...the telephone company central office and the customer’s premises. These lines are associated with toll free numbers (such as 800, 877, 888). Leased lines, also known as tie lines, are lines that are leased from the telephone company. Useage of these lines are usually gauged by the amount of time the lines are used, or where they are connected to. Private Branch eXchange (PBX) and Centrex A PBX is a localized telephone system that allows a company to organize different phone numbers within an office. This system is managed and maintained inside of the company. Centrex allows the same type of control, except the equipment is located, managed, and maintained at the phone company. The layers of the International Organization for Standardization- Open Systems Interconnection (ISO-OSI) model The application layer is where communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. The presentation layer is usually part of an operating system, that converts incoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to another. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogs between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. The transport layer manages the end-to-end control and error-checking. It ensures complete data transfer. The...
Words: 310 - Pages: 2
...OSI Model Open System Interconnection แบบจำลองเครือข่าย ( Network Model ) เสนอ อาจารย์ ปริญญา น้อยดอนไพร จัดทำโดย 1. นางสาวกนกอร ไกรนรา รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410501 2. นางสาวกมลชนก บัวหยาด รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410502 1. จุฑามาศ ฤทธิมนตรี 5240410516 3. นางสาวจุฑามาศ ฤทธิมนตรี รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410516 4. นายเชาวนัส นวลรัตน์ รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410521 5. นายทิชากร ศรีอาวุธ รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410530 6. นางสาวปิยะธิดา ศรีส่วน รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410549 7. นายวราพล แช่ตั้ง รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410565 8. นางสาววินิตา เพชรทอง รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410569 9. นางสาว สิริมา เพชรรัตน์ รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410578 10. นางสาวสุชากรณ์ หนูชู รหัสนักศึกษา 5240410579 8. จุฑามาศ ฤทธิมนตรี 5240410516 9. สุชากรณ์ หนูชู 5240410579 10. จุฑามาศ ฤทธิมนตรี 5240410516 11. สุชากรณ์ หนูชู 5240410579 รายงานฉบับนี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของรายวิชา 928-202 การสื่อสารข้อมูลและเครือข่าย มหาวิทยาลัยสงลานครินทร์ วิทยาเขตสุราษฎร์ธานี ภาคการศึกษาที่ 2 ปีการศึกษา 2553 คำนำ ในโลกปัจจุบัน คอมพิวเตอร์ ได้ก้าวเข้ามามีบทบาทในชีวิตประจำวันอย่างกว้างขวาง ทั้งในส่วนของการใช้งานโดยตรง เช่น การใช้ในองค์กรธุรกิจต่าง ๆ การควบคุมระบบการเจรจาทั้งทางบก ทางน้ำ และทางอากาศ การติดต่อสื่อสารแลกเปลี่ยนข้อมูลทั้งในระยะใกล้ไปจนถึงระยะไกล ข้ามโลก รวมไปถึงการใช้ในด้านความบันเทิงทั้งเกมส์คอมพิวเตอร์หรือภาพยน ตร์ที่สร้างด้วยคอมพิวเตอร์กราฟิก เป็นต้น ดังนั้น กลุ่มของข้าพเจ้าจึงได้จัดทำรายงาน...
Words: 686 - Pages: 3
...“Systems: Open or Closed?” In her essay, “Systems: Open or Closed,” Virginia Satir argues that open systems are preferable to closed systems. Although one would think of systems as pertaining to business, Satir maintains that they can be used to describe human relationships. Specifically, the author believes that “the implications of systems thinking for personal, family, and societal behaviour are evident everywhere today” (Satir 298). First, Satir’s essay discusses the definition of a system using specific examples, such as bread and steam. Satir explains that systems consist of many interrelated parts, which contain order. Subsequently, Satir outlines the parts of a system. She argues that systems should possess a purpose or a goal, which for families, involves enhancing the growth of individuals. The parts of a family system include the individual people, and the order refers to aspects such as self-esteem, rules, and communication. Families maintain energy in the system by through basic needs and beliefs. Finally, families interact with the outside world by relating to change. In the next part of the article, Satir outlines the two types of systems as being open and closed. In this section, she emphasizes the beliefs and characteristics of both system types. She explains that the main difference between the systems involves the reaction to change. While a closed system is disconnected from the outside world, an open system involves interconnection among the parts...
