...Name: Thao Vo Title: The Optics of the Eye Section 202 Monday 4:30pm – 7:15pm Course Name: Physics 246 Lab Partner’s Name: Jennifer Darlington, Hyon Hodge Date: 11/12/2012 Instructor: Dr Vermuru Word Count: 1650 Aim: The aim of this experiment is to examine a scaled up model of the human eye to understand the image formed in the eye, the optics of accommodation, nearsightedness, and farsightedness. Introduction: The basic structure of the human eye consists of cornea, natural crystalline lens and retina, as shown in Figure 1, in which the lens of the eye does little of the bending of the light rays, most of the refraction is done at the front surface of the cornea and retina plays the role of the film in a camera. Figure 1: Diagram of a human eye Accommodation is the focusing adjustment in which the muscles in the eye change the shape of the crystalline lens to change its focal length. Figure 2: Accommodation by a normal eye a) Lens relaxed, focused at infinity b) Lens thickened, focused on a nearby object Nearsightedness refers to an eye that can focus only on nearby objects. Because the far point is not infinity but some shorter distance, distant objects are not seen clearly. This defect is usually caused by an eyeball that is too long and images of distance objects are focused in front of the retina. In order to correct this defect, a diverging lens should be used as it causes parallel rays to diverge which allowing the rays to be focused at the...
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...NT1310 Codi Roebuck Unit 10 Lab 1 01/04/2016 Professor: Ronald j. wojcik Fiber optics for diagnostics and troubleshooting are used in varying capacities to test, measure, analyze, transmit, distribute, and/or simulate an optical signal with which the technician can perform procedures and processes associated with maintenance, problem solving, and calibration of equipment and/or networks. Normally in these applications, fiber optic products are used to create loop tests or transmit signals from point-to-point (either single-point to single-point, or single-point to multiple-points). For loop testing, commonly referred to as loopback testing, a signal is sent from a piece of equipment through a loopback or cable and returned to the source, simulating a complete network connection. This type of test allows technicians to perform function tests and internal diagnostic processes without the equipment being physically tied to an active network. This type of setup provides technicians with the advantage of easily isolating individual components for faster, more comprehensive analysis. With signal transmission applications, technicians generally use cables (multiple types for different applications) to connect one or more pieces of...
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...Instruments: Simple Microscope A simple microscope was constructed with two positive lenses and observed. Using the thin-lens equation, the focal length of three given lenses were examined and used to find the angular magnification of the microscope. After the angular magnification was calculated, a to-scale ray diagram was drawn to identify the findings. 1. Introduction A compound microscope has a magnification by two lenses. One of the lenses is objective, which produces a bigger image of the object. The second is an eyepiece lens that is used like a simple magnifier to see the image1. Angular magnification, M, is defined as an angle subtended at eye using an instrument, divided by the angle subtended at “unaided” eye2. In this lab experiment, only the shortest focal length lens and the intermediate focal length lens were used for the eyepiece, as the short focal length was used as a simple magnifier3. The found focal lengths of both the shortest and intermediate lenses were 6.5 cm for the short one, and 11.4 cm for the intermediate. 2. Experiment In order to find the focal lengths, four trials were made of finding the object and image distances that gave the clearest image of the light source on the screen. After four trials were done for each of the three lenses, the thins lens equation was used to calculate their focal lengths, which then gave us an average value for each. Using the shortest focal length and the intermediate, the microscope was made by placing...
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...100 Word Précis Theme – social flow The Mirror City is a self-reflect place. It can be a personal space, and also be a place that interact random people at the same time, which is like a network, Facebook. In the mirror booth, the mirrors surround people, and the booth reflects them, so it can be own personal space. Basically, the main idea (or the inspiration) comes from a basic structure of a social network, ‘Facebook’. I applied the structure that people are visiting their own space through the other space ‘The Mirror City’ is a self–reflecting piece of art. When people observe own reflections through the mirrors, they are free to maintain own personal space in that section of mirrors. Also, this effect can also work when many random people to interact at the same time. This social network can be similar to an actual existing online network like, Facebook. The major concept of the project is determined by getting inspired from a basic structure of a social network, ‘Facebook’. Basically, moving through from one space to another. In the Mirror City, the mirror spaces are linked by the wooden path each other as a network. Just like how in facebook, a person can meet a random person through their friends, and their friends and so on. For architectural inspirations, R.O.M (Royal Ontario Museum); the sharpness and freewheeling shape and use of reflective material. Marinabay Sands Hotel in Singapore; the way of layering the ceiling is consulted as an...
