...described, and I, and many other factors, however, some differences can be avoided in the same column, if you only measure the relative standard 1.3 Yes, the indicators, I can be applied to other areas of management. For example, matrics service center employee performance, management urged him to take the number, the time required, he resolved customer inquiries, and his average idle time. A performance factor, you can rely on indicators to measure and manage. 3. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning. Learning conditions of the reaction, including the establishment of a conditioned stimulus and unconditional stimulus response association between the call of the conditions, it is the response to be unconditional performance. Stimulation, a striking and neutral, are paired, neutral conditioned stimulus, therefore, the reaction conditions to stimulate the nature of the needs and conditions (which is the same as the original unconditional response.) , Who found the operant conditioning, Skinner believes that the function of behavior and its consequences. People learn to get what they want or avoid something they do not want. Management behavior is voluntary or reflexive learning or not learning behavior opposite...
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...Operant conditioning are the consequences of behavior that influence the likelihood of that behavior to be repeated. A drug addiction is a form of dependency that dives into the reward systems behavioral change. With a drug addiction, the drug acts as a reward, or positive reinforcement, and with the repetition the association between response and reward becomes stronger and stronger. An important principle for understanding problematic drug use is the immediacy that comes from the reinforcement. It has been established that the immediate reinforcement follows a behavior. The more powerful the drugs effects will be on that behavior and the more likely the behavior will be repeated. The consequences from negative reinforcement can be demonstrated in the laboratory by training a rat to press a lever to avoid being punished by, for example, a small electric shock to the feet. Each time the animal receives a light predicting shock, it will perform an operant response to avoid the shock being delivered. Similarly, a dependent heroin user may take the drug (operant response) to avoid going through withdrawal symptoms and the associated physical and psychological discomfort. An important note to emphasize is that these learning mechanisms can operate outside of one’s conscious awareness and not include the decision-making process. West points out that in this model, “Addiction can be viewed as involving the "development of a habitual behavior pattern that is independent of any conscious...
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...Xonepro Xonepro PSY/300 PSY/300 Phobias & Addictions Week 2 Individual Assignment Phobias & Addictions Week 2 Individual Assignment Explore how phobias can be developed through classical conditioning. In doing some research on the topic of classical conditioning, I have come to learn that it is a way of training so to speak, where a conditioned response is learned through conditioning the individual, be it animal or human. Basically, one learns that if you do this one action, another will follow in response; a reaction to one’s action. This reaction can be either a reward or a punishment. For instance, you train a dog to do a trick such as, shake hands or roll over. You do this while holding a treat to entice the animal to do said trick. Once the trick is done, the pet then reaps the reward. After doing this many times, the pet then knows that if it does this trick, it will get a treat. Now in the case of classical conditioned phobias in humans, perhaps one of the most common is the fear of spiders, also known as arachnophobia. This is more of a natural happening as one perhaps is bitten or is woken at night with a spider crawling on them. We are told that spiders bite and they are poisonous which creates a natural fear of them and the way they look does not help either. I think even more interesting than people fearing them are the people that do not fear spiders. Another phobia would be that of glossophobia, which is the fear of public speaking or speech...
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...Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of learning which can explain how we develop fears, phobias and other emotional reactions, and food aversions. Ian Pavlov (1849 – 1936) was the first to study it formally. Pavlov was studying dogs digestive processes. Dogs automatically salivate when food arrives in their mouths, but after being in the experimental situation for a while, they would salivate in anticipation of the food arriving, as if they had learned to recognise the signs that the food was on its way. Pavlov took control of these signs and showed that dogs could be trained to salivate to bells, lights, and cardboard shapes instead of food. The classical conditioning process works like this: There must first of all be an innate reflex action, an automatic involuntary response to a stimulus. E.g. blinking, salivation, startle, these are the areas that are under the control of the autonomic nervous system. Such reflexes consist of an unconditional stimulus (UCS) which brings about an unconditional response.(UCR) The experimenter presents a neutral stimulus just before or along with the UCS. The new stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus (CS), Conditional means dependent upon learning. The UCR occurs as before. After several pairings of the CS and UCS the CS alone will be enough to bring about the UCR. The animal now has a new conditioned reflex. The model gives us an explanation for all kinds of learned behaviour. Watson and Rayner (1920) classically...
