...OPERATION FLOOD The National Dairy Development Board in 1969 designed a dairy development programme to lay the foundation for a viable, self-supportive national dairy industry. The programme sought to link rural milk production to urban milk marketing through dairy cooperatives. In July 1970 with technical assistance from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the programme was launched as Operation Flood (OF). It was the world's biggest dairy development programme which made India, a milk-deficient nation, the largest milk producer in the world, by 1998. It made dairy farming India’s largest self-sustainable rural employment generator. All this was achieved not merely by mass production, but by production by the masses. The Anand pattern experiment at the Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producer’s Union, better known as Amul, a single, cooperative dairy, was the engine behind the success of the programme. Dr. Verghese Kurien was the founder-chairman of NDDB and Tribhuvandas Patel was the chairman at Amul at the time. Dr. Kurien gave the necessary thrust using his professional management skills to the programme, and is recognized as its architect. Dr. Kurien’s Amul experiment in Gujarat soon blossomed into the much larger Operation Flood, spread over 23 states, 170 districts and 90,000 village cooperatives. It changed India from an importer to the world’s largest producer and exporter of milk. Operation Flood has...
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...White Revolution of India - ‘Operation flood’ a program started by National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) in 1970 made India the largest producer of the milk in the world. This program with its whopping success was called as ‘The White Revolution’. The main architect of this successful project was Dr. Verghese Kurien, also called the father of White Revolution. In 1949 Mr. Kurien joined Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers’ Union (KDCMPUL), now famous as Amul voluntarily leaving a government job of dairy engineer. Kurien has since then built this organization into one of the largest and most successful institutions in India. The Amul pattern of cooperatives had been so successful, in 1965, then Prime Minister of India, Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri, created the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) to replicate the program on a nationwide basis citing Kurien’s “extraordinary and dynamic leadership” upon naming him chairman. Operation Flood: The Operation Flood was completed in three phases: Phase I (1970-79):- During this phase 18 of the country’s main milk sheds were connected to the consumers of the four metros viz. Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai and Kolkata. The total cost of this phase was Rs.116crores. The main objectives were, commanding share of milk market and speed up development of dairy animals respectively hinter lands of rural areas. Phase II (1981–1985):- The management increased the milk sheds from 18 to 136; 290 urban markets expanded the outlets...
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...Diary Development Board (NDDB) from 1965 to 1998 which was created by PM LalBahadur Shastri in 1964. Under his leadership he launched a mission called “Operation Flood”. He was honored with Padma Vibhusham. The Taste of India: AMUL (Anand Milk Union Ltd.) founded in 1946 at Anand, Gujarat, India by Dr. Kurien and managed by Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF). Its main objective is stopping exploitation of middle man. It not only brings wealth to farmers and also brought a social impact and revolution by empowering women, reducing caste and religious differences. The Amul model has helped India to emerge as the largest milk producer in the world. More than 15 million milk producers pour their milk in 1,44,246 dairy cooperative societies across the country. Their milk is processed in 177 District Co-operative Unions and marketed by 22 State Marketing Federations, ensuring a better life for millions. When milk became available in plenty, he diversified the product by converting milk to milk powder. And he developed a unique system of training good dairy managers through the organization of Siksha Dairy at the Anand Agricultural University, which was designed to give training in all aspects of the dairy industry from milking the animals to processing, value-addition and marketing. Operation Flood: Started in 1970 and came in to enforce in 1996, it was one of the world’s largest rural development programs under the guidance of Dr. Kurien. It emerges...
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...importers of milk. Kurien was touched by the plight of the farmers. Kurien also saw this as an opportunity rather than accepting the situation as it is. He truly believed in transforming the lives of the farmers through a business model which can be run as a self-sustained engine – a true trait of a leader to think a long way ahead much beyond his times! He setup a dairy co-operative and insisted that farmers buy a pasteurizing machine; the investment which totally paid off. Milk could reach big cities without getting spoilt and the co-operatives flourished. The co-operative model was an instant success and was replicated through the entire state. Later the same model was adopted nationwide. He led a nationwide milk operation which was called “The Operations Flood”. By creating a self-sufficient dairy system in India, Kurien revolutionized rural India and dramatically improved the lives of the poor living in those areas. The cooperative system has given...
