...Synopsis Skinner addresses operant behavior in this article. Operant behavior refers to behavior that operates on the environment or is controllable by the individual. Skinner suggests that operant behavior usually affects the environment and generates stimuli which “feed back” to the organism. This feedback can be a reward and/or punishment (Skinner, 2012, p. 55). Skinner investigates this by using an aluminum box divided into two compartments. In one compartment, a pigeon is able to peck a translucent plastic plate behind a circular opening which is a delicate electric key. When pecked, the circuit is closed to operate recording and controlling equipment. Colored lights can be projected on the back of the plate as stimuli (Skinner, 2012, p. 54). Operant reinforcement is demonstrated when food is given to the pigeon when it pecks the key, which created the high probability of responding. If the food is not given when the pigeon pecks the key, the rate declines or may even stop all together. This is called operant conditioning or extinction. What happened when intermittent reinforcements, like fixed ratio or variable ratio reinforcement was used? This is where reinforcements are based on time and/or counters. Skinner relates this type of reinforcement to our everyday life and how few of the things we do always “pay off”. The dynamic characteristics of our behavior depend upon the actual schedules of reinforcement (Skinner, 2012, p. 55). The colored lights in the...
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...B. F. Skinner Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.[1][2][3][4] He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.[5] Skinner believed that human free will is an illusion and that any human action is the result of the consequences of the same action. If the consequences are bad, there is a high chance that the action will not be repeated; however if the consequences are good, the actions that led to it will become more probable.[6] Skinner called this the principle of reinforcement.[7] The use of reinforcement to strengthen behavior he called operant conditioning. As his main tool for studying operant conditioning Skinner The Skinners’ grave at Mount Auburn Cemetery invented the operant conditioning chamber, also known as the Skinner Box.[8] Skinner developed his own philosophy of science called radical behaviorism,[9] and founded a school of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior. His analysis of human behavior culminated in his work Verbal Behavior, as well as his philosophical manifesto Walden Two, both of which still stimulate considerable experimental research and clinical application.[10] Contemporary academia considers Skinner a pioneer of modern behaviorism along with John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov. Skinner emphasized rate of response as a dependent variable in psychological...
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...OSB: Chapter One Chapter one of Opening Skinner’s Box focuses on the namesake of the book, B.F. Skinner. The experiments described all focus on Skinner’s primary study, that of ‘operant conditioning’. Skinner brought into question the concept of free will, instead believing that all human decisions are the result of consequences, both positive and negative. He felt that through a system of positive reinforcement, entire countries could be changed to compliant citizens. In fact, the book tells us, he openly admitted that he hoped to one day use his studies for fascist goals in the nation. His primary experiment was conducted on rats that he placed in a box, and taught to step on a treadle to receive a food pellet. He experimented both with consistency, intervals, and random deliverance of the food and found that the rats did not cease to rely on the process to gain food. However, after cutting off the rewards, he found that the rats did indeed stop their efforts. Although the author of the book proceeds to interview esteemed colleagues who believe firmly in free will and dismiss Skinner’s theory, the overall mystery of the experiment remains. At first I was thrilled by the chapter and excited by the meshing of the author’s artistic writing and the scientific experiments and interviews she describes. However, I must say I enjoyed the project far less when writing a summary of the mere experiment. As a reader and student, the author’s style and stories added and enriched my experience...
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...The behavioural viewpoint's primary influencers were Ivan Pavlov, Edward Lee Thorndike, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner. In the second a large portion of the twentieth century, behaviourism was to a great extent overshadowed as a consequence of the cognitive upheaval. While behaviourism and cognitive schools of mental thought may not concur hypothetically, they have supplemented one another in commonsense remedial applications like cognitive behavioural treatment, which has been utilized as a part of the treatment of pathologies, for example, fears,...