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...Little Albert and Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning may be defined as; a kind of associative learning where two stimuli happen in a combined as well as frequent manner because of which, they ultimately become linked with each other. The outcome of this union is that each stimulus sooner or later generates an identical response. In fact, this technique is applied in behavioral training in which Unconditioned Stimulus (US) is paired with and leads towards the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) until the conditioned stimulus unaccompanied is enough to bring out the response (Abell et al., 1999). To understand it clearly, there is need to recall the experiment performed by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner in 1920. Watson suggested that psychological researches should be based merely on apparent behaviors and due to this viewpoint, his research was related with conditioning of fear (learned). He demonstrated above conditioning via usual procedures including association of stimuli, and research subject chosen by him for the purpose was an 11-month old child Albert. Albert was an extremely firm infant who hardly ever exhibited fear of anything involving the white rat present in laboratory, but Watson and Rayner noticed that he was afraid of loud noises (Unconditioned Stimulus). They decided to implement this innate fear response (Unconditioned Response (UR)) shown by Albert as a tool in their study. So; they created piercing sound by striking a big steel pipe with hammer. ...
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...The Reinforcement Theory of Motivation includes 4 aspects: Positive, Negative, Punishment, Extinction. Positive reinforcement – When the employees work hard, have done work well, and bring some interests for the organization, the organization will give some rewards to motivate them. For example: In a company, the employees’ work exploits will be showed in the notice board every month. The best employee should be given some rewards. Thus, they will bring some benefits for their organization. Negative reinforcement – When the employees have some prombles make he/she does not work hardly and brought some losses for the organization, the organization will give them help. Thus, it can help the employees to eliminate affect. For example: if they feel work no motivity . we will to know their prombles , than eliminate affect . if his family has some prombles ,we will help him. to improve the environment of workplace , furnish regular bus ,get a psychologist to account for the promble of mental(Psychology Management), eliminate theestrangement of new and old staff . Punishment reinforcement – When the employees make the organization suffer some harm or do something wrong, they will be given some punishments. For example: When the company suffers a great loss because of the employee’s laxity and mistake, the organization will give him a serious punishment and be deducted some wages. Extinction reinforcement...
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...Positive Reinforcement Thomasina James ECE 201 July 22, 2013 Deborah Hibbs Here in Level B case 1 you have a student Doug who seems to be very distracted when having to begin assignments on his own. There are a various list of things that can be done to help guide Doug in the right direction. The best strategy in this child case is positive reinforcement to help him stay on track and complete assignments. When reading this case study I am noticing that Doug seems to have faith in the work that he can achieve. Doug is interested working and is capable of getting his work done on time and correctly. He works with well others but once he is placed on his own he lacks the motivation to do anything besides play. The reason that I think that Doug has problems with his self-image is when he is forced to show his abilities he does not attempt. The child shows characteristics of not having confidence in himself by with draw in situations where his is alone and thriving in large groups. Positive reinforcement will give him the platform to see that he is smart and makes him want to repeat the good behavior that prompted the reward or praise. According to Purdue University “Rewards and positive reinforcement are ways to discipline a child. They are ways that can help everyone feel good. Some experts say you should use five times more rewards than punishments” (Purdue University) The first thing that I will do is implement a reward system. This system is something that Doug can...
