...For other uses, see Lens. A lens. Lenses can be used to focus light. A lens is an optical device which transmits and refracts light, converging or diverging the beam.[citation needed] A simple lens consists of a single optical element. A compound lens is an array of simple lenses (elements) with a common axis; the use of multiple elements allows more optical aberrations to be corrected than is possible with a single element. Lenses are typically made of glass or transparent plastic. Elements which refract electromagnetic radiation outside the visual spectrum are also called lenses: for instance, a microwave lens can be made from paraffin wax. The variant spelling lense is sometimes seen. While it is listed as an alternative spelling in some dictionaries, most mainstream dictionaries do not list it as acceptable.[1][2] Contents * 1 History * 2 Construction of simple lenses * 2.1 Types of simple lenses * 2.2 Lensmaker's equation * 2.2.1 Sign convention of lens radii R1 and R2 * 2.2.2 Thin lens equation * 3 Imaging properties * 4 Aberrations * 4.1 Spherical aberration * 4.2 Coma * 4.3 Chromatic aberration * 4.4 Other types of aberration * 4.5 Aperture diffraction * 5 Compound lenses * 6 Other types * 7 Uses * 8 See also * 9 References * 10 Bibliography * 11 External links * 11.1 Simulations History | This section requires expansion with: history...
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...Carl Zeiss Case Summary Carl Zeiss is a German optics company which was developed in 1846. Zeiss is one of the leading worldwide producers of lenses. Zeiss serves several optics markets which includes metrology, eye care, and surgical instruments. The company sales in 1994 was $20 million, however the division income was $464 million in 2001, in which the firm had $2.1 billion in sales. Zeiss is a company that is based out of Germany which includes plants in 12 different countries. Zeiss sales are based primarily out of Germany at 20 percent. Most of the semiconductor lenses sales come from a Dutch Buyer, whom the company has a special relationship with. Zeiss had this plan in mind since 1968 when the company began working with Telefunken. Telefunken is a German company that began working on a wafer stepper machine. Wafer steppers allow certain lights to be seen from a mask while blocking the rest of the light. Zeiss has prospered, at least in part, because of a very forward-thinking strategy. What operations core competencies are apparent in the firm? How has it taken advantage of these in developing competitive strategies? Operation strategies are setting broad policies and plans for using the resources of a firm to best support the firm's long-term competitive strategy. Operations strategy can be viewed as part of a planning process that coordinates operation goals with those of the larger organization. While goals of larger organizations change frequently...
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...Telescopes in Astronomy Jennifer Boyer SCI/151 June 12, 2015 Robert Austin Telescopes in Astronomy What people currently know about the universe, along with all of its contents, is due in large part to the invention of telescopes. This paper discusses the science of sunlight and stars by explaining how the telescope has changed people’s view of the universe, as well as their place in it. This essay also discusses the major designs of telescopes, provides a list of each design’s strengths and weaknesses, describes the best places to build ground-based telescopes and why astronomers choose those places, and contrasts the strengths and weaknesses between building telescopes on Earth, in orbit, or even on the moon. Additionally, this paper explains how different frequencies of light tell more about the birth, life, and death in the nature and properties of the Sun, stars, and the universe. Lastly, this essay explains how telescopes operate in wavelengths of light that range from radio waves to gamma rays. How Telescopes Changed People’s View The invention of the telescope significantly impacts the way people in the past and present view the Earth, other planets and solar systems, as well as the universe as a whole (Bennett, J., Donahue, M., & Schneider, N., & Voit, M., 2015). Until the invention of Galileo Galilei's (1564-1642) simple telescope, many people thought that the earth was the center of our solar system (Bennett, J., Donahue, M., & Schneider...
