...Optics Materials: * Optics bench * Optics kit, including a lens/mirror mount * Convex lens of known focal length * Concave mirror of known focal length * Light source/candle * Screen * Meter stick/metric ruler * Two polarized films * Prism * Laser pointer * Protractor * Graph paper * Electromagnetic spectrum chart Materials for Exploring Further: * Plane mirror * Ripple tank, with sheet of plastic or glass that fits on part of the bottom of the tank, and objects that can be used as boundaries to obstruct the pathway of waves * Wave-motion rope * Tuning-fork kit * Stroboscope * Resonance-tube kit In this lab, you will investigate the relationship between the focal lengths of a mirror and lens and the type of image that is generated. Procedure Part 1: Image from a Lens 1. Place the light source, convex lens, and screen on the optics bench as shown in figure 1. Start with the light source at a distance greater than 2ƒ from the lens. Figure 1 2. Measure the height of the light source, or "object" (ho), and record it in data table 1. Also measure and record the distance between the lens and the light source (do) in the data table. Using the lens equation and the given focal length, calculate the distance from the lens to the image (di) and the height of the image (hi): and . Record your calculations in the...
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...INTRODUCTION Adaptive optics is a new technology which is being used now a days in ground based telescopes to remove atmospheric tremor and thus provide a clearer and brighter view of stars seen through ground based telescopes. Without using this system, the images obtained through telescopes on earth are seen to be blurred, which is caused by the turbulent mixing of air at different temperatures. Adaptive optics in effect removes this atmospheric tremor. It brings together the latest in computers, material science, electronic detectors, and digital control in a system that warps and bends a mirror in a telescope to counteract, in real time the atmospheric distortion. The advance promises to let ground based telescopes reach their fundamental limits of resolution and sensitivity, out performing space based telescopes and ushering in a new era in optical astronomy. Finally, with this technology, it will be possible to see gas-giant type planets in nearby solar systems in our Milky Way galaxy. Although about 100 such planets have been discovered in recent years, all were detected through indirect means, such as the gravitational effects on their parent stars, and none has actually been detected directly. WHAT IS ADAPTIVE OPTICS ? Adaptive optics refers to optical systems which adapt to compensate for optical effects introduced by the medium between the object and its image. In theory a telescope’s resolving power is directly...
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...Optics Mirrors and Lenses Reflection We describe the path of light as straight-line rays Reflection off a flat surface follows a simple rule: angle in (incidence) equals angle out (reflection) angles measured from surface “normal” (perpendicular) Reflection Vocabulary Real Image – Image is made from “real” light rays that converge at a real focal point so the image is REAL Can be projected onto a screen because light actually passes through the point where the image appears Always inverted Reflection Vocabulary Virtual Image– “Not Real” because it cannot be projected Image only seems to be there! Virtual Images in Plane Mirrors Hall Mirror Useful to think in terms of images LEFT- RIGHT REVERSAL Curved mirrors What if the mirror isn’t flat? light still follows the same rules, with local surface normal Parabolic mirrors have exact focus used in telescopes, backyard satellite dishes, etc. also forms virtual image Concave Mirrors Curves inward May be real or virtual image For a real object between f and the mirror, a virtual image is formed behind the mirror. The image is upright and larger than the object. Convex Mirrors Curves outward Reduces images Virtual images Use: Rear view mirrors, store security… Refraction Light also goes through some things glass, water, eyeball, air The presence of material slows light’s progress interactions with electrical properties of atoms The “light slowing factor” is called the index...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY You may ask yourself what is needed for a new building and what are the codes that must be followed in order to have a building nice and free of hazards. Well to start here are the new building requirements for the following materials: patch cables, cat 6 cables, fiber optic multi-mode, cable trays, Cisco- WS-C3750 G24PS-S 24 Ports, laser printer, vertical runs, computers, Cisco border router, server run a and server run b. The following codes must be in play to ensure the building or work space is safe for everyone. 1. American National Standards Institute (ANSI). 2. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) 3. Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) 4. Insulated Cable Engineers Association (ICEA) 5. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 6. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) 7. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) 8. Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 9. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 10. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 11. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 12. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 13. International Telecommunications Union (ITU) 14. CSA International (CSA) 15. IP/MPLS Forum (ATM Forum) 16. European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 17. Building Industry Consulting Services International (BICSI) 18. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 19. ANSI/TIA-568-C Cabling Standard The following...