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...Christopher Burge Global Warming Global warming is a grave issue that is affecting not only the United States, but the whole world as well. Various international strategies need to be implemented so that these issues can be tackled. If taken seriously, the issue of global warming can not only be overcome, it can be prevented as well. Poll conducted in my community- family members, friends, and coworkers- asking if they felt whether or not global warming was a problem or not or undecided: Two examples of how global warming if affecting the life of our communities: * Global warming is already leading to more violent storms and less predictable weather patterns. According to the Pew Center on Global Warming, since 1995, only two years have not had above average hurricane activity. The overall number of tropical storms has not increased, but there are more storms strong enough to be called hurricanes. We will probably continue to get bigger storms, which will do more damage to coastal areas. * Global warming will have drastic effects on local ecosystems. Most plants and animals are adapted for a certain environment. Generally, each species does well when the temperature is in a certain range, and the seasons work in a regular way. As things like temperature and seasonal precipitation shift, less robust plants and animals are not going to be able to adapt quickly enough. This will result in widespread extinction. Three facts that are relevant to global...
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...Perspectives Paper December 17, 2012 Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a perspective that became dominant during the early half of the 20th century thanks to prominent thinkers such as B.F. Skinner, and John B. Watson. The basis of behavioral psychology suggests that all behaviors are learned. Conditioning is the process of learning to react to the environment. Many theorists contributed to the theories of classical and operant conditioning, some theorists being Skinner, Watson, and Tolman. Each theorist contributed their own theories proven to impact a part of psychology. Many behaviors have been previously conditioned in the human species by the environment. Skinner, Watson, and Tolman all made their contributions to psychology with theories and proven statistics. John B. Watson John Watson proposed the idea of an objective psychology of behavior called "behaviorism." He saw psychology as the study of people's actions with the ability to predict and control those actions. His idea became known as “the behaviorists” theory (Goodwin. 2008). Theorists such as Skinner, Watson, and Tolman all had one common idea; that psychology was defined as the natural science of behavior, objective in its study, and was a pattern of adjustment functionally dependent upon stimulus conditions in the environment, and was emphasized in theory and research. Watson also used animal subjects...
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...Classical Conditioning Paper University of Phoenix S. Foss PSYCH 390 / Janice Williams What is Classical Conditioning? Who is the theorist behind classical conditioning? How can classical conditioning be applied to daily situations regarding getting people to do things that a person wants done? In this paper, we will cover these questions and determine the answers Classical condition, by definition according to psychology and society.com, is: Classical Conditioning-a type of conditioning and learning process in which something (conditioned stimulus) that had not previously produced a particular response becomes associated with something (unconditioned stimulus) that produces the response. As a result, the conditioned stimulus will elicit the response that the unconditioned stimulus produces (psych.com). Classical Conditioning was a theory of cognitive learning introduced by Russian Born Ivan Pavlov initial study of interest was of the physiology of digestion. In 1890 Pavlov was invited to assist in the direction of and to help organize the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, this lasted 45 years and under Pavlov’s direction, and the center became one of the one of the most important centers of physiological research. It was at the Institute of Experimental Medicine that Pavlov conducted most of his research on physiological digestion, which led him to develop a science of conditioned reflex. Conditioned reflex was Pavlov’s most...
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...Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning was established and studied by Ivan Pavlov a Russian psychologist. According to Hockenbury & Hockenbury (2006), classical conditioning is the “basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the same response is elicited from the neutral stimulus.” (p. 192). Both Pavlov and additional researches discovered that “optimal time interval varies in different conditioning situations” (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2006, p. 194), but it is hardly beyond a couple of seconds. Research has slated that Pavlov spent at least three decades studying classical conditioning, and during these decades he found a lot of element that would and could change the power of the conditioned response. Classical conditioning is a quad-step learning process connecting reactions: First, Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - a stimulus that suggests an unconditional response with no former conditioning (requires no learning for reaction to take place). Secondly, Unconditional Response (UR) – an uneducated response\ reply to an unconditional stimulus that happens with no former conditioning. Third, Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – a formerly neutral stimulus with the purpose of and in the course of conditioning, obtained the capability to suggest a conditioned response. Forth, is Conditioned Response (CR) – is a learned response to a conditioned stimulus that happens due to a previous conditioning (1998-2011)...