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...Studying the Stars: How the Telescope Changed Astronomy As long as humans have been able to see, they have looked at the stars with either with worship or with wonder. The earliest cultures of humanity created their deities from the heavens, most of which were seating upon the glowing specks of light that show through the black night sky. Humans only have a few senses that let them interact with and receive information from the environment, sight being the most useful. Trying to figure out what something far away is, in a star’s case, far enough away to make a giant ball of burning helium look like a speck, is something that requires a tool. Telescopes were the first tool that really helped humans see into the heavens, letting them study the stars and the ‘wanderers’ which eventually were found out to be planets moving around the sun (although at the time they were discovered, it was thought that everything revolved around the earth); albeit all of these stars and planets were discovered before Galileo’s telescope. The tool still helped gain better calculations of the stars, which helped Galileo support Nicolaus Copernicus’ heliocentric (sun-centered) solar system as opposed to the geocentric (earth-centered) solar system that people in those times believed. With Isaac Newton, one of the most famous physicists, discovering most of laws of motion through his studies in astronomy, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, one of the greatest works in the Scientific Revolution...
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...and Zacharias Janssen (also claimed as the inventor of the telescope). There are other claims that the microscope and the telescope were invented by Roger Bacon in the 1200s,[2] but this is not substantiated. Giovanni Faber coined the name microscope forGalileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625 [3] (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye"). 2nd Century BC - Claudius Ptolemy described a stick appearing to bend in a pool of water, and accurately recorded the angles to within half a degree. 1st Century - Romans were experimenting with glass and found objects appeared larger when viewed through this new material. 1590 - Two Dutch spectacle makers, Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans started experimenting by mounting two lenses in a tube, the first compound microscope. 12th Century - Salvino D'Armate from Italy made the first eye glass, providing the wearer with an element of...
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...Telescopes in Astronomy SCI/151 January 26, 2015 Telescopes in Astronomy Telescopes are one of man's greatest inventions. The instrument makes distant objects appear closer and they have taken us on a fantastic voyage of learning about and understanding our universe. This paper will focus on the importance of telescopes, major designs, strengths and weaknesses of telescope locations, and where the best place to build them is. In addition, frequencies of light and the role they play in telescopes are discussed. Prior to the telescope the universe was studied, but without the telescope many discoveries would not have been possible. Birth of the Telescope There is some debate as to who designed the first telescope, however the first person to apply for a telescope patent was Hans Lippershey in 1608 (Cox, 2013). In 1609 when Galileo heard of the telescope he decided to design his own and was the first person to point it up toward space (Cox, 2013). Up until this point it was thought that the universe was geocentric and that the Sun evolved around the Earth. The invention of the telescope helped prove the Copernican system in which all planets evolve around the Sun. This discovery significantly changed our view of the universe and our place in it. Telescope Designs Designs of telescopes range from reflecting, refracting, and catadioptric telescopes. These three types of telescopes...
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...after further research into the manufacture and the application of it. Introduction Due to increased change in the way of usage of electronics .Companies have started manufacturing electronics goods which include increasing processing speed, high levels of battery capacity and sensor technology. These electronic goods and gadgets are designed to be more adaptive to body. This trend has been increasing making device more and more adaptive. There are wide examples falling under this category which has uses in day to day life of the common people as well as corporate employees. Every part of the body has got its body adaptive device which enhances the working of the body part. For example telescopic contact lenses which are worn on eyes have power to zoom. Also there are devices designed to amplify the sound of hearing. The advantages of using these devices include low cost devices as they are more commonly used, privacy is managed so that data can be gathered more easily, For example: Google glass can capture as well as record audio/video without making the other person to notice it....
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...Report On Invisible Cloak Submitted To: Prepared By: Mrs. Parul Pathak Ankita Aggarwal Mr. Ganesh Mishra Laxmi Pooja Contents * Inroduction * What is Invisible Cloak * What makes it so different? * Meta Materials * How does it works? * About the cloak * How close are scientists to creating a real-life invisibility cloak? * References Invisible Cloak Introduction Invisibility has long been employed in works of science fiction and fantasy, from 'cloaking devices' on spaceships in the various Star Trek series to Harry Potter’s magic cloak. But physicists are beginning to think they can actually make devices with just these properties. To achieve the feat of 'cloaking' an object, they have developed what are known as metamaterials, some of which can bend electromagnetic radiation, such as light, around an object, giving the appearance that it isn’t there at all. The first examples only worked with long-wavelength radiation such as microwaves. One small device that made small objects invisible to near-infrared radiation and worked in three dimensions was unveiled by physicists from the UK and Germany earlier 2015. Admit it. You'd love to own an invisibility cloak. Utter an embarrassing faux pas at a party? Just throw on your magical garment and vanish from the snooty gaze of your fellow partygoers. Want to hear what your boss is really...