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...History: Formed in 1946 as a Dairy Cooperative based in Anand,Gujrat. Its brand name is taken from Sanskrit word “Amoolya” meaning precious and is managed by the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF). It was established because of the exploitation of marginal milk producers by traders or agents of existing dairies in the small town named Anand. Amul has appropriate and unique model that is targeted towards rural development. Amul was the pioneer of the White revolution of India, making India the largest producer of milk and milk products in the world. It is a brand with an annual turnover of Rs67.11 billion. Its network links more than 2.8 million village milk producers. It averages a milk collection of around 10.16 million litres per day. Amul has been able to remain successful because: 1. They have managed to integrate the farmers, policy makers, management team and the working professionals. Each acknowledging their roles and limitations. 2. They gave the rural milk producers the best technology to harness milk to the best of their capacity. 3. They provide a support system to the milk producers without disturbing their existing agro-economic systems. 4. They put back the profits by way of manpower, material and machines, in the rural sector for the common good and betterment of the member producers. 5. Finally, even with continuous growth with time and on such a large scale scale, it has remained with their small producer members...
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...MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION Flood Mitigation Strategy June 2009 Flood Mitigation Strategy TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLESLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................ iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................iv 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Strategy for Integrated Flood Management .............................................................. 3 2.0 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 5 2.1 Institutional Arrangements....................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Organizational Structure of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation .....................5 2.1.2 Flood Related Legislative Arrangement ............................................................ 5 2.1.3 Disaster Management......................................................................................6 2.2 History of floods in Kenya ....................................................................................... 6 ...
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...down the valley straight into Boscastle. Residents had little time to react. Cars were swept out to sea, buildings were badly damaged and people had to act quickly to survive. Fortunately, nobody died - thanks largely to a huge rescue operation involving helicopters - but there was millions of pounds worth of damage. In pictures Slide show of photographs of the Boscastle flood. Enlarge and Play Map of the area affected. Physical Impacts Flooding On the day of the flood, about 75mm of rain fell in two hours - the same amount that normally falls in the whole of August. Huge amounts of water from this sudden downpour flowed into two rivers, the Valency and Jordan (which flows into the Valency just above Boscastle). Both overflowed, and this caused a sudden rush of water to speed down the Valency - which runs through the middle of Boscastle. Destruction of houses, businesses and gardens Floodwater gushed into houses, shops and pubs. Cars, walls and even bridges were washed away. The church was filled with six feet of mud and water. Trees were uprooted and swept into peoples' gardens. The weight of water eroded river banks, damaged gardens and pavements. Human Impacts There was a huge financial cost to the floods. This included: * the rescue operation - involving helicopters, lifeboats, and the fire service. * the loss of 50 cars * damage to homes, businesses and land * a loss of tourism, a major source of income for the area The flooding also had several other key impacts...
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...central business district began to flood. A hole the size of an automobile had developed between the river and an adjacent abandoned tunnel. The tunnel, built in the early 1900s for transporting coal, runs throughout the downtown area. When the tunnel flooded, so did the basements connected to it, some 272 in all, including that of major retailer Marshall Field’s. The problem was first noted at 5:30 A.M. by a member of the Marshall Field’s trouble desk who saw water pouring into the basement. The manager of maintenance was notified and immediately took charge. His first actions were to contact the Chicago Fire and Water Departments, and Marshall Field’s parent company, Dayton Hudson in Minneapolis. Electricity—and with it all elevator, computer, communication, and security services for the 15-story building—would soon be lost. The building was evacuated and elevators were moved above basement levels. A command post was quickly established and a team formed from various departments such as facilities, security, human resources, public relations, and financial, legal, insurance, and support services. Later that day, members of Dayton Hudson’s risk management group arrived from Minneapolis to take over coordinating the team’s efforts. The team initially met twice a week to evaluate progress as the store recovered. The goal of the team was to ensure the safety of employees and customers, minimize flood damage, and resume normal operations as soon as possible. The team hoped...
