...AUREA FAYE M. MUÑOZ JULY 20, 2015 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING EC21FB1 The environmental perils of war focus on the modernization of warfare and its destructive effect on the environment. Scorched earth methods have been used for much of recorded history. However, methods of modern warfare cause far greater devastation on the environment. The progression of warfare from chemical weapons to nuclear weapons has increasingly created stress on ecosystems and the environment such as Agent Orange during the Vietnam War. Agent Orange is one of the potent herbicides used as a defoliant by the U.S. military in its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War. The name Agent Orange comes from the containers that it was stored in, which had an orange stripe. The U.S. military deployed almost 20 million gallons of herbicides from 1962 to 1971. Among these substances, Agent Orange was the most widely used herbicide, around 11 million gallons. The Vietnamese had the geographical advantages so they used Agent Orange, a mixture of toxins, to remove leaves from trees and bushes, leaving the enemies more exposed. However, the persistent nature of dioxins, erosion caused by loss of tree cover and loss of seedling forest stock meant that reforestation was difficult or nearly impossible in many areas. It has also been linked to many health problems in Vietnam veterans and Vietnamese civilians which caused thousands to die from conditions...
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...location of the war was in the lush and extremely dense jungles of South Vietnam proving to be very hard for our American soldiers. The herbicide Agent Orange was used to take out lots of the vegetation on the jungle floor to expose the enemy. Agent Orange was a very powerful and deadly chemical mixture of 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dixoin (TCDD). *history channel* Which through experiments done on lab animals as proven to have done almost immediate health effects not including the issues that come with time such as various cancers and birth defects. Agent Orange proved to be very useful on the battle field during the war, completely destroying the plant life to expose the Vietnamese soldiers. The whole operation of using the herbicide was called operation “Ranch Hand”. *A* There were several ways (TCDD) was spread out all over the jungles, such as trucks, soldiers with spray backpacks, and most of all the was the C-123’s planes. Only 5% where sprayed by the ground forces, and 95% was sprayed by none other than the U.S. Air Force. The C-123’s where outfitted with specially developed spray tanks that could hold up to 1000 gallons in each tank.*D* In this time frame of the 1960’s and 1970’s Vietnam was actually split into two countries because of the over ruling of power communism. America was at war with north...
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...And from 1961 to 1972, the United States spread 19 million gallons of herbicides across Vietnam for a program called Operation Ranch Hand. The US military deployed herbicide-carrying aircrafts all over Vietnam, covering 4.5 million acres of land. Agent Orange and the other members of the Rainbow Herbicides were showered over forests to remove natural cover from the opposing sides resources. For years afterwards, Vietnam struggled with the lasting effects Agent Orange. An American Veteran, Bob Kerr said, “...we'd realize what a beautiful place it was. I'd sit up on a mountain at night and look out, and it's a stunning country, and I'd think, why is this happening?” The defoliation program had destroyed their lush forests, scarred their rolling hills, and poisoned their waters. The herbicides had been laced into every natural aspect of their lives. But the dioxin leached...
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...Agent Orange and Napalm were types of gases used in Vietnam to cause a great deal of destruction. Agent orange was used as a powerful mixture of chemicals by the Us against Vietnam to eliminate the Vietnamese and the Viet Cong soldiers. The release of Agent Orange was codenamed Operation Ranch Hand.There were more than 19 million gallons used to overed a great amount of land over Vietnam. It caused many health issues to those who breathed in the gas, Americans and Vietnamese. Napalm was also used in the Vietnam war to stop the Vietnamese. Napalm was a mixture of plastic polystyrene, hydrocarbon benzene, and gasoline. Both of these very poisonous and caused a lot of damage during the Vietnam war. From 1961-1972 the U.S. wanted to do a wide-scale damage on the forests in Vietnam where all the Viet Cong and soldiers were to cause damage. For Agent Orange the U.S aircrafts used this to spray the area, affecting the forests and everything in it. Agent Orange had many herbicides in it and many other poisonous components in it, it was highly toxic having affected Vietnam’s crops and water sources so anyone eating or drinking water were affected by the poison. It had caused many health problems such as: muscular dysfunction, birth defects, nervous system disorders, etc. It...
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...or could affect many Vietnam Servicemen. “Many people are still concerned about the health conditions of the chemicals in Agent Orange” (U.S Department of Veterans Affairs). This shows that Vietnam survivor's could suffer from long term conditions. “Veterans who were exposed to Agent Orange or other herbicides during their service may be eligible for a variety of benefits”(U.S Department of Veterans Affairs). This provides evidence that scientists and other researchers are still very worried about the effect people have with Agent Orange. Vietnam Servicemen are still diagnosed with Agent Orange and it still could be harmful to many civilians. Although Agent Orange was a disease that spread to many servicemen it also helped in “combat operations.” Even though it helped in combat, I think that a disease for life is horrible. “Agent Orange removed the leaves of trees and other dense tropical foliage that provided enemy cover” (Official Blog of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs). This shows that in some ways Agent Orange was a good thing. “Agent Orange was not the commercial grade herbicides” (Official Blog of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs). This informs us that if the herbicides were a grade higher, the effects that the chemicals have on people would be worse. Agent Orange may of caused problems but in some ways it helped. Agent Orange is a powerful chemical that affected many Vietnam Veterans and may even affect them to this day. Not only the veterans but their...
