...Principal-agent problems arise through the misalignment of interests between individuals or groups within an organisation. They can occur in various parts of an organisational structure, for instance in Labour; between an employer and an employee, Franchises; the franchisor and franchisee, Regulation; the regulator and the regulated company through to Investors; between the Shareholders and company Executives (Fingleton, J. 2012) The strength and alignment of these relationships are vital for the smooth successful operation of organisations, problems can occur in both the public sector in healthcare through doctor-patient-pharmaceutical company relationships and also in government, whilst more commonly known in the private sector through labour and investor related problems. This report will evaluate the effects of the principal-agent problem within firms by considering real world examples of where they may have occurred and what methods organisations use to address the issue. Empirical Evidence Empirical evidenceThere is however considerable empirical evidence of a positive effect of compensation on performance (although the studies usually involve “simple” jobs where aggregate measures of performance are available, which is where piece rates should be most effective). In one study, Lazear (1996) saw productivity rising by 44% (and wages by 10%) in a change from salary to piece rates, with a half of the productivity gain due to worker selection effects. Research shows...
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...The Caries Process Karen Nelson Saint Petersburg College June 24, 2012 The Caries Process The caries process or how a cavity develops in the oral cavity is a complex process and requires several contributing factors to occur. In order to understand the caries process fully we will discuss all of the factors involved. Such factors include: the agent (acidogenic bacteria), the host (the tooth, quality and quantity of saliva, and immune responses) and the environment (the patient’s diet, amount/frequency and kind of food or drink consumed and the intake of fermentable carbohydrates). We will then discuss demineralization and remineralization (the body’s natural repairing of the tooth) and their roles in the caries process. We will also take a look at how caries are diagnosed and detected, what a caries risk assessment is, its factors and how it can be utilized on individual patients for caries prevention. Finally, we will discuss how dental caries is treated at all levels of the caries process. Caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, is a bacterial infection transmitted primarily through saliva, leading to the destruction of enamel, cementum and dentin. Although caries is an infectious disease of the teeth, it is more accurate to say caries is caused by a shift in oral micro-flora to caries-causing types in response to acidity resulting from metabolism of sugars. (Higham, 2010) Three major factors contribute to the caries process: food or beverages that are...
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... 2.2.7 Servant Leadership 12 2.2.8 Task-Oriented Leadership 12 2.2.9 Transactional Leadership 12 2.2.10 Transformational Leadership 13 2.3 Using the Right Style Situational Leadership 13 2.4 Three Classic Leadership Styles 14 2.4.1 The Laissez Faire Leadership Style 14 2.4.2 The Autocratic Leadership Style 14 2.4.3 The Participative Leadership Style 14 CHAPTER III 15 FINDING AND RESULT 15 2.1 Political Activity 15 3.1.1 Armed anti-apartheid activities 16 3.1.2 Arrest and Rivonia trial 17 3.1.3 Imprisonment 19 3.1.4 Release 21 3.1.5 Negotiations 22 3.1.6 Presidency of South Africa 23 3.1.7 Lockerbie trial 26 CHAPTER IV 28 CONCLUSION 28 BIBLIOGRAPHY 32 CHAPTER I FIGURE PROFILE Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; born 18 July 1918) is a South African politician who served as president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first ever to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before being elected president, Mandela was a militant anti-apartheid activist, and the leader and co-founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges,...
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...Corporation”). Directly addressed to people in management and strategy, this article was clearly prescriptive as to the best way to set winning strategies for the firm, especially as to diversification and the abusive use of SBUs (Strategic Business Units) in highly decentralized profit centres. “In the 1990s, top executives will be judged on their ability to identify, cultivate, and exploit the core competencies that make growth possible”. Since the 1990s, the resource based view (RBV) and the core competence approach (CCA) became very attractive for many researchers and consultants. Such interest was well supported by what seemed to be a clear and superior way of setting strategies by large Japanese groups which frequently served as a benchmark case of core competence management. The strong and pervasive trends for continuous technological innovation and for technological alliances created also a rich context for the use of RBV and CCA to strategy. Analysis and theory were tempted to move from transaction costs to resources or competences or capabilities sometime in a fuzzy way in interpreting strategic moves in the context of alliances and technological changes. Although attractive, the...