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... | |McDonald's 24/7 | |By focusing on the hours between traditional mealtimes, the fast-food giant is sizzling | It is 3:36 a.m. Thursday at McDonald's in Garner, N.C., a bedroom community just beyond the city limits of Raleigh. Although the town's taverns closed more than an hour ago, the last clubgoers are straggling home. Their cars barrel by ones driven by waitresses, commercial cleaners, musicians, nurses, and computer analysts heading home from work. The McDonald's sign, posted high along a commercial strip of big-box stores and chain restaurants, is one of the few still glowing. Inside the McDonald's kitchen, Julia Diaz is mixing buttermilk biscuit dough by hand in a giant stainless steel bowl, while Silvia Roldan is grilling sausage patties and eggs for breakfast, which begins in 24 minutes. Outside, at the drive-through window, D.C. Chavis is picking up a Premium Crispy Chicken Ranch BLT sandwich and a large order of fries. Chavis, 24, has just clocked out after 12 hours at a nearby food warehouse. He used to pick up an after-work snack at an all-night convenience store or diner. Now he swings by McDonald's at least five times a week for the premium sandwich combo meal or, if it's later, a McGriddle and a side of hash browns. The food is a lot better...
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... | |完成日期： |2010 年4月9 日 | Abstract Interpreting is an important and challenging profession with a short history. At present, it has established its own status in the international community. By using their intelligence and effort, the interpreters have made great contribution to smooth the communication between people who speak different languages. With their talents and techniques, the interpreters help people to overcome language barriers and serve as a bridge in intercultural communication. It is not until 1980s that the research on interpreting has been carried out in China. Ever since the reform and opening-up policy, research work on translation and interpreting has gained more and more attention from scholars. The number of the publication of articles concerning translation and interpreting has been increasing quickly. However, the study of translation in China still falls behind that in the western countries, and the research on interpreting theories and teaching is still a weak area in translation studies in China. Many of...
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...Introduction One of the important requirements of passing a subject or a course is to attend classes regularly. Unattendance, therefore, would probably affect the academic performance of students as it is regarded as an important component of a student’s scholastic record. Aside from that, missing school days could also affect students’ social competence as being absent from class lessens a student’s interaction with his peers and his teacher as well. Absenteeism is considered as a major culprit in the education system. It deteriorates both the teaching and learning process. Also, it is a threat for both teachers, particularly those handling advisory classes, and to students who constantly miss school for particular reasons. Absenteeism tends to become more of a social issue. Aside from the fact that students who skip school every now and then may miss a lot of their lessons, they will probably have poor academic performance. The social competence of students who gradually miss school may also be affected. They will tend to feel inferior with those who attend school regularly and soon result to dropping-out (Suhid, Raman & Kamal, 2011). As a social issue, the environment in which a student interacts with has something to do with what and how he acts. Therefore, those who absent from school constantly would resort to petty crimes and vices just to make-up for their spare time. Sooner or later, they will comprise a big part of the population if it would not be addressed...
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...5 learning 160 chapter chapter outline A Four-Legged Co-Worker Declan lies on his back wanting his belly scratched. The eight-year-old black Labrador cross swings his legs in the air for a few minutes before resigning himself to chewing on someone’s shoe. In the office he behaves like any pet dog, but in the field he is like a tornado—focused on finding illegal drugs being smuggled. Declan is a drug-detector dog for the Customs Service and has been busting drug smugglers with his handler, Kevin Hattrill, for eight years. Airport passengers look on with curiosity as Declan darts around people and their luggage. Within minutes he sniffs out a person of interest, who is taken away and questioned by airport authorities. Dogs like Declan are trained to detect illegal drugs, such as cannabis, methamphetamine, and cocaine, or explosives. Hattrill said the dogs were dual responsetrained when they detected something. “If the odor is around a passenger, they are trained to sit beside them. If it’s around cargo, they are trained to scratch. When they detect something, their whole temperament will change. “The dogs can screen up to 300 people within 10 to 15 minutes at the airport. Nothing else can do that.” (McKenzie-McLean, 2006, p. 7) module 15 Classical Conditioning The Basics of Classical Conditioning Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior Extinction Generalization and Discrimination module 16 Operant Conditioning The Basics of Operant Conditioning...