Words: 466 - Pages: 2
...Chapter 1 administrative principles A closed systems management perspective that focuses on the total organization and grows from the insights of practitioners (p. 26) bureaucratic organization An organization design that emphasizes management on an impersonal, rational basis through elements such as clearly defined authority and responsibility, formal record keeping, and uniform application of standard rules (p. 26) change strategy A plan to guide an organizational change (p. 6) chaos theory A scientific theory that suggests that relationships in complex, adaptive systems are made up of numerous interconnections that create unintended effects and render the environment unpredictable (p. 28) closed system A system that is autonomous, enclosed, and not dependent on its environment (p. 15) contextual dimensions Traits that characterize the whole organization, including its size, technology, environment, and goals (p. 18) contingency A theory meaning one thing depends on other things; the organization’s situation dictates the correct management approach (p. 27) effectiveness The degree to which an organization achieves its goals (p. 22) efficiency The amount of resources used to produce a unit of output (p. 22) Hawthorne Studies A series of experiments on worker productivity begun in 1924 at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company in Illinois; attributed employees’ increased output to managers’ better treatment of them during the study (p. 6) learning organization...
Words: 524 - Pages: 3
...The four types of contemporary management are sociotechnical systems theory, quantitative management, organizational behavior and system theory. These approaches to management have all been developed at various times since World War 2 and continue to represent the corner stones of modern management thought (Vital source). Sociotechnical systems theory was developed in the 1950’s by the London based Tavistock Institute of Human Relations (Vital Source) .This is an approach to complex organizational work design that recognizes the interaction between people and technology in workplaces. The term also refers to the interaction between society's complex infrastructures and human behavior. In this sense, society itself, and most of its substructures, are complex sociotechnical systems (wiki). Quantitative management stems for the 1940’s and 1950’s and emphasizes the application of the quantitative analysis to management decisions and problems. This helps a manager make a decision by developing formal mathematical models of the problem which can be facilitated by the development of computers. This method is usually used in a supplement role in decision making (Vital source). Organizational behavior, also developed in the 1950’s, studies and identifies management activities that promote employee effectiveness by examining the complex and dynamic nature of individual, group, and organizational processes. Organizational behavior comes from a variety of disciplines including psychology...
Words: 564 - Pages: 3
...we get the culture right, then everything else, including the customer service, will fall into place."' () Similar to many organizations in the 21st century, Zappos is an example of an open system. First, Zappos utilizes inputs which are one of the three categories of the open system model of business. Zappos utilizes capital, labor, purchasing and marketing information. Within the organization, the technical subsystem develops and maintains the software and internet based online store. As a medium between the raw merchandise and the customers, the boundary-spanning subsystem purchases, markets, and performs logistics decision all behind the scenes of the website. Holding the organization together and facilitating the cohesion of the technical and boundary subsystem, the management subsystem of Zappos lies. Last, the final output is shoes and apparel in the hands of the customer. Goods and services are turned to profit which finalize this open-system organization model. Along the lines of the open-system thought process is organizational learning. Zappos is an effective learning organization due to its culture. The culture by design is an open one. Knowledge is shared through open organizational structure. Zappos thrives on being transparent as a culture based company which opens the lines of communication allowing knowledge and concepts to be...
Words: 623 - Pages: 3
...The Circle Flow By Leanne Hall ECON224-1203A-06 Edward Hale American InterContinental University June 14, 2012 Abstract In this I will explain and define what open and closed systems are. I will be examples of both. I will also explain the inner and outer flows of both systems. In an open system there are injections, leakages, and I will explain, define them, and I will also give examples of both an injection, and a leakage. Economics is a very interesting subject to learn about. Learning about how the economy works, being able to understand how to depict the graphs. For most people they do not know the meanings of open and closed systems. These systems are the heart of how money flows through a circular flow system. Within the flow system there are loop holes that are what they call injections, leakages. With the flow system it is easy to understand once a person knows and is able to define what open, and closed systems means in the economic world. There are two economic models that show how the flow of money goes in our economy. According to our text book a closed system only counts the domestic trades within our country. They do not count any of the foreign goods or exports that are brought in (Macroeconomics, 2012). When a person needs to go buy groceries they enter the goods market to get that product. Companies enter the factor market. When looking at a chart there is a large circle then a smaller circle in the middle. The outer circle represents...
