...Operational Approaches Paper University of Phoenix ISCOM/370 Introduction Competition among today’s organizations has become immense and is getting tougher and tougher day by day, since more new companies are starting businesses in the same industry. Whether they are from the manufacturing sector or service sector, the need for cutting the unnecessary costs, achieving maximum efficiency, and implementing operations management strategies is increasing (Shaikh, 2009). To serve the different needs and expectation of various customers effectively, it is necessary to implement effective operational approaches, which enable the organization to meet the standards of particular industry. There are various operational approaches for a service and manufacturing organization, which are necessary for increasing the productivity and efficiency of the organization. I have chosen customer relationship management as an operational approach for service organization and supply chain management for manufacturing organization. Operational Approaches Customer relationship management is used to handle the organizations relationship with customers and also assists the front office business processes such as marketing, sales and service. Each contact with the customer is added to the contact history of the customer, which can be used later by the employees to analyze information from the customer's database. Enterprise service management is the most important approach used by service organization...
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...EVALUATING WORK 1. JOB EVALUATION Job Evaluation is the process of systematically determining the relative worth of jobs to create a job structure for the organization. The evaluation is based on a combination of job content, skills required, value to the organization, organizational culture, and the external market. This potential to blend organizational forces and external market forces is both a strength and a challenge of job evaluation. 2. TYPES OF JOB EVALUATION JOB BASED Job-based employee performance evaluations focus on the duties of the position and the tasks required to perform them successfully. This is a standard type of evaluation you can use for all employees filling the same position. First you must perform a job analysis, separating all duties into large categories, such as essential functions and communication. Under the categories of the position, specify tasks required to fulfill them. Be thorough in your analysis and ask your manager or the human resources department to review it. This will be the performance plan for the position. Each employee will receive the plan, sign it and be reviewed formally at the end of the rating period based on the duties outlined. PERSON BASED A person-based evaluation is specific to each individual employee. It takes into consideration the knowledge, skills and abilities the employee possesses upon hire and learns in the course of the rating period. In this way, an employee is compensated fairly for...
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...Evaluation methods differ from an organization to another depending on the size, industry, power of influence, and complexity of that one. Three of the main evaluation methods that have been widely adopted by business and HR managers, and professionals to evaluate and scale their organizational state of concern. Hay Is ultimately one of the earliest methods of evaluation since it was adopted in The early 1950s. It aids in forming an organizational map that aids in the valuation of jobs and salaries. Its no longer sufficient one because of it generating very low points. Three factors that Hay evaluates the jobs on are presented in: Know how (technical knowledge, breadth, human relations, etc..) Problem solving ( environmental thinking, challenge thinking, etc...) Accountability (freedom, and impact of type and magnitude) Working conditions (human relations, work load, environment, etc..) Mercer Other evaluation approach that was widely used in the 1970s that came up with enhanced factors, one of these was the risk factor that is no longer applied because that nowadays firms are obeying international standards for risk and safety. Three factors that Mercer evaluates the jobs on are presented in: Expertise (knowledge, experience, breadth, interpersonal traits, etc..) Judgement (job environment, reasoning, etc..) Accountability (impact, independence and influence, involvement, etc..) Towers and Watson Another iterative approach of evaluation of...
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...AFIN328 Financial Risk Management Department of Applied Finance and Actuarial Studies Faculty of Business and Economics Unit Guide D2 Day; Offered in Session 2, North Ryde 2012 Table of Content Table of Content General Information Convenor and teaching staff Credit Points Prerequisites Corequisites Co-badged status Unit Description 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Learning Outcomes Graduate Capabilities Problem Solving and Research Capability Creative and Innovative Effective Communication Commitment to Continuous Learning Discipline Specific Knowledge and Skills Critical, Analytical and Integrative Thinking Engaged and Ethical Local and Global citizens Capable of Professional and Personal Judgement and Initiative 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 Assessment Tasks Class Test 1 Class Test 2 Group assignment Final Examination 10 10 10 10 11 Unit Schedule Delivery and Resources Policies and Procedures Academic Honesty Grades Grading Appeals and Final Examination Script Viewing Special Consideration Policy Student Support Student Enquiry Service Equity Support IT Help 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 Research and Practice 16 Page 2 of 16 General Information Convenor and teaching staff Unit Convenor: Alan Rai Email: alan.rai@mq.edu.au Phone: 9850 1169 Office: E4A 228 Consultation Hours: 1-3pm Monday Lecturer: James McCulloch Email: james.mcculloch@mq.edu.au Consultation Hours: Consultation during tutorials or via email Credit Points 3 Prerequisites ACCG252...