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...The International Journal of Human Resource Management 9:1 February 1998 HRM strategies and labour turnover in the hotel industry: A comparative study of Australia and Singapore Angeline Cheng and Alan Brown Abstract This study explores the perceptions of HR managers on the strategic management of labour tumover in a selection of large hotels in Australia and Singapore, The main argument is that the effects of labour tumover can be mitigated with strategically managed human resources through the four key HR activities. The hotel industries in both Singapore and Australia revealed a comparable range of HR policies and practices being adopted, with an explicit recognition of the contribution an organization's human resources have on the bottom-line. There was a clear convergence towards minimizing tumover primarily through the recruitment, selection and induction processes. This was despite fundamental social, economic and labour differences between Singapore and Australia, Keywords Introduction In recent years, there has been widening recognition that human resource management (HRM) strategies impact on an organization's perfomiance and bottom-line results, contributing to overall effectiveness (Nankervis and Debrah, 1995). Particularly in the service industry, the effective utilization of human resources can give an organization its competitive edge (Schneider and Bowen, 1993). This has led to an increased interdependency of corporate strategy with human resource management...
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...Anthropological and Accounting Knowledge in Islamic Banking and Finance: Rethinking Critical Accounts Author(s): Bill Maurer Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Dec., 2002), pp. 645667 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3134937 . Accessed: 27/02/2012 02:27 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. http://www.jstor.org ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ACCOUNTING KNOWLEDGE IN ISLAMIC BANKING AND FINANCE: RETHINKING CRITICAL ACCOUNTS BILL MAURER Universityof Californiaat Irvine Accounting for accounting demands renewed attention to the knowledge practices of the accounting profession and anthropological analysis. Using data and theory from Islamic accountancy in Indonesia and the global network...
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...assignment is to develop the written and oral communication skills of marketing for business leadership students. The objective of the assignment is to aware students about the application of market analysis for the retail industry in South Africa. The retail industry effectiveness is dependent on the macro and micro environment analysis of the sector. The students of this group has done the analysis using different resources from South Africa statistics, Standard Bank, and other private consultancy reports that are listed in the reference list. According to the findings, South Africa’s economy is continuing in growth since 1994, which is after the democratic election that resulted from the failure of apartheid. During the regime of Nelson Mandela different improvement in poletical, technological and environmental improvement was done. Improvement in political and technological environment helps the retail industry to develop in size and return that has impact on the overall growth rate in the country more than 4% per year. 1. Introduction Retailing is a business activity of selling goods and services directly to consumers. Instead of selling products for resale, a...
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...ASSIGNMENT OF PUBLIC FINANCE ON The importance of broadening the Income Tax Base SUBMITTED TO Tanvir M H Arif, MIBM (UWL/TVU, UK); MBA (CU, BD) Assistant Professor, Department of Finance and Banking. University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Ex-Asst. Professor, FBA, USTC ; Ex-Lecturer, AUB, Dhaka. And CEO, Corporate Trainer and Consultant (CTC), Chittagong, Bangladesh. UK Experiences: Adjunct Faculty of BRIT College, London Ambassador College and Nelson College. SUBMITTED BY GROUP D Group Profile| SERIAL NO.|NAME DETAILS|CLASS ID|E-MAIL ID| 01|SHAMIN JAHAN SHAWN|09303020|shahjahanh53@gmail.com[->0]| 02|JEWEL SHIL|09303036|takenfromlife@ymail.com[->1]| 03|TAMA SAHA|09303050|tama_cu@yahoo.com[->2]| 04|KUSHUM AKTER SOMA|09303056|Kushumsoma@yahoo.com[->3]| 05|DIPA BARUA|09303060|| 06|SHAMIM AKTHER|09303063|Shamim_cufb_17@yahoo.com| 07|HERO AKTER|09303085|hiruakter@gmail.com[->4]| 08| K. A.M. ATAUL ISLAM|09303111|hassanmrhridoy@ gmail.com| 09|MOHAMMAD JAMIR UDDIN |09303113|Jamir_cu@yahoo.com[->5]| 10|MEJBAH UDDIN AHMED|09303118|mejbah118@gmail.com[->6]| 11|BIBI JOYNUB CHOWDHURANI|09303126|| CONTENTS Chapter -1| Introductory Part| 1.1 Introduction1.2 Aims and Scope of the study1.3 Methodology of the study1.4 Vision of the study1.5 Limitations of the study| Chapter -2| Income Tax Background| 2.1 History of Income Tax2.2 Importance of Income Tax2.3 Drawback of Income Tax| Chapter -3| Tax...