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...Since American war in Vietnam happened and ended in 1975, it left severe damages: death, rise of the homeless and the poor, destruction of buildings and natural resources, and numerous disable people. Particularly, Agent Orange is one of the main reasons which brought these misery and loss to Vietnamese at that time, and the negative effects lasted from this generation to another generation. In The Case of Agent Orange, Palmer defines, “Agent Orange, the main herbicide used and primarily for defoliation” (173). At first, this chemical was planted to destroy jungle in order to extent uncover lands which are advantages for aerial fight. Yet, the damage was out of control and affected human and ecosystem in the area was sprayed chemical. This paper will observer how Agent Orange influence Vietnamese people. Mixture of many kinds and high quantity of herbicide resulted in extreme poisonous of Agent Orange. According to The extent and patterns of usage of Agent Orange and othe Herbicides in Vietnam, there were “seven million litres of herbicides” and “more than doubling the total dioxin deposited to 366 kilograms or the world's largest dioxin contamination” used in the war (Stellman et al). In addition, as “dioxin and their effects on human health” published in World Health Organization website, dioxin is defined as a “persistent organic pollutant” containing “highly toxic potential” which can injure immunization and cause cancer. Even if not discovering what damage Agent Orange brings...
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...Ruslan Vasilenko September 5, 2013 Vietnam and Western Imagination Paper Proposal Long Term Effects of Agent Orange I selected the topic of Agent Orange to write about in my final paper and all the controversial issues surrounding that topic. In that paper I will talk about the long term effects of Agent Orange that was used during the Vietnam War between 1961-1977. I will examine the effects it had on Vietnam people right away and in the long run. I will also talk about the political side of things and why it would be used in the first place. A brief history will be given on what it is, how it was made, how it was transported and sprayed over the Vietnam jungles, why things reached these extremes, who was behind the idea, how has the world responded in order to help those affected, and etc. I will also try and include the opinions of American and international populations on this controversial topic. The reason why I picked this topic is because I am always interested in controversial topics that humans have witnessed throughout history. These topics rise out of many occasions and especially during the times of war. Agent Orange is one of those topics because people have been arguing for many decades on both, negative and some positive, sides of it. It has caused a great deal of suffering and pain to those affected. It continues to have a tremendous impact on newborns and those people have yet to be refunded for their struggles even though its not going to...
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...DIANE GERINGER, individually, and as parent and next best friend of TARA GERINGER, and as surviving spouse of William Geringer, decedent, and mother of Jared Geringer, decedent, Plaintiff(s), v. WILDHORN RANCH, INC., a Colorado Corporation, M. R. WATTERS and LES BRETZKE, Defendants UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO 706 F. Supp. 1442 December 14, 1988 (with professor edits) OPINION SHERMAN G. FINESILVER, CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE Plaintiff Diane Geringer brought this action in her own name and as guardian of her minor-daughter Tara Geringer, pursuant to Colorado law, seeking damages for personal injuries and the wrongful death of her husband William Geringer and minor-son Jared Geringer. Jurisdiction before this court is based on diversity of citizenship. 28 U.S.C. § 1332. During August of 1986, the Geringer family was vacationing at the Wildhorn Ranch Resort, a guest ranch located in Teller County, Colorado. William and Jared Geringer drowned during a boating accident on a lake at the Ranch. Paddleboating was among the recreational activities offered by the Resort. At trial, the liability evidence focused on the maintenance and condition of the paddleboats, operation of the Resort, and plaintiffs' conduct in procuring and operating the boat. Plaintiffs' case focused on repairs made a short time prior to the accident and defendants' knowledge that the boats leaked, filled with water, and became unstable. Defendants' case for...
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...military strategy was originally used to target infantry or foot soldiers and could demobilise a large fighting force. For example, in the World War 1, mustard gas blinded enemy soldiers and was also used to create a diversion so troops could cross the no man’s land. The use of chemical warfare dates back to 431BC with the use of smoke bombs and poison arrows being among the earliest forms of chemical warfare. According to Source A Chemical warfare in Vietnam became one of the biggest controversies of the 20th century and the lives of the victims of chemical warfare are still affected to this day. The aftermath of the defoliant agents and herbicides used were catastrophic with over 80,000 gallons being dropped in just one month during Operation Ranch Hand which extended from 1964 – 1973. The United States Army introduced chemical weapons and defoliant agents into the Vietnam War in an attempt to defeat the Vietcong guerrillas fighting in South Vietnam. The Vietcong tactically utilised the huge forests as cover when targeting American and South Vietnamese outposts and military bases. At the time of the defoliant agents’ introduction the Vietcong were gaining support from the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) through the Ho Chi Minh trail which cut though Cambodia and allowed the Vietcong’s open supply line of troops, food, medicine and ammunition. The chemical defoliants not only exposed these trails which were crucial to the Vietcong’s guerrilla fighting strategy but they also destroyed...