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...How virtual reality work Virtual reality is a 3-dimensional, computer-generated graphic representation of objects or scenes with the aim of giving the viewer an illusionary sense that such objects or scenes exist in reality. Virtual reality has been designed to address one or more of our senses--visual (sight), auditory (hearing), tactile (feel) and olfactory (smell). As of now, computer and electronic scientists and engineers are working on a system that will include the sense of taste. For virtual reality to work, there are three imperatives--a computer, special software and the individual user. There are various input devices to greatly enhance the virtual reality experience and make it work--items such as helmets, glasses, joysticks, mice and wands. These input devices are designed to record and measure electronic signals and convert them into a physical world. In this video, the author-Oliver Kreylos wanted to explain the ways on how our sight respond can generate the change in virtual reality image. This video is divided into four parts, namely: 3D vision, Stereoscopic display, Head tracking and HMD vs CAVE and the author will explain individually how different technique work together with picture. Part I- 3D Vision Humans have two eyes located side-by-side in the front of their head, each eye captures its own view and the two separate images are sent on to the brain for processing. When the two images arrive simultaneously in the back of the brain, they...
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...Perspective projection distortion is the inevitable misrepresentation of three-dimensional space when drawn or "projected" onto a 2-dimensional surface. It is impossible to accurately depict 3D reality on a 2D plane. The main focus of this paper is to research how the new technologies pushed the boundaries of perspective projection distortion in the digital art world. I will explore contemporary artists’ work like William Kentridge’s anamorphic animation, lights and shadows installations by Kumi Yamashita, Felice Varini ‘s optical art, and Amon Tobin’s stage performances. This paper will focus on a few selected artists in order to illuminate noticeable contrasts that have occurred over time in the realm of digital art. To address the various mediums, techniques and methods within this broad subject would be a staggering task. This is why only a few key subjects will be addressed. One subject will be to analyze how methods of visualization in digital art have evolved, since this aspect is directly responsible for the perception and aesthetic value of the majority of digitally displayed mediums. We need a new approach to linear perspective that relates it to the more general development of projection methods, and yet something more than that provided by nineteenth century historians of mathematics and science who were searching for the origins of descriptive geometry. It is not just a question of how the laws were discovered. Needed is a history of how these laws became recognized...
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...Isaac Newton 4th period Jasmine Moore Denise Sanchez Monica Tarango Introduction Isaac Newton a phycisian that discovered the color spectrum used a glass prism to show us how it works. He darken up his room and opened a little whole and let the light come through it, there then he placed a glass prism and let the light hit it. As the light hit the prism rainbow colors appeared he then called it “color spectrum.” Isaac Newton was the first one to discover that colors come from a white color. Hypothesis We believe that as the light hits the glass it wont show as much of the colors of the rainbow. But it will show enough to the point where it helps us know that the white light does creat multicolors. Materials Materials needed for this experiment would be: * Dark room * A flash light * A glass prism * And a white board (for the colors could be seen) Procedure First you will need to turn of the lights in the room where you are at. As soon as it is dark you get the glass prism and the flashlight facing it to a white board. Once it is faced on the white board you placed the glass prism in front of the flashlight, then if you pay close attention you could see the colors of the rainbow appear in the white board. Conclusion Our hypothesis was right not all colors appeared but some of the rainbow colors appeared in the white board. Isaac Newton did a great job finding out that a white light can be created into...