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...Title To investigate and reflect on the use of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) with students who have Autism. Aims The aim of my project was to gain knowledge of Applied Behaviour Analysis and its effectiveness in working with children with Autism. My focus questions ask • What are the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour Analysis and how and why it benefits children who are autistic? • What is involved in setting up an Applied Behaviour Analysis program in the classroom environment? Both focus questions have helped me to investigate ABA, implement strategies that ABA employ and reflect on the program as a whole. I became part of a withdrawal program established for the purpose of intensive early intervention based on the principles of ABA. Harris, (2002 p19) explains “Applied Behavior Analysis takes basic principles in behaviour science and emphasizes the intensity that is needed for particular children”. As I progressed through my journey I discovered that ABA was indeed an extremely effective intervention program for autistic children. I felt that the whole process was a huge learning curve which in turn has had positive affects on my future practice. PARTS OF THE REPORT Rationale Explains why I embarked on this particular topic, process I used in decided topic, list of research strategies to achieve aims, Kemmis & McTaggarts (1988) Action Research Planner model Process -What were the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour...
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...Phobias and Addiction Eugene McDaniel PSY/300 May 22, 2012 Deandriea Bass Abstract * This paper explore how phobias can be developed through classical conditioning this can be thought of as a reaction that is learned through the pairing of stimuli. How addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a method for modifying behavior an operant which utilizes contingencies between a discriminative stimulus, an operant response, a reinforce to change the probability of a response occurring again in that situation. This paper also Distinguishes between classical and operant conditioning. One of the major differences involves the types of behaviors that are conditioned. While classical conditioning is centered on involuntary, automatic behaviors, operant conditioning is focused on voluntary behaviors. * While these two conditioning techniques share some similarities, it is important to understand the differences between them. What extinction means and how it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning. * * Phobias and Addictions Phobias are an irrational and excessive fear of an object or situation. In most cases, the phobia involves a sense of endangerment or a fear of harm. For example, those suffering from agoraphobia fear being trapped in an inescapable place. Addiction has long been understood to mean an uncontrollable habit of using alcohol or other drugs. Because of the physical...
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...The discussion between what is bribery and what is reinforcement is a struggle that many parents face when wanting to discipline their children. To not get confused, there is a vast difference between the two. Bribery and reinforcement are not synonymous. Both Irvine and Direnfeld agree that the problem between a parent bribing or reinforcing their children is simply not the fault of their parenting ways, but how communication was lost. Parents have failed to communicate to their children that good behavior is rewarding enough (Irvine, 2007). According to the Lovaas Institute Blog, internal motivation is more beneficial than external rewards. If parents and teachers continuously advocate that the behavior the children do is good, then the need of external rewards will be eliminated because the praise and the attention that children will get out of it is rewarding enough. Most applied behavior analysts would agree that bribing a child institutes good behavior, but also communicates to the child that they will receive something in return for that behavior. According to Direnfeld, bribery is a “promise” of delivery. This means that before any behavior is performed, the parent or teacher has already told the child that they will get a reward. Direnfeld distinguishes that reinforcement is rewarding the child after the delivery of good behavior. The difference between the two is bribery is being rewarded before the behavior and reinforcement is being rewarded after the behavior...
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...psychologist that was researching dogs digestion (Editorial Board). Through his research he was able to prove that learning results from rewards or punishment that are associated with a specific behavior his theory was called the behaviorist approach (Editorial Board). John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner continued to research the behaviorist approach in shaping behavior. It is based on the belief that individuals behaviors can be measured, trained and changed (Cherry). In simple terms the Behaviorism theory believes that all behaviors are learned. To be more specific Behaviorism is a theory of learning that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment (Cherry). There are two major types of conditioning: Classic Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. "Classic conditioning is a technique where a naturally occurring stimulant is occurred with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulant is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus (Cherry)." These two parts are then called a conditioned...
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