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...University of Nairobi MBA Project List 2011 CANDIDATE | PROJECT TITLE | NDIRANGU SAMUEL NJOGO | A SURVEY INTO THE CAUSES OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN NAIROBI | NDIANG’UI DOROTHY WAIRIMU | THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIVIDEND GROWTH AND RISK FOR COMPANIES LISTED AT THE NSE | MURIITHI ERIC | THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICES AND FINANCIAL AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF INVESTMENT BANKS IN KENYA | NICHOLAS KIPYEGOMEN CHEPKOIWO | FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGING CAPITAL MARKETS. THE CASE OF NAIROBI STOCK EXCHANGE | KIPKURUI KIMOSOP | THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF INSURANCE COMPANIES IN KENYA | OMENDA CHRISTOPHER ODHIAMBO | EFFECT OF STOCK SPLITS ON STOCK LIQUIDITY OF COMPANIES QUOTED AT THE NSE | GEORGE MARTIN NZIVE KASYOKA | THE USE OF STRATEGIC POSITIONING TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE AT SAFARICOM LIMITED | MUTIE PETER KIOKO | RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRIOR PERIOD DIVIDENDS AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF FIRMS LISTED AT THE NSE | EVANS ODHIAMBO OYIEYO | BALANCE SCORE CARD AS A STRATEGIC MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN KENYA | SAMBA STEPHEN MIDEGA | INVESTIGATION OF CAPACITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON SERVICE QUALITY: CASE OF NAIROBI SUPERMARKETS. | LUCY MUTHEU KIILU | CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL DISPUTE IN GARMENT FACTORIES AT THE ATHI RIVER EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES, KENYA | JENIFFER N. MULI | THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOUSE PRICES AND MORTGAGE...
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...Working Paper No. 213 Determinants of Regional Patterns of Manufacturing Exports: Indian Firms since the Mid-1990s Jaya Prakash Pradhan Keshab Das January 2013 Gujarat Institute of Development Research Ahmedabad Abstracts of all GIDR Working Papers are available on the Institute’s website. Working Paper No. 121 onwards can be downloaded from the site. All rights are reserved. This publication may be used with proper citation and due acknowledgement to the author(s) and the Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Ahmedabad. © Gujarat Institute of Development Research First Published ISBN Price January 2013 81-89023-70-5 Rs. 40.00 Abstract There exists a glaring gap in the literature studying the role of subnational factors in the export performance of enterprises. A preliminary analysis of the spatial determinants of firms’ export activities by Indian states has been undertaken in this study. The size of technological knowledge stock, port facilities and credit availability in a state are observed to be favouring higher export intensity of local firms. All these call for state’s policy attention to improve regional knowledge base, strengthening of port facilities or ensuring better transportation networks to ports and improved credit availability if local firms were to face the least hurdles in their efforts to internationalize. Fiscal incentives continue to promote firms’ export activities. In addition, firms own characteristics...
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...U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation 2012 The Strategic Information and Operations Center at FBI Headquarters is the 24/7 command post that monitors FBI operations and law enforcement activities around the globe. An FBI agent examines a potentially contaminated letter during a white powder training exercise. 2012 The FBI Story I A Message from FBI Director Robert S. Mueller, III For the FBI and its partners, 2012 was a year that reminded us once again of the seriousness of the security threats facing our nation. During the year, extremists plotted to attack—unsuccessfully, thanks to the work of our Joint Terrorism Task Forces—the U.S. Capitol, the New York Federal Reserve Bank, and other landmarks on U.S. soil. Tragically, on the 11th anniversary of 9/11, a hateful attack in Benghazi took the lives of the U.S. Ambassador to Libya and three other Americans. In the cyber realm, a rising tide of hackers took electronic aim at global cyber infrastructure, causing untold damages. High-dollar white-collar crimes of all kinds also continued to siphon significant sums from the pocketbooks of consumers. And in Newtown, Connecticut, 20 young children and six adults lost their lives in one of the worst mass shootings in American history, ending a year of violence that saw similar tragedies around the country. Working with its colleagues around the globe, the FBI is committed to taking a leadership role in protecting the nation. As you can see from...