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...Student Name: | Rae Loulache | Check | Requirement | | This checklist is the first page of my paper. | | The “Title Page”, which is formatted in accordance with APA Guidelines, is the second page of my paper. | | The page following the Title Page is marked page #2 and subsequent pages are numbered sequentially. All page markings appear in the lower, right hand corner of the each page. | | My entire paper (everything) is double spaced. | | I have not included an “introduction” or “opening paragraph” and have instead launched right into the review of the assigned topic. | | Each claim or fact presented in my paper is supported with a reference citation. | | For each quotation, there is a citation of the page number(s) from the original source. | | On average, there are no more than one quotation every two pages. | | I have not cited or mentioned the first and last names of authors in the body of my text. I have included first initials and last names of authors on the “Reference” page, which is the last page of my paper. | | I have not cited or mentioned the title of an article or book in the body of my paper, but have instead included this information on the “Reference” page. | | I have made sure that when citing a reference at the end of a sentence that I have placed the period after the parentheses which contains the reference (example). | | My paper does not include any personal stories from my own life or experience. | ...
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...CHAPTER 1 The Problem and its Background Introduction If you could improve performance, increase student morale an develop self esteem of a student, would you? According to B.F Skinner, behavior is a function of its consequences. The learner will repeat the desired behavior if positive reinforcement follows the behavior. Skinner said, “When someone behaves in a way we find reinforcing, we make him more likely to do so again by praising or commending him. We attest to the value of the person’s behavior by patting on the back, or saying good or right or giving him a token of our esteem such as prize, honor or award.” Guthrie assume that learning depends on action an organism must do, it is to learn. Once the student performed the required response, the teacher must present the student a reward, which will capture his or her attention that the student will eventually further improve his or her performance. For example, when students do exceptionally ell in class, he or she will earn medal or a star. Another, the student will be more motivated if his or her teacher will say “good job” or “very great answer” for every correct answer and good performance. The researcher believes that rewards have something to do with learning and we assume that motivation is important to the learner. A reward must be something desirable; without the desire, there can be no reward (Tria, 1998) Since the researchers have mentioned the concept of positive reinforcement issue...
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...Thesis CHAPTER 1 The Problem and its Background Introduction If you could improve performance, increase student morale an develop self esteem of a student, would you? According to B.F Skinner, behavior is a function of its consequences. The learner will repeat the desired behavior if positive reinforcement follows the behavior. Skinner said, “When someone behaves in a way we find reinforcing, we make him more likely to do so again by praising or commending him. We attest to the value of the person’s behavior by patting on the back, or saying good or right or giving him a token of our esteem such as prize, honor or award.” Guthrie assume that learning depends on action an organism must do, it is to learn. Once the student performed the required response, the teacher must present the student a reward, which will capture his or her attention that the student will eventually further improve his or her performance. For example, when students do exceptionally ell in class, he or she will earn medal or a star. Another, the student will be more motivated if his or her teacher will say “good job” or “very great answer” for every correct answer and good performance. The researcher believes that rewards have something to do with learning and we assume that motivation is important to the learner. A reward must be something desirable; without the desire, there can be no reward (Tria, 1998) Since the researchers have mentioned the concept of positive reinforcement issue, let...
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...UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA (COLLEGE OF TECHNOLGY EDUCATION, KUMASI) IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF SECOND YEAR ACCOUNTING STUDENTS’ IN DOUBLE ENTRY PRINCIPLES THROUGH PARTICIPATORY METHODS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING: USING POPE JOHN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL AND MINOR SEMINARY, KOFOFIDUA AS A CASE STUDY URIAH- ACQUAH PANFORD JUNE, 2015 IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF SECOND YEAR ACCOUNTING STUDENTS’ IN DOUBLE ENTRY PRINCIPLES THROUGH PARTICIPATORY METHODS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING: USING POPE JOHN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL AND MINOR SEMINARY KOFOFIDUA, AS A CASE STUDY BY URIAH- ACQUAH PANFORD (4121010023) A PROJECT REPORT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING STUDIES EDUCATION, AT THEUNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THEAWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE EDUCATION DEGEE IN ACCOUNTING STUDIES JUNE, 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my heartfelt appreciation to Mr. Frank Yao Gbadago, a lecturer ine department of Accounting Studies Education of the University of Education, Winneba, Kumasi Campus for his guidance and directions in writing this action research report. To Mr. Imoro Musah Daniel, what would...