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...* Healthy and sound financial system plays an important role in achieving sustainable development and economic and political stability in both developed and underdeveloped economies. * Financial institutions play an important role in economic and financial environment of any country. * An essential element in the health of any financial system is the soundness of its institution. * As the value of the bank’s assets decreases or the percentage of non-performing loans increases a deduction from capital is take in an equal amount to restore the balance. Thus, capital acts as a source of funds to bear risks and absorb losses, covering any imbalance caused by a fall in the value of assets. * The level of capital funds required to support the institutional structure and to provide protection against unanticipated and excessive losses is known as capital adequacy * Capital adequacy is the most crucial element within bank supervisory systems * Systemic risk or the contagion effect means failure of one bank leads to possible collapse of several other financial institutions. * A liquidator is the officer appointed when a company goes into winding-up or liquidation who has responsibility for collecting in all of the assets of the company and settling all claims against the company before putting the company into dissolution * G-10 countries include Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, The United Kingdom...
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...CMYK CMYK Wo r k i n g P a p e r The Indian Journey to Basel II: Implementing Risk Management in Banks Dr. SS Satchidananda Sanjeev Shukla CBIT Centre of Banking and Information Technology Indian Institute of Information Technology 26/C, Electronic City, Bangalore And Oracle India Pvt. Ltd., DLF Corporate Park Block I DLF City Phase III Gurgaon 122002 CMYK CMYK CMYK CMYK CBIT Centre of Banking and Information Technology Indian Institute of Information Technology 26/C, Electronic City, Bangalore And Oracle India Pvt. Ltd., DLF Corporate Park Block I DLF City Phase III Gurgaon 122002 CMYK CMYK CMYK CMYK The Indian Journey to Basel II Implementing Risk Management in Banks ABSTRACT In this paper, we provide a perspective on the international regulatory framework for capital standards and its focus on implementation of risk management systems in banks with particular reference to the Indian scenario. We also discuss the Indian regulatory approach to this important challenge and the major issues involved in the Basel II implementation in the Indian context. We conclude with guidance for developing an implementation plan for ushering in effective and efficient risk management in banks. {SS Satchidananda1 Sanjeev Shukla2 } Banking in modern economies is all about risk management. The successful negotiation and implementation of Basel II Accord is likely to lead to an even sharper focus on the risk measurement and risk...
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...Basel I The Basel Accords are some of the most influential—and misunderstood—agreements in modern international finance. Drafted in 1988 and 2004, Basel I and II have ushered in a new era of international banking cooperation. Through quantitative and technical benchmarks, both accords have helped harmonize banking supervision, regulation, and capital adequacy standards across the eleven countries of the Basel Group and many other emerging market economies. On the other hand, the very strength of both accords—their quantitative and technical focus—limits the understanding of these agreements within policy circles, causing them to be misinterpreted and misused in many of the world’s political economies. Moreover, even when the Basel accords have been applied accurately and fully, neither agreement has secured long-term stability within a country’s banking sector. Therefore, a full understanding of the rules, intentions, and shortcomings of Basel I and II is essential to assessing their impact on the international financial system. This paper aims to do just that—give a detailed, non-technical assessment of both Basel I and Basel II, and for both developed and emerging markets, show the status, intentions, criticisms, and implications of each accord. Basel I Soon after the creation of the Basel Committee, its eleven member states (known as the G-10) began to discuss a formal standard to ensure the proper capitalization...
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...RISK MANAGEMENT DEFINITION OF RISK: 1. Risk in finance is defined in terms of the variability of actual returns on an investment, around an expected return, even when those returns represent positive outcomes. 2. The decisions on how much risk to take and what type of risks to take are critical to the success of the business. 3. The essence of good management is making the right choices when it comes to dealing with different risks. 4. In banking, the risk is the possibility that a borrower or counterparty will fail to meet its obligations in accordance with the agreed terms, both in terms of time and quantity. 5. Risk does not come alone – the default of one firm may cripple affiliated firms such as suppliers, customers and banks. RISK MANAGEMENT: 1. Risk Management is a planned method of dealing with the potential loss or damage. It is an ongoing process of risk appraisal through various methods and tools. 2. Risk Management involves not only to protect oneself against some risks but also to decide which risks are to be exploited and how to exploit them. 3. Risk Management covers credit decision making, performance assessment, pricing, capital computation, provisioning etc. 4. Risk Management covers the following: a. It assesses what could go wrong b. It determines which risks are important to be dealt with c. It implements strategies to deal with those risks. 5. Risk Management is not – ...