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...Phase Contrast Microscopy Phase Contrast Microscopy, first described in 1934 by Dutch physicist Frits Zernike, is a contrast-enhancing optical technique that can be utilized to produce high-contrast images of transparent specimens, such as living cells (usually in culture), microorganisms, thin tissue slices, lithographic patterns, fibers, latex dispersions, glass fragments, and subcellular particles (including nuclei and other organelles). In effect, the phase contrast technique employs an optical mechanism to translate minute variations in phase into corresponding changes in amplitude, which can be visualized as differences in image contrast. One of the major advantages of phase contrast microscopy is that living cells can be examined in their natural state without previously being killed, fixed, and stained. As a result, the dynamics of ongoing biological processes can be observed and recorded in high contrast with sharp clarity of minute specimen detail. The phase-plate increases the phase difference to half a wavelength. Destructive interference between the two sorts of light when the image is projected results in the specimen appearing as a dark object. The phase contrast microscope uses the fact that the light passing through a transparent part of the specimen travels slower and, due to this is shifted compared to the uninfluenced light. This difference in phase is not visible to the human eye. However, the change in phase can be increased to half a wavelength by a transparent...
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...Module 3 The Nature and Properties of Light What this module is about Most of the things that you know you have learned about through your eyes. You can only see if there is light. Light makes you see shapes and colors. Light also helps you identify objects both near and far. But what is light? In this module you will learn about the nature and properties of light in the following lessons: Lesson 1 – Lesson 2 – Lesson 3 – Lesson 4 – The Nature of Light Reflection and Mirrors Refraction and Lenses Colors, Interference and Polarization What you are expected to learn After studying the lessons in this module, you are expected to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. state the different theories about the nature of light; demonstrate reflection properties of light using mirrors; describe the image formed by mirrors; show the refraction properties of light using lenses; give applications of total internal reflection; describe the image formed by lenses; enumerate the colors that make up white light; explain what causes colors of object; and cite applications of diffractions, interference and polarization of light. How to learn from this module Here is a simple guide for you in going about the module. 1. Read and follow the instructions very carefully. 2. Take the pretest (20-item multiple-choice test) to determine how much you know about the lessons in the module. 3. Check your answers against the correct answers provided at the last page of the module. 4. Be very honest in taking the test...
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...Digital Photography and Imaging Research Report Assignment 1 CSW201 1/21 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 3 Types of Camera, Equipments and Formats ............................................................... 4 Different Types of Photography ................................................................................ 10 Camera Features that Enhance good quality shot with photography techniques ...... 14 Criteria for Buying a camera ..................................................................................... 16 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 20 Assignment 1 CSW201 2/21 Introduction “What are the things you look at, when buying a digital camera”? I asked “I know nothing about the cameras and its techniques. Well! , you know! , when I just felt like having a camera, I just came here and bought a one”. An owner of a Digital SLR camera replied back, standing at the most famous Digital Camera’s Shop in the Capital City of Maldives. He is correct in his reply. Majority of the people doesn’t know about the different camera types and use of it in different types of photography. What purposes do the camera they...