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...Personality Theorists Assignment | Personal Growth Lab | Submitted by :Neeraja Padman (11PGDMHR32) | ALFRED ADLER – INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY Although his writings revealed great insight into the depth and complexities of human personality, Adler evolved a basically simple and parsimonious theory. To Adler, people are born with weak, inferior bodies—a condition that leads to feelings of inferiority and a consequent dependence on other people. Therefore, a feeling of unity with others (social interest) is inherent in people and the ultimate standard for psychological health. More specifically, the main tenets of Adlerian theory can be stated in outline form. The following is adapted from a list that represents the final statement of individual psychology (Adler, 1964). Alfred Adler postulates a single "drive" or motivating force behind all our behavior and experience. By the time his theory had gelled into its most mature form, he called that motivating force the striving for perfection. It is the desire we all have to fulfill our potentials, to come closer and closer to our ideal. It is, as many of you will already see, very similar to the more popular idea of self-actualization. "Perfection" and "ideal" are troublesome words, though. On the one hand, they are very positive goals. Shouldn't we all be striving for the ideal? And yet, in psychology, they are often given a rather negative connotation. Perfection and ideals are, practically by definition, things...
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...rP os t 2189 JUNE 12, 2008 WICKHAM SKINNER HEATHER BECKHAM op yo The Treadway Tire Company: Job Dissatisfaction and High Turnover at the Lima Tire Plant tC “We have a serious problem.” The words of Brandon Bellingham, the plant manager at Treadway’s Lima, Ohio, Tire Plant, rang in Ashley Wall’s ears. She had just attended a tense meeting where she had presented the projected year-end turnover figures for the plant. Out of a total of 50 foremen at the Lima facility, 23 of these positions had turned over in 2007. Ashley Wall had transferred to the Lima Plant as Director of Human Resources when Treadway’s plant in Greenville, South Carolina, had closed down in 2006. She was a seasoned human resources professional with over 10 years of experience at Treadway. Wall knew the turnover rate of foremen was higher at Lima than at other plants in the division; reversing this trend was her top priority. It was now November 28, 2007—approximately one month before Christmas. The plant would be closed from Christmas to New Year’s for retooling and annual maintenance. By the time the plant reopened in January 2008, Wall intended to complete a thorough analysis of the problem and a plan of action to correct it. The Treadway Tire Company employed almost 9,000 hourly and salaried staff in North America. The company was a major supplier of tires to the original equipment manufacturer1 and replacement tire markets, selling Treadway Primo, Treadway Performance...
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...1937 OF MICE AND MEN by John Steinbeck Copyright John Steinbeck, 1937. Copyright renewed by John Steinbeck, 1965. Published by arrangement with Viking Penguin, a division of Penguin Books USA Inc. ONE A few miles south of Soledad, the Salinas River drops in close to the hillside bank and runs deep and green. The water is warm too, for it has slipped twinkling over the yellow sands in the sunlight before reaching the narrow pool. On one side of the river the golden foothill slopes curve up to the strong and rocky Gabilan Mountains, but on the valley side the water is lined with trees- willows fresh and green with every spring, carrying in their lower leaf junctures the debris of the winter's flooding; and sycamores with mottled, white, recumbent limbs and branches that arch over the pool. On the sandy bank under the trees the leaves lie deep and so crisp that a lizard makes a great skittering if he runs among them. Rabbits come out of the brush to sit on the sand in the evening, and the damp flats are covered with the night tracks of 'coons, and with the spread pads of dogs from the ranches, and with the split-wedge tracks of deer that come to drink in the dark. There is a path through the willows and among the sycamores, a path beaten hard by boys coming down from the ranches to swim in the deep pool, and beaten hard by tramps who come wearily down from the highway in the evening to jungle-up near water. In front of the low horizontal limb of a giant sycamore there is an ash...
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