Words: 306 - Pages: 2
...are four contemporary approaches to management: sociotechnical systems theory, quantitative management, organizational behavior, and systems theory. The sociotechnical systems theory was first proven to the U.S. to be effective by the Japanese in the late 1980s, and it expresses that management should focus on making sure that they have well trained employees with the right tools and knowledge for the job. In this sense, the employees can put their heads together and produce innovative products in a productive manner, creating business success. However, quantitative management takes tides a different direction. It suggests that to be a successful business, you must use statistics and a form of visual modeling to influence management decision. This was proven to be effective when introduced to large corporations by military planners in solving the complex issues. Both ideas are arguable, yet there are still two more. Organizational behavior states that the way you treat your employees influence your company’s productivity, therefore its success. If you treat them poorly they’ll work poorly, and if you treat them like they’re motivated they’ll act motivated. Which will increase productivity. Yet, there is there is the systems theory that says bluntly that a business is nothing but an open system that turns inputs into outputs. Businesses are affected by and affect their environment therefore they are open systems, and management needs to be made on the contingencies that arise...
Words: 601 - Pages: 3
...1. Terms of Reference In this section you should include the following information: Who requested the report? Why was the report requested? What is the purpose of the report? Which areas will the report cover? What is the submission date of the report? 2. Procedures In this section you included: A brief introduction followed by the methods you use to gain information for this report, each method must be listed separately for example: 2.1 Internet Various websites were used to find out information about …… for inclusion in this report. 2.2 Case study for JoC The case study for JoC was referred to throughout this report. 2.3 Library Various books were scanned to enhance the understanding of organisational structures. 3. Findings 3.1 Background of Joy of Chocolate In this section give a brief overview of the organisation. 3.2 JoC Organisational goals and objectives According to xxxxxxx organisational goals are “Quote ……….” Source. This would suggest xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Secondly, organisational objectives relate to the company’s goals as this is where xxxxxx as suggested by the following quote “Quote ……….” Source 3.2.1 JoC Organisational goals and objectives What are JoC’s goals and objectives? Analyse the relationship between organisational goals and that of JOC along with the policies to achieve those goals and objectives. 3.3 Formal and Informal organisation 3.3.1 Informal organisation According to xxxxxxx he/she suggest that the informal...
Words: 518 - Pages: 3
...Contemporary Approaches The four different contemporary approaches to management are: Sociotechnical systems theory suggests that organizations are effective when their employees have the tools, and training, and knowledge to make products and services that are valued by customers. Quantitative management emphasizes the application of quantitative analysis to management decisions and problems. A manager makes a decision by developing formal mathematical models of the problem. They use techniques as a supplement in the decision process. The limited use of quantitative management is due to managers not being trained in using these techniques. Organizational behavior studies management activities that promote employee effectiveness through an understanding of the complex nature of the individual, group, and organizational processes. An example of this, Douglas McGregor influenced the field of management with his Theory X and Theory Y perspective. Theory X managers assume workers are lazy and irresponsible and require constant supervision and external motivation to achieve organizational goals. Theory Y managers assume employees want to work and can direct and control them- selves. Theory X is known as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Systems theory states that organizations are open systems, and dependent on inputs from the outside world, such as raw materials, and human resources. They transform these inputs into outputs that (ideally) meet the market’s needs for goods and services...
Words: 339 - Pages: 2
...OPEN SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE The open systems perspective of organizational effectiveness is one of the earliest and well entrenched ways of thinking about organizations.19 Indeed, the other major organi- zational effectiveness perspectives might be considered detailed extensions of the open systems model. The open systems perspective views organizations as complex organisms that “live” within an external environment, rather like the illustration in Exhibit 1.1. The word open describes this permeable relationship, whereas closed systems operate with- out dependence on or interaction with an external environment. As open systems, organizations depend on the external environment for resources, including raw materials, job applicants, financial resources, information, and equipment. "The external environment also consists of rules and expectations, such as laws and cul- tural norms, which place demands on how organizations should operate. Some envi- ronmental resources (e.g. raw materials) are transformed into outputs that are exported to the external environment, whereas other resources (e.g. job applicants, equipment) become subsystems in the transformation process. Inside the organization are numerous subsystems, such as departments, teams, infor- mal groups, work processes, technological configurations, and other elements. Rather like the Russian matryoshka dolls nested within each other, organizational subsystems are also systems with their own subsystems.20 For example, the...