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...try to determine what the target companies might offer differently as assets to include great talent and technology, mature products and solutions, or new go-to-market and business models. Cisco seeks acquisitions where there is not only a strong business case but also a shared business and technological vision, and where compatibility of core values and culture foster an environment for success. I would recommend a merger with Finisar Corporation, it is a global technology leader in optical communications components and subsystem. Finisar products enable high-speed voice, video and data communications for networking, storage, wireless, and cable TV applications. Over the past two decades, Finisar has provided critical breakthroughs in optics technologies and has supplied system manufacturers with the production volumes needed to meet the exploding demand for network bandwidth and storage. Finisar's industry-leading optical products include transceivers/transponders, active cables, WSS ROADMs, optical instruments, and active and passive components. The company has a revenue growth of 58%, profit margin of 7% and earnings yield of 4.3%, it is a very strong company with a very large market available that could offer other business untapped business opportunities for Cisco. The company would be purchase with cash and stocks because I do not want to deplete all cash available. The stock option could be rolled out over time while the company transitions. My second choice...
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...Chapter 7 Review By refracting or bending light rays Virtual: image that can't be seen directly; real: image can be seen directly with naked eye Light passes through two lenses forming virtual image, and a magnifying glass appears larger due to refraction, the eyepiece lens contributes to magnification Illumination of a specimen from above used to examine opaque specimens, a transmitted illumination passes light up through a transparent specimen so it wouldn't be able to pass light through an opaque specimen Take the power of the objective and multiply by the power of the eyepiece A measure of its ability to gather light and resolve fine specimen detail at a fixed object distance, the difference is their N.A. For a good general overall view of the specimen Two compound microscopes connected by a bridge that allows you to see two objects in a side by side view Forensic scientist could now compare a know bullet station to an unknown, at the same time and from there could match them up Uses two separate optical paths instead of just one, and produces a 3D image of the specimen Stereoscopic microscope; wide field view, great depths of focus, large working distance, makes it ideal for viewing bulky items The refracted light beams are polarized, both polarized lights pass through the set perpendicular to the first crystal To measure spectra of microscopic samples or microscopic areas on samples The infrared micro spectrophotometer identifies the specimen, and is usually...
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...How to make a crab shell see-through 30 November 2011 Researchers in Japan have made a crab shell transparent. Then, using knowledge gained from this activity, they created a transparent nanocomposite sheet, incorporating powdered chitin from crab shells. The nanocomposite could have applications in devices that need a high light transmittance, such as flat panel displays. Scientists have previously used cellulose from plants and chitin to strengthen materials, giving biologically-inspired nanocomposites. If natural nanofibres are dispersed widely enough in a transparent polymer matrix, they can strengthen the polymer and the resulting nanocomposite material will retain its transparency. Work on optically transparent polymers containing cellulose nanofibres shows they have a low axial thermal expansion coefficient, meaning their size does not vary with temperature, making them ideal for use in flexible flat panel displays and solar cells. Muhammad Iftekhar Shams and co-workers from Kyoto University took a whole crab and treated it with hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and ethanol to remove the minerals, proteins, fats and pigments, respectively. This gave a chitin-only crab shell, which they immersed in an acrylic resin monomer. Following polymerisation, they obtained an entirely transparent crab shell. The shell retained its shape and detail, right down to the creature's eyes. Preparing the transparent crab shell: (a) original shell, (b) shell after removal of matrix...
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...PDF]Strategic Planning Template - Socrates socrates.berkeley.edu/~pbd/pdfs/Strategic_Planning.pdf may have previously developed vision and objectives, the planning process provides an opportunity ... defines a target audience and a set of goals and objectives;. • plans and ... Vision is a long range picture of how the “world will be” if you're successful in your work. .... Also, problem statements should be framed as either:. Angle of view - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_view Wikipedia The effective focal length is nearly equal to the stated focal length of the lens (F), except in macro photography where the lens-to-object ... is usually defined to be positive, despite the inverted image. ... of the frame (the film or image sensor). [PDF]Development Cooperation: a French Vision - France ... www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/.../Doc_Cadre_ANG_2011-2_cle09c7ea.... France ambition to define zones that are of common interest to North ... thrust, in line with France's vision of a European. Union set to .... reinforce the legitimacy and effectiveness of official action. ...... involving citizens upstream in the framing of public ... [PDF]Transformational Leadership - Regent University https://www.regent.edu/acad/.../ELJ_V1Is1_Givens.pdf Regent University by RJ Givens - 2008 - Cited by 29 - Related articles vision. The review also explores the following personal outcomes of the ... Koh et al.). Research has also shown that transformational leadership...