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...Reliable, Consistent, Quality 1-877-320-3143 www.Fibertronics.com Reliable, Consistent, Quality Welcome To Fibertronics Inc. Reliability, consistency, and quality is what we put behind every Fiber optic patch cable assembly we manufacture. Fibertronics Inc. specializes in fiber optic Communication products. Our cable assemblies are manufactured in our own facility. This makes all cables completely customizable. Beginning manufacturing in 2009, we are known for our quick quotes and very fast turn around service. Your Best fiber optic cable manufacturer for the excellent products, quality, competitive prices, fast delivery and good service. We not only offer OEM fiber optic assemblies to some of the worlds leading companies in this industry, but we also cooperate with many other companies from all over the world and support these partners to win in the market. We are a professionally staffed fiber optic company and distribution company. Located in Melbourne Florida USA. All fiber optic patch cables are guaranteed to meet and exceed the customers expectations. 1-877-320-3143 www.Fibertronics.com 2 1-877-320-3143 www.Fibertronics.com Reliable, Consistent, Quality Assemblies Single Mode 10 Gig Om3/Om4 Multimode Custom Assemblies Specialty Mode Conditioning Node/Drop Cables Couplers Broadcast/Military 4 4 7 8 CALL 10 11 12 12,13 46 Tools & Consumables 34 Tool kits Stripping & cutting Cable Splitters Scribes Crimpers Ovens Solvents Wipes...
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...refraction, and Optics. Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its transmission medium. This is most commonly observed when a wave passes from one medium to another at any angle other than 90° or 0°. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but any type of wave can refract when it interacts with a medium, for example when sound waves pass from one medium into another or when water waves move into water of a different depth. One real example is when you stick your hand in a pond or a lake, and it looks as if your forearm has been bent. Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. In computer science, reflection is the ability of a computer program to examine and modify the structure and behavior of the program at runtime. Reflection also occurs at the surface of transparent media, such as water or glass. An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of extruded glass or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. The degragation of signal strength can be caused by light scattering, molecular level irregularities in the glass structure, and UV-Vis-IR absorption. References: Optical fiber - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved August 3, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optics Refraction...
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...very first step that needs to be taken is to ensure that the optic fiber and copper cables that are about to be installed should comply with all the three requirements that includes the federal regulations, the international standards and the companies requirements. It is also important to wear your PPE and have the proper tools needed for the job. These are the safety rules that need to be followed with fiber optic and copper cable installation: 1. Keep all food and beverages out of the work area. If fiber particles are ingested they can cause internal hemorrhaging 2. Wear disposable aprons to minimize fiber particles on your clothing. Fiber particles on your clothing can later get into food, drinks, and/or be ingested by other means. 3. Always wear safety glasses with side shields and protective gloves. Treat fiber optic splinters the same as you would glass splinters. 4. Never look directly into the end of fiber cables until you are positive that there is no light source at the other end. Use a fiber optic power meter to make certain the fiber is dark. When using an optical tracer or continuity checker, look at the fiber from an angle at least 6 inches away from your eye to determine if the visible light is present. 5. Only work in well ventilated areas. 6. Contact wearers must not handle their lenses until they have thoroughly washed their hands. 7. Do not touch your eyes while working with fiber optic...
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... Assignment 4 Contrast of Copper and Fiber Optics: Copper has been used in electric wiring since the invention of the electromagnet and the telegraph in the 1820s. The invention of the telephone in 1876 created further demand for copper wire as an electrical conductor. Copper wires in a cable may be bare or they may be plated to reduce oxidation with a thin layer of another metal, most often tin but sometimes gold or silver. Plating may lengthen wire life and makes soldering easier. Twisted pair and coaxial cables are made to reject electromagnetic interference, prevent radiation of signals, and to provide transmission lines with defined characteristics. Shielded cables are encased in foil or wire mesh. Fiber optic cable is one of the fastest-growing transmission mediums for both new cabling installations and upgrades, including backbone, horizontal, and even desktop applications. Fiber offers a number of advantages over copper. Fiber optics, though used extensively in the modern world, is a fairly simple, and relatively old, technology. Guiding of light by refraction, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, was first demonstrated by Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet in Paris in the early 1840s. John Tyndall included a demonstration of it in his public lectures in London, 12 years later. Unpigmented human hairs have also been shown to act as an optical fiber Below I explain how Fiber Optics is now the best solution for all Technology needs today...
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...Briannah Lawson Unit 9 Lab 1 NT 1310 May 18, 2013 Before you can begin to design a fiber optic cable design, one needs to establish with the user or network owner where the network will be built and what communications signals it will carry. (LANs or Local area network)And security systems use structure cabling systems built around well-defined industry Standards. Many campus carry backbone network used in industrial complexes or Institutions uses as long as 500 m or more cabling requiring optical fiber. Telephone networks are mainly outside the building (OSP) systems, connecting buildings over distances as short as few hundred meters to hundreds or thousands of Kilometers. Data rates for telecom are typically 2.5 to 10 gigabits per second using very high power lasers that operate exclusively over single modes fibers. Designing long distance or outside building application generally means choosing cabling containing singlemode (SM) Fiber over all other media. Many users may opt to use FTTD, as a complete fiber network because its very cost effective solution, negating the requirement for telecom rooms full switches, with data quality power and grounds, plus year-round air conditioning. Also choosing transmission equipment is the next step in designing a fiber optic network. This step will usually be cooperative venture involving the customer, who knows what kind of data they need to communicate, the desiner and installer, and the manufactures of transmission equipment...