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...Operational Risk Management Interpreting Operational Risk Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, systems and external events. This definition includes legal risk but excludes reputational risk and strategic risk. Therefore, in line with the Basel II risk management framework and best practices, operational risk in the Bank is composed of the following risk types: operations risk, legal risk, regulatory compliance risk, financial crime risk, people risk, property, technology, vendor, financial, and environmental risk. KIRU HAS A SMALL PART (TYPES OF OPERATIONAL RISK) HERE.WE WILL SEND YOU TODAY ITSELF.IF NOT IGNORES THAT PART. Operational risk management at NDB Operational Risk Management at NDB Operational risk is recognized as a distinct risk category which the Bank strives to manage within acceptable levels through sound operational risk management practices. The Bank's approach to managing operational risk is to adopt practices that are most appropriate and relevant considering the organizational maturity and business environment. Operational risk exposure is managed through comprehensive set of internal controls and management processors that cover risk assessment (Identification, description and estimation), risk evaluation, reporting, mitigation, residual risk reporting and monitoring and control associated with our business operations as an ongoing activity. Further, the Bank recognizes the significance...
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...decisions after considering major risks and opportunities. Originally focused simply on managing the losses and downside, ERM now is also used to help companies decide between alternative business lines and strategic growth options. Companies are using the tool to take a more valuefocused (rather than loss-focused) approach to risk management amid increasing volatility and uncertainty. ERM considers everything from credit risk to operational and supply chain risk. ERM examines decisions through a risk lens, identifying creative approaches to succeed in a world of uncertainty. To build an Enterprise Risk Management system, all parts of the organization contribute vital perspectives: • Senior executives determine the level of risk a company is willing to take. They express their risk appetite in concrete terms such as earnings volatility and potential losses of capital, equity or assets; • The risk organization, in cooperation with line managers, continuously examines the potential impact of various risks (e.g., strategic, business, financial and operational risks) on the organization. They decide whether to avoid the exposure completely, effectively mitigate it (for example, through a transfer to another party) or use the company risk insight and risk management capabilities as an opportunity to generate extra profit from the exposure; • Line managers embed risk management principles into everyday business decisions and activities; • Managers separate risk-taking and risk-monitoring...
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...The Significance of Basel 1 and Basel 2 for the Future of The Banking Industry with Special Emphasis on Credit Information Abstract This paper examines the significance of Basel 1 and Basle 2 for the future of the banking industry. Both accords promote safety and soundness in the financial system with Basel 2 utilize approaches to capital adequacy that are appropriately sensitive to the degree of risk involved in a banks’ positions and activities. These approaches –and especially the one to measure credit risk- will require information from external credit assessment institution and information collected by banks about their borrowers creditworthiness. Maher Hasan Central Bank of Jordan To be presented in the Credit Alliance/ Information Alliance Regional Meeting in Amman 3-4 April 2002 1. Introduction The soundness of the banking system is one of the most important issues for the regulatory authorities. There are two main questions facing the regularity authorities regarding this issue: First, How should banking “soundness” be defined and measured? Second, What should be the minimum level of soundness set by regulators? The soundness of a bank can be defined as the likelihood of a bank becoming insolvent (Greenspan 1998). The lower this likelihood the higher is the soundness of a bank. Bank capital essentially provides a cushion against failure. If bank losses exceed bank capital the bank will become capital insolvent. Thus, the higher the bank capital the higher is...