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...DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES BY POLARIMETRY Background Polarimetry is is a very useful method to analyze chiral substances. The magnitude and direction of rotation of the plane of lineraly polarized light by a chiral compound is a specific physical property of the compound that can be used to characterize it. Most biomolecules are chiral and hence rotate polarized light. In this experiment you will study the optical rotation of a series of mixed monosaccharide solutions and determine the relative concentrations of them. The instrument used to study optical rotation in chiral molecules is called a polarimeter. A polarimeter takes light vibrating in all planes, isolates the light vibrating in a single plane, projects the light through a tube filled with a solution of chiral compound, and measures the amount of rotation. The observed angle of rotation of the plane of polarization by an optically active liquid, solution, or (more rarely) gas or solid is usually denoted by the symbol α. The angle may be either positive (+) or negative (-) depending on whether the rotation is clockwise, that is, to the right (dextro) or counterclockwise, that is, to the left (levo) as seen by an observer towards whom the beam of polarized light travels (this is opposite from the direction of rotation viewed along the light beam). Biot discovered that the observed rotation is proportional to the length l of the cell or tube containing the optically active liquid or solution...
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...tungsten filament cathode as the electron source. The electron beam is accelerated by an anode typically at +100 keV (40 to 400 keV) with respect to the cathode, focused by electrostatic and electromagnetic lenses and transmitted through the specimen. When it emerges from the specimen, the electron beam carries information about the structure of the specimen that is magnified by the objective lens system of the microscope. The spatial variation may be viewed by projecting the magnified electron image onto a fluorescent viewing screen coated with a phosphor or scintillator material such as zinc sulfide. Alternatively, the image can be photographically recorded by exposing a photographic film or plate directly to the electron beam or a fibre optic light-guide to the sensor of a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera. The image detected by the CCD may be displayed on a computer. Resolution of the TEM is limited primarily by spherical aberration, but new generations of aberration correctors have been able to partially overcome spherical aberration to increase resolution. Hardware correction of spherical aberration for the HRTEM has allowed the production of images with resolution below 0.5 angstrom (50...
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...Chiral Compounds Chirality is a geometric characteristic of many individual ions and molecules. A molecule that is chiral has two enantiomeric forms, which are very similar in structure, but dissimilar molecules. Chirality basically means 'mirror-image, non-superimposable molecules', and to state that a molecule is chiral is to say that its mirror image (it must have one) is not the same as its self. If a molecule is achiral that means it does not have mirrored twin and is unique. The mirror images of chiral molecules/ions are called enantiomers. Single enantiomers are often designated as either "right-" or "left-handed". Stereochemistry, the study of spatial arrangements like chiral compounds is an important branch of study in both inorganic and organic chemistry. The science is important because most biological molecules and pharmaceutical drugs are chiral. Most biological molecules are chiral, including amino acids (usually L) and sugars (usually D). Proteins, made of L amino acids, are known as left-handed proteins, whereas D amino acids produce right-handed proteins. Enzymes, which are chiral, often distinguish between the two enantiomers of a chiral substrate. Only one of enantiomers can fit on its matching substrate due how it is shaped. Many enantiomers have different properties than their mirrored counter part. One good...
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...The most interesting thing I observed in today’s microscope lab was that I was able to view algae from a sample of pond water. The total magnification which I made the observation was 450. Been able to see algae just with the sample of pond water is amazing because whenever I see pond water I never think about what it beholds I just thought of it as water and nothing spectacular. 2. In the plant cell I observed the chloroplast organelle. My observations for the chloroplast organelle was that the shape was a circle and very tiny. I also I learned that the function of the chloroplast organelle is to conduct photosynthesis. In the animal cell I observed the nucleus. My observations for the nucleus was that the shape was a oval. When you look through the microscope it looks like a nucleus inside of the nucleus. I also I learned that the animal cell of the nucleus is to hold genetic code (DNA). 3. If I looked at bacterial cells with the microscope, I would expect to see neither one. Due to bacteria is a prokaryotic cell. Though, bacteria cells is a living...
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