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. 32 Lincoln Road Olton Birmingham, B27 6PA, UK. ISBN 978-1-847192-56-1 www.packtpub.com Cover Image by Karl Moore (karl.moore@ukonline.co.uk) Credits Author Hasin Hayder Reviewers Kalpesh Barot Murshed Ahmed Khan Proofreader Development Editor Nanda Padmanabhan...
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...is a method of writing software. It is a programming practice centered on the procedures or actions that take place in a program. One of the main concepts of Procedural Programming is the Procedure call. A procedure also known as a subroutine, method or a function contains an ordered list of instructions to be carried out. A procedure can be called at any time during the execution by any other procedure or by itself. Examples of Procedural programming languages are C and Pascal. (Gaddis, 2010) In OOP, the focus is on thinking about the problem to be solved in terms of real-world elements and representing the problem in terms of objects and their behavior. Object is a data structure that closely resembles some real-world object. Objects contain data fields and methods that represent attributes and behavior of real-world objects. There are several important OOP concepts such as Data abstraction, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, Messaging, Modularity and Inheritance. Some popular OOP languages are Java and C#. However, they can be used to perform Procedural...
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...object-oriented languages, programming with pictures, it will be fun and anybody can do it. The research that I will conduct to support my claim will feature discussing past programming methods, systems that do not use methods and those that are using it to amplify work production. In addition to this new easy to software languages available today why not upgrade and safe time and money. Thru evaluating and exploring programs across the country and even the world, I can determine how and why object-oriented languages are necessary to today’s working environment. How the project topic is influenced by (and/or influences) history, culture, media, and/or the arts from a national or world perspective These are some of the major advantages of OOP. Simplicity: software objects model real world objects, so the complexity is reduced and the program structure is very clear. Modularity: each object forms a separate entity whose internal workings are decoupled from other parts of the system. Modifiability: it is easy to make minor changes in the data representation or the procedures in an OO program. Thus, this will influence the world perspective that programming is not so hard. Audience The intended audiences for my proposal are software development companies. I believe that I can encourage them to combine or advance their technology to not only improve their work productive, but to boost their employee’s manner. Audience Position The audience may already be alert to this...
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...Programming (OOP) provides computer programmers not only a new way to program, but a new way to think in terms of objects. This type of programming (“Object oriented programming,” 2012) allows programmers to use objects as a way of thought versus using a procedural language and organizing by data structures and algorithms. This is a new way of programming centered on objects to develop programs. C++ gives the programmer a way to incorporate encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphorism and C++ also provides many ways of support Object-Oriented Programming. Programming was once thought upon as using a series of tasks for the computer to perform but object-oriented programming uses a collection of objects. In this type of programming, each object can receive message and process data, as well as send other messages to fellow objects. By placing information where it is not accessible by the entire computer program, OOP (“Object oriented programming,” 2012) calls the data using methods. The methods then act as intermediaries for working on the data they control. Object-oriented programs center on different types of objects. Each object contains a kind of data that manages the information within the program itself. The method of the object will use a system of checks and safeguards that are defined in the types of data the object contains. Because of this system, adaptations to the program can be made without changing the rest of the program. Classes within OOP explain a user-defined...
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