Words: 595 - Pages: 3
...dynamic process. Marx and Darwin used this theory in their work. System theory (as we know it) was used by L. von Bertalanffy, a biologist, as the basis for the field of study known as ‘general system theory’, a multidisciplinary field (1968). Some influences from the contingency approach can be found in system theory. Core Assumptions and Statements System theory is the transdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of phenomena, independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence. It investigates both the principles common to all complex entities, and the (usually mathematical) models which can be used to describe them. A system can be said to consist of four things. The first is objects – the parts, elements, or variables within the system. These may be physical or abstract or both, depending on the nature of the system. Second, a system consists of attributes – the qualities or properties of the system and its objects. Third, a system had internal relationships among its objects. Fourth, systems exist in an environment. A system, then, is a set of things that affect one another within an environment and form a larger pattern that is different from any of the parts. The fundamental systems-interactive paradigm of organizational analysis features the continual stages of input, throughput (processing), and output, which demonstrate the concept of openness/closedness. A closed system does not interact with its environment. It does not take in...
Words: 374 - Pages: 2
...Open Systems Concept Applied Management Concepts ADM-510 We have read and understand the plagiarism policy as outlined in the syllabus and the sections in the Student Bulletin relating to the IWU Honesty/Cheating Policy. By affixing this statement to the title page of my paper, we certify that we have not cheated or plagiarized in the process of completing this assignment. If it is found that cheating and/or plagiarism did take place in the writing of this paper, we understand the possible consequences of the act/s, which could include expulsion from Indiana Wesleyan University. Open Systems Concept There are many models that affect business and one of them that has been examined for more than fifty years is the systems model of business. In this paper, the authors will examine what the open systems model is versus the closed systems model. The authors will also explain how these systems impact decision-making within an organization, and how The Vera Bradley Company makes decisions in light of using the open systems approach. “A system is commonly defined as a group of interacting units or elements that have a common purpose” (Heil, 2006). Systems theory can be divided into two categories: closed versus open systems. Ludwig von Bertanlanffy, a biologist, initially developed open system theory and it became readily apparent that it was immediately applicable across all disciplines. It defines the concept of a system, where "all systems are...
Words: 1197 - Pages: 5
...And the definition of open systems and the outline of internal, competitive, and macro environments of an organization. The contemporary approaches to management are sociotechnical system theory, quantitative management, organizational behavior, and systems theory. Sociotechnical system theory is a theory of management that believes technology merely constrains human action instead of rigidly determining behavioral outcomes. This can build good human relations into the technology workflow. Quantitative management relies on solely technology. The quantitative management approach involves the use of math modeling to find the right solutions to problems. Applied to workplace challenges, going from making decisions during product development to fix employee conflicts. Organizational behavior is like sociotechnical system theory when the focus is on people rather than technology. Organizational behavior is the study and knowledge of how people act in organizations. The goal is to build better relationships by achieving human objectives, organizational objectives, and social objectives. Similar the system theory does not look at individuals but the flow of business as a whole. It focuses on subdivisions within the organization and how it ties in with the big picture, the business. An open system is a system that interacts with its environment by exchanging energy, materials, information with an aim of system renewal and growth. A feature of an open system is negative entropy...
Words: 430 - Pages: 2
...include: sociotechnical system theory, quantitative management, organizational behavior, and system theory. The sociotechnical system theory is an approach to understanding the relationship between technology, individuals, organizations and society in work place design. "The sociotechnical systems approach says that a change in one part means there will have to be corresponding changes in other parts. “The sociotechnical systems approach says that a change in one part, means there will have to be a corresponding change in other parts. “The quantitative management approach involves the use of mathematical modeling to find the best solutions to problems. One important component of the quantitative management approach is an ability to objectively collect information about a problem and possible solutions to develop appropriate, and useful, mathematical models. Organizational behavior theory usually represents concepts that help a company create better management practices. Concepts such as leadership, decision making, team building, motivation, and job satisfaction are all facets of organizational behavior and responsibilities of management. Systems theory is a broad perspective that allows managers to examine patterns and events in the workplace. This helps managers to coordinate programs to work as a collective whole for the overall goal or mission of the organization rather than for isolated departments. Define “open systems” • An open system is a system that regularly exchanges...
Words: 565 - Pages: 3