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...CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1. THEME OF THE STUDY Risk management underscores the fact that the survival of an organization depends heavily on its capabilities to anticipate and prepare for the change rather than just waiting for the change and react to it. The objective of risk management is not to prohibit or prevent risk taking activity, but to ensure that the risks are consciously taken with full knowledge, purpose and clear understanding so that it can be measured and mitigated. It also prevents an institution from suffering unacceptable loss causing an institution to suffer or materially damage its competitive position. Functions of risk management should actually be bank specific dictated by the size and quality of balance sheet, complexity of functions, technical/ professional manpower and the status of MIS in place in that bank. 1.2 INTRODUCTION Risk: the meaning of ‘Risk’ as per Webster’s comprehensive dictionary is “a chance of encountering harm or loss, hazard, danger” or “to expose to a chance of injury or loss”. Thus, something that has potential to cause harm or loss to one or more planned objectives is called Risk. The word risk is derived from an Italian word “Risicare” which means “To Dare”. It is an expression of danger of an adverse deviation in the actual result from any expected result. Banks for International Settlement (BIS) has defined it as- “Risk is the threat that an event or action will adversely affect an organization’s ability...
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...CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1. THEME OF THE STUDY Risk management underscores the fact that the survival of an organization depends heavily on its capabilities to anticipate and prepare for the change rather than just waiting for the change and react to it. The objective of risk management is not to prohibit or prevent risk taking activity, but to ensure that the risks are consciously taken with full knowledge, purpose and clear understanding so that it can be measured and mitigated. It also prevents an institution from suffering unacceptable loss causing an institution to suffer or materially damage its competitive position. Functions of risk management should actually be bank specific dictated by the size and quality of balance sheet, complexity of functions, technical/ professional manpower and the status of MIS in place in that bank. 1.2 INTRODUCTION Risk: the meaning of ‘Risk’ as per Webster’s comprehensive dictionary is “a chance of encountering harm or loss, hazard, danger” or “to expose to a chance of injury or loss”. Thus, something that has potential to cause harm or loss to one or more planned objectives is called Risk. The word risk is derived from an Italian word “Risicare” which means “To Dare”. It is an expression of danger of an adverse deviation in the actual result from any expected result. Banks for International Settlement (BIS) has defined it as- “Risk is the threat that an event or action will adversely affect an organization’s ability...
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...WHAT IS BASEL II? Basel ii is a framework, and the standards it contains have been endorsed by the Central Bank Governors and Heads of Banking Supervision of the Group of Ten countries. It presents the outcome of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s work over recent years to secure international convergence on revisions to supervisory regulations governing the capital adequacy of internationally active banks. Following the publication of the Committee’s first round of proposals for revising the capital adequacy framework in June 1999, an extensive consultative process was set in train in all member countries and the proposals were also circulated to supervisory authorities worldwide. The Committee subsequently released additional proposals for consultation in January 2001 and April 2003 and furthermore conducted three quantitative impact studies related to its proposals. As a result of these efforts, many valuable improvements have been made to the original proposals. The present paper is now a statement of the Committee agreed by all its members. It sets out the details of the agreed Framework for measuring capital adequacy and the minimum standard to be achieved which the national supervisory authorities represented on the Committee will propose for adoption in their respective countries. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is a committee of banking supervisory authorities that was established by the central bank governors of the Group of Ten countries in...
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...≈√ F M A G u i d e l i n e s on Operational Risk Management These guidelines were prepared by the Oesterreichische Nationalbank in cooperation with the Financial Market Authority Published by: Oesterreichische Nationalbank (OeNB) Otto-Wagner-Platz 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria Austrian Financial Market Authority (FMA) Praterstraße 23, 1020 Vienna, Austria Produced by: Oesterreichische Nationalbank Editor in chief: Günther Thonabauer, Communications Division (OeNB) Barbara Nösslinger, Staff Department for Executive Board Affairs and Public Relations (FMA) Editorial processings: Chapter I and III: Roman Buchelt, Stefan Unteregger (OeNB) Chapter II and IV: Wolfgang Fend, Radoslaw Zwizlo, Johannes Lutz (FMA) Design: Peter Buchegger, Communications Division (OeNB) Typesetting, printing and production: OeNB Printing Office Published and printed at: Otto-Wagner-Platz 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria Inquiries: Oesterreichische Nationalbank Communications Division Otto-Wagner-Platz 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria Postal address: Post Office Box 61, 1011Vienna, Austria Phone (+43-1) 40420-6666 Telefax (+43-1) 40420-6696 Austrian Financial Market Authority (FMA) Executive Board Affairs & Public Relations Division Praterstraße 23, 1020 Vienna, Austria Phone (+43-1) 24959-5100 Orders: Oesterreichische Nationalbank Documentation Management and Communications Services Otto-Wagner-Platz 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria Postal address: Post Office Box 61, 1011Vienna, Austria Phone...
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