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...Monsanto is a large publically traded multinational agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation. Founded in 1901 with around 22,000 employees, there net income is over two billion dollars and total assets 20.6 billion dollars. Monsanto is known for their scientists in the chemical company due to their many breakthroughs. They are also known for their production of controversial products such as Agent Orange, DDT, PCBs and bovine growth hormone. Agent Orange was one of the herbicides used by the United States military as apart of the herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand. Monsanto was contracted by the United States Department of Defense to produce a defoliant so the military would be able to better see the enemy...
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...The story is a conversation between the American and his girlfriend Jig while waiting at a train station. Even though it is not stated explicitly, you can infer that Jig is pregnant and that her boyfriend the American is against her having the baby. The reason you have to infer this is because neither the American nor Jig flat out say abortion. Instead the American says “operation” (2). Jig obviously wants to talk about the operation but it seems like the American wants to avoid the conversation. As Jig is looking out over the hills she says “they look like white elephants” (1). The “Hills Like White Elephants” symbolizes what the couple does not want to talk about, which is the abortion of their unborn child. This goes along with the saying “elephant in the room” referring to truth being ignored just like the American avoiding talking about the...
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...is to “Strengthen the whole church in America and be a spiritual oasis for America”. He sought for a new monastery that could accommodate 30 monks, a haven for layover visitors, a Gothic church, an abbey for Carmelite nuns, and a hermitage on a large portion of land called Irma Lake Ranch that costs $8.9 million. The vision for the Mystic Monk Coffee is to expand its operations through the purchase of a new brewery which would be capable of producing more coffee therefore generating more funds for the vision for the new monastery. The mission of the Carmelite Monks of Wyoming is to live a life of solitude and prayer while working to earn profits in attempts to make the vision of Father Daniel Mary come true. 2. Does it appear that Father Daniel Mary has set definite objectives and performance targets for achieving his vision? * Yes, Father Daniel Mary did have set definite objectives and performance targets for achieving his vision. Since purchasing the Irma Lake Ranch, he has faced financial problems. These problems created the need to set objectives and performance targets. Due to the fact that Mystic Monk Coffee failed to generate enough revenue required for the purchase of the Ranch, he decided that the first objective was to produce more coffee and therefore meant he needed to invest in a larger roaster since the older roaster...
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...capacity cushions that will be maintained between the projected requirements and the actual capacity. A capacity cushion is an amount in excess of the expected demand. Positive Capacity Cushion: If the expected annual demand on a facility is $10 million in products per year and the design capacity is $12 million per year, it has a 20% capacity cushion (2/10). A 20% capacity cushion equates to an 83% utilization rate (100%/120%). Negative Capacity Cushion: when a firm’s design capacity is less than the capacity to meet its demand. If a firm has a demand of $12million in product per year but can only produce $10million per year, it has a negative capacity cushion of 20 %. Problem 1.Amiel’sCompany produces two flavors of salad dressings: Ranch and Ceasars. Each is available in bottles and single serving plastic bags. Management would like to determine equipment and labor requirements for the next five years....
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...and courage, and make the most of their limited resources. This Battle study will offer an analysis over the three major battles: Ranch House, the Ambush, and the Battle of Wanat. I will draw an extensive examination on the...
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...Best Buffalo Bison Ranch About this Sample Entrepreneur Business Plan: The following sample NxLeveL Entrepreneur Business Plan was originally written by a class participant, and subsequently modified to protect proprietary information. As it is primarily a student’s work, it is not represented to be a “perfect” business plan, although the presentation is in keeping with the NxLeveL format and content. It can be used as a sample of what a business plan might contain, and as a model for constructing the various sections. Your instructor may ask that you review certain sections and suggest improvements, modifications or additions. The purpose of each individual business plan may be different, with varied intended readers. You may also be asked to discuss what information might need to be included or deleted based on the purpose of the plan. NxLeveL Entrepreneur Sample Business Plan Best Buffalo Bison Ranch – June 2001 Table of Contents Section Page Section I: Executive Summary 3 Section II: Mission, Goals, & Objectives 4 General Description of Business Mission Statement Goals and Objectives Section III: Background Information 6 Background Industry Information Current and Future Trends Business Fit in the Industry Section IV: Organizational Matters 9 A. Ownership, Regulations, and Contracts 9 B. Management Issues 10 Section V: The Marketing Plan 14 A. The Products and Services 14 B. The Market Analysis 17 C. Marketing Strategies 22 Section VI: The...
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