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...SOCIAL INNOVATOR SERIES: WAYS TO DESIGN, DEVELOP AND GROW SOCIAL INNOVATION DANGER AND OPPORTUNITY CRISIS AND THE NEW SOCIAL ECONOMY Robin Murray 2 TITLE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This essay was written while the author was a Visiting Fellow at NESTA and forms part of a series of publications on methods of social innovation led by the Young Foundation with the support of NESTA. I would like to thank NESTA for their support, and in particular Dr Michael Harris, as well as my colleagues at the Young Foundation, Julie Caulier-Grice and Geoff Mulgan, all of whom have given valuable comments on the text. Published September 2009 CONTENTS 1 CONTENTS 1. The argument 2 5 9 23 39 52 54 55 2. The context of crisis 3. The emerging economic landscape 4. Can the new social economy respond? 5. Social innovation and the crisis of policy Bibliography Weblinks Endnotes 2 DANGER AND OPPORTUNITY CRISIS AND THE NEW SOCIAL ECONOMY 1 THE ARGUMENT The rise of the new social economy This pamphlet argues that the early years of the 21st century are witnessing the emergence of a new kind of economy that has profound implications for the future of public services as well as for the daily life of citizens. This emerging economy can be seen in many fields, including the environment, care, education, welfare, food and energy. It combines some old elements and many new ones. I describe it as a ‘social economy’ because it melds features...
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...INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW OF CONTRACT DEFINITION A contract may be defined as a legally binding agreement or, in the words of Sir Frederick Pollock: “A promise or set of promises which the law will enforce”. The agreement will create rights and obligations that may be enforced in the courts. The normal method of enforcement is an action for damages for breach of contract, though in some cases the court may order performance by the party in default. CLASSIFICATION Contracts may be divided into two broad classes: 1. Contracts by deed A deed is a formal legal document signed, witnessed and delivered to effect a conveyance or transfer of property or to create a legal obligation or contract. 2. Simple contracts Contracts which are not deeds are known as simple contracts. They are informal contracts and may be made in any way – in writing, orally or they may be implied from conduct. Another way of classifying contracts is according to whether they are “bilateral” or “unilateral”. 1. Bilateral contracts A bilateral contract is one where a promise by one party is exchanged for a promise by the other. The exchange of promises is enough to render them both enforceable. Thus in a contract for the sale of goods, the buyer promises to pay the price and the seller promises to deliver the goods. 2. Unilateral contracts A unilateral contract is one where one party promises to do something in return for an act of the other party, as opposed to a promise, eg, where X promises...
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...INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW OF CONTRACT DEFINITION A contract may be defined as a legally binding agreement or, in the words of Sir Frederick Pollock: “A promise or set of promises which the law will enforce”. The agreement will create rights and obligations that may be enforced in the courts. The normal method of enforcement is an action for damages for breach of contract, though in some cases the court may order performance by the party in default. CLASSIFICATION Contracts may be divided into two broad classes: 1. Contracts by deed A deed is a formal legal document signed, witnessed and delivered to effect a conveyance or transfer of property or to create a legal obligation or contract. 2. Simple contracts Contracts which are not deeds are known as simple contracts. They are informal contracts and may be made in any way – in writing, orally or they may be implied from conduct. Another way of classifying contracts is according to whether they are “bilateral” or “unilateral”. 1. Bilateral contracts A bilateral contract is one where a promise by one party is exchanged for a promise by the other. The exchange of promises is enough to render them both enforceable. Thus in a contract for the sale of goods, the buyer promises to pay the price and the seller promises to deliver the goods. 2. Unilateral contracts A unilateral contract is one where one party promises to do something in return for an act of the other party, as opposed to a promise, eg, where...
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...The Thief of Time The Thief of Time Philosophical Essays on Procrastination Edited by Chrisoula Andreou Mark D. White 2010 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The thief of time: philosophical essays on procrastination / edited by Chrisoula Andreou and Mark D. White. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-537668-5 (hardback: alk. paper) 1. Procrastination. I. Andreou, Chrisoula. II. White, Mark D., 1971– BF637.P76T45 2010 128'.4—dc22 2009021750 987654321 Printed in the United States of...
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