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...Introduction Natural Hazard any natural event which has an adverse socio-economic impact on the human being. Alternatively, an extreme natural event, such as a cyclone, an earthquake or a flood, that is not caused by human beings. These are naturally occurring phenomena that only become hazardous due to the intervention of human infrastructure. The vulnerability of human infrastructure to destruction (risk) by a disaster is also an important factor in understanding natural hazards. The distribution and impact of natural hazards is unequal with greatest loss of life and property in the developing part of the world. This is not because of greater hazard frequency but simply because of greater vulnerability. Therefore, the people in the developing countries are at high risk than those of developed countries. Combining the risk factor the natural hazard can be defined as the probability of a change in the natural environment of a given magnitude occurring within specified time period in a given area while the associated risk is the consequent damage or loss of life, property and services. The frequency of major hazard appears to have increased since 1960 and the number of people killed each year has decreased at a rate of about 6% and the loss or property has also decreased steadily. This has taken place owing to increased awareness and better hazard management. The increase in the frequency of hazard can be assigned to such factors as better global news coverage, increasing population...
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...The largest disaster in recent years in this student’s region--south west Tennessee--has been arguably the 2011 Mississippi River flooding. The Mississippi River crested in Memphis, Tennessee in May of 2011 at 48 feet, one foot below the record flood level in modern history (National Geographic, 2011). The same source indicated this was caused by both a severe melt and heavy rains in Minnesota and the Dakotas, causing problems downstream. This caused tributaries to back up inside the city and contributed to major inland flooding, including inundating major hospital grounds and other public service locations with several feet of water. Many along the river banks and associated areas were evacuated prior to the water reaching their homes. Some neighborhoods are no longer standing. According to the New York Times, President Obama declared flood-affected zones in Tennessee along the Mississippi River as disaster areas, after the river stage hit 48 (.7 feet shy of the record) and flooded many low-lying neighborhoods (Tackett & Robertson, 2011). This student as working for the City of Memphis as a Police Officer II during that time, and was charged with the observation and...
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...WHAT IS FLOOD? CAUSES OF FLOOD AND CONTROL According to Merrian-Websters Dictionary, Flood is a rising and overflowing of a body of water especially onto normally dry land. It could also be defined as condition of overflowing rivers or water, especially over land not usually submerged. In other words flood is said to have occurred when there is excess water surpassing the limits of it confines. In Ghana flood is one of the most devastating natural disasters which impact negatively on the life and properties of people. For example property worth 265,186,423 million cedis was destroyed according to government authorities. Nationwide NADMO indicates that 19,755 people are affected of which 6,586 are children. Health authorities confirmed 16 deaths,7 in Accra,3 in Kumasi,2 in Takoradi and 1 in Cape Coast and two others.-16th July ,2009,(DREF OPERATION NO.mdrghoo2 Glide no. FL-2009-000132-GHA. 16 July, 2009) CAUSES OF FLOOD There are two main causes of flood. These are The natural causes and the human causes. NATURAL CAUSES OF FLOOD A) High rainfall. Heavy rains raise the water level. When the water level gets higher than the river bank or the dams, the water forces its way out from the river often leading to a condition of flooding. b) Snow melt. The alarming effect of global warming is leading to increase in temperature higher than the temperature of many years ago. The ice caps melt in spring, therefore these water find its way into the sea. As a result...
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...Flood as a social problem There are few places on Earth where people need not be concerned about flooding. With the onset of rainy season, we need to be prepared for possible flash floods, landslides, and related disasters especially in high risk and vulnerable areas, that is why in Philippines flood is a major problem. Many people die every year because of this natural disaster. Most floods take hours or even days to develop, giving residents ample time to prepare or evacuate, but not in Philippines floods develop in a shorter period. Others generate quickly and with little warning. These flash floods can be extremely dangerous, instantly turning a babbling brook into a thundering wall of water and sweeping everything in its path downstream. There are many causes of flood. Typhoons may cause flooding to coastal areas. When there is a typhoon, the atmospheric pressure is low. Sea level rises and affects the volume of water flowing from the river to the sea. This indirectly leads to flooding. Flooding always occur in coastal areas. Because whenever there are high tides or storms, the sea level will raise. If the sea level is higher than the level of the coastal lowland, flooding will occur. Heavy rainfall raises the water level. When the water level is higher than the river banks or the dams, the water comes out from the river, there will have flooding. But even small amount of rainfalls in our country may cause flood. This graph says that ten percent of the fatalities during...