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...Product Description Our product focus will be with Canon’s EOS DSLR Camera line which is manufactured by Canon Inc., a Japanese imaging and optics manufacturer based in Tokyo, Japan. ”Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR)” cameras are designed to take high quality digital photographs using a single lens for view-finding and capturing an image. This is done by reflecting the light that travels through the lens with a mirror and a prism and projecting it through the viewfinder. The image projected through the viewfinder at the back of the camera is more or less what is captured by the camera’s image sensor. This provides the photographer with accuracy in terms of capturing the eye sees. This is in contrast to point-and-shoot cameras which uses different lenses for view-finding and image-capturing. (Harris, Tom. N.D.) EOS or “Electro-Optical System” is Canon’s brand name for its autofocus enabled SLR’s—this includes both digital and film system cameras. However, this paper will solely discuss the digital SLR line. Canon EOS DSLR’s also feature an interchangeable lens system which provides flexibility to achieve desired effects and performance. The EF (Electro-Focus) lens mount is the standard for Canon’s EOS product range with different types of lenses compatible with any of the EOS cameras. This enables the photographer to customize the camera depending on what is being photographed (wildlife, portraits, sports and other subject matter), conditions (such as lighting and distance),...
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...Final examination Theory 1. Explain the dispersion of light by a transparent dielectric material. The phenomen of dispersion is connected to the fact that the refractive index is dependent on the wavelength. Due to dispersion, the light waves from a complex radiation are bent by different angles as they enter a dispersive medium and they may be visualized separately. The index of refraction of a transparent dielectric medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of an electromagnetic wave in empty space to its speed in the medium. . It is a measure of the slowing factor for light traveling in that medium The refractive index can be expressed as a function of the electric and magnetic properties of the medium . For most of the materials that are transparent to visible light and . Hence the magnetic properties have a small effect on the light propagation. When an electromagnetic wave is incident on a medium, it electrically polarizes the molecules. This changes the value of which in its turn, determines the index of refraction. The process is wavelength dependent: different wavelengths will induce different polarizations of the molecules and, as a result, and will be different. So, the index of refraction changes with wavelength: The phenomenon described above is known as the dispersion of light. Equation is the dispersion relation. For most of the materials, decreases with the wavelength (see figure1). This phenomenon is known as normal dispersion...
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...2 The latest version of this guide can always be found at http://nofilmschool.com/dslr 2010-2012 Ryan Koo This document is licensed under Creative Commons, so the following freedoms apply. However, I would request you do not email this PDF to a friend; instead, please send them to http://nofilmschool.com/dslr where they can get their own copy of the guide for free. Thanks very much. You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix — to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. You can find out more about this license at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ nofilmschool.com/dslr 3 Most people would charge good money for this guide, but I’m giving it away free. In return, I ask that you please help support NoFilmSchool! You can do this via the following: Share the guide If you have a blog or website, please write a post telling others about NoFilmSchool (and the DSLR Guide)! If you don’t have a website, please share NoFilmSchool via Facebook, Twitter, or any other social network. Also, be sure to friend us on: Facebook...
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...Canon Inc. Company Profile Publication Date: 23 Jul 2010 www.datamonitor.com Europe, Middle East & Africa 119 Farringdon Road London EC1R 3DA United Kingdom t: +44 20 7551 9000 f: +44 20 7551 9090 e: euroinfo@datamonitor.com Americas 245 5th Avenue 4th Floor New York, NY 10016 USA t: +1 212 686 7400 f: +1 212 686 2626 e: usinfo@datamonitor.com Asia Pacific Level 46 2 Park Street Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia t: +61 2 8705 6900 f: +61 2 8088 7405 e: apinfo@datamonitor.com Canon Inc. ABOUT DATAMONITOR Datamonitor is a leading business information company specializing in industry analysis. Through its proprietary databases and wealth of expertise, Datamonitor provides clients with unbiased expert analysis and in depth forecasts for six industry sectors: Healthcare, Technology, Automotive, Energy, Consumer Markets, and Financial Services. The company also advises clients on the impact that new technology and eCommerce will have on their businesses. Datamonitor maintains its headquarters in London, and regional offices in New York, Frankfurt, and Hong Kong. The company serves the world's largest 5000 companies. Datamonitor's premium reports are based on primary research with industry panels and consumers. We gather information on market segmentation, market growth and pricing, competitors and products. Our experts then interpret this data to produce detailed forecasts and actionable recommendations, helping you create new business opportunities and ideas. Our series of...
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