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...marks) Description of effects of floods is more specific and precise – begins to distinguish between social and economic or this is implicit. Information relates to case studies – ‘rings true’ – some support. Begins to comment – may be tentative/implicit. May be imbalanced to one area and/or category. Similarities/differences are clear. Level 3 (13-15 marks) Precise similarities/differences of effects of flooding – distinguishes between social and economic effect explicitly. A balanced account – of areas and categories. Case studies are used in support – reference to facts/figures. Comment is explicit and perceptive. Candidate A – L3 Answer The flooding in Carlisle 2005 and in Bangladesh 1998 both had damaging effects. Carlisle being an MEDC suffered relatively more economic damage and was also generally better positioned to cope with the flooding than Bangladesh which suffered both heavy economic damage but particularly high ‘social’ impacts. In Carlisle only 3 people died due to the flooding whereas in Bangladesh 1070 people died because infrastructure and early warning systems were not there to mount a successful rescue attempt. In Carlisle 3000 were made homeless for up to 12 months and their lives disrupted by being cut off from their usual transport facilities and community networks etc. but in Bangladesh over 30 million were made homeless. This was partly because of the scale of the flooding was worse in Bangladesh but also the flood generally affected peoples’ lives...
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...Tewksbury floods in 2007 The area around Tewkesbury is frequently affected by flooding. In general such flooding causes little damage to property as the town is surrounded by large areas of floodplain which restrict urban development and the ability for the town to spread. However, extreme flooding events have caused damage to property and affected transport links, the most significant events occurring in 1947, 1960 and 2007. Causes Heavy rain on 20 July caused extensive flooding across the lower Severn catchment, and in many places river levels were the highest ever recorded. Across Tewkesbury, wit was recorded around 80-90mm of rain on 20 July, equivalent to almost two month’s rain in just one day. Effects Sewage and waterworks flooded so people had no water for up to 7 days. 3 people died, 2 died from petrol fumes whilst trying to pump water out of the rugby club, the other drowned. 350,000 around Gloucestershire had no water after Mythe Water Treatment centre was flooded. The Army had its largest 'peace-time' operation in place to provide safe drinking water to Tewkesbury. Tewkesbury Abbey was flooded. Tourism has sufferred, potentially causing the town to lose millions. Government has promised £2500 per business in the area to help finance renovations and flood repair. During the flood, all the roads were inaccessible, essentially cutting the town off from the rest of the country. Parts of the town were under 1metre of water Solutions and responses...
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...Protection of individual properties[edit] There are systems that property owners purchase and fit to their home to stop water entering their house. These systems work on blocking doors, windows and air vents with boards. Propert2.jpg Propert3.jpg Protection of communities[edit] When more homes, shops and infrastructure are threatened by the effects of flooding, then the benefits of greater protection is worth the additional cost. Temporary Flood Defenses can be constructed relatively quickly in certain locations and provide protection from rising flood waters. Communit2.jpg Communit1.jpg Rivers running through large urban developments will often have been controlled and channeled. These channels or canals will have a fixed capacity and if flood water flows exceed this capacity then the city will flood. Over time defenses will have been constructed to minimize the effects, and this will generally be through raising the sides of the river channel with embankments, walls or levees. The large number of people and huge value of infrastructure at risk in cities, means that protection works of high cost can be justified. The water level is receding in parts of Srinagar, which had turned into a giant lake from the waters of the swollen Jhelum. The water level was two to three storeys high in areas like Raj Bagh. People moved to hospitals and other high rise buildings to escape the rising water. The Army...
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