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...Fiber Optics: The Super Highway of Information We live in an information age. Broadband is the foundation of economic growth and telecommunications is making its mark in all parts of the world. It is what enables the internet that drives e-commerce, education and universal access to information. Rapidly increasing communication density in this growing field and the ever increasing information flow is resulting in massive expansion in worldwide networks. The need for quick and reliable transmission and retrieval of ever increasing volumes of information over great distances is getting more and more important every day. This paper explains the history, the fiber optic theory, and the future of worldwide fiber optics networks already in progress. One would normally think that fiber optics is relatively new to this century, but looking back in history, there are many concepts which lead to the creation of fiber optics. The transition to optics concurred with the conversion from analog to digital transmission in the telephone network and with the growing necessity of computer data transmission. Long before fiber optics was first discovered, many signals were carried through a copper coaxial cable. Invented by Oliver Heaviside in 1880, copper conductors are used for mostly analog signals, such as high frequency radio waves, cable television signals, and power lines (Nahin 1988). He determined by wrapping an insular layer around a transmission line both improves the quality of...
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...Fiber Optic Networking: Macro or Micro? Clinton Baxter GS1145 Strategies for the Technical Professional Technology is always changing; this whole world revolves around technology anymore. One of the quickest changing pieces of technology is the internet and the cables used to provide you with that internet. We have all moved into the dawn of the newest type of internet connection and cables called fiber optic. These cables are used for very high bandwidth of network connection (Mitchell, n.d.). If you couldn’t tell by now I am a network systems administration student and proud of it. Fiber optic cables are the next huge thing within the networking industry. What is a fiber optic cable you may be asking, well a fiber optic cable is a networking cable made out of strands of glass fibers encased in a rubber/plastic casing. The cords are already designed with macro technology in mind creating a normal sized cable to pass the internet data through and reach your home. The problem they are having with this is the need to put more cables into the router to support the growing amount of customers using fiber optic networking. Also in extreme weather the cords condense creating a micro sized cable and shrinking the cords length causing mass problems in the service the provider can give the consumers (Chappell, 2012). To combat this issue they naturally wanted to make a more durable and smaller cable that won’t create these issues and allow you to have more cables plugged...
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...try to determine what the target companies might offer differently as assets to include great talent and technology, mature products and solutions, or new go-to-market and business models. Cisco seeks acquisitions where there is not only a strong business case but also a shared business and technological vision, and where compatibility of core values and culture foster an environment for success. I would recommend a merger with Finisar Corporation, it is a global technology leader in optical communications components and subsystem. Finisar products enable high-speed voice, video and data communications for networking, storage, wireless, and cable TV applications. Over the past two decades, Finisar has provided critical breakthroughs in optics technologies and has supplied system manufacturers with the production volumes needed to meet the exploding demand for network bandwidth and storage. Finisar's industry-leading optical products include transceivers/transponders, active cables, WSS ROADMs, optical instruments, and active and passive components. The company has a revenue growth of 58%, profit margin of 7% and earnings yield of 4.3%, it is a very strong company with a very large market available that could offer other business untapped business opportunities for Cisco. The company would be purchase with cash and stocks because I do not want to deplete all cash available. The stock option could be rolled out over time while the company transitions. My second choice...
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...Optic Gliomas In Neurofibromatosis Nickeya Wimberly, Natalie Willis, Rima Patel, Dan Cary Galen School Of Nursing Critique an assigned nursing research article using established criteria A. Identify if the article has a review of literature. The article we have chosen is filled withother links that allows us to get more information from other sources that backs up the clinical trial that is being tested. A chart shown at the end of the article also shows a breakdown of the data that was collected during the trial to back up the conclusion the researches came to. B. Determine the purpose of the article. The purpose of the article was to determine the relationship between optic gliomas and neurofibromatosis. Optic gliomas- are regarded as benign tumors of the central nervous system originating from glial tissue. These tumors are frequently asymptomatic and are among the seven diagnostic criteria of Neurofibromatosis. Possible complications of the gliomas are decreased vision and blindness. Regular eye exams may allow early diagnosis of these tumors before they cause symptoms. C. Identify the population used in the study. The population of the study consisted of 85 children 51 with neurofibromatosis and 32 without any symptoms or signs of neurofibromatosis. D. Identify the methods used in the study. The methods used in the study were radiologic such as MRI and CT scans, and ophthalmologic examinations. E. Determine the findings of the study. The study was shown...
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...tungsten filament cathode as the electron source. The electron beam is accelerated by an anode typically at +100 keV (40 to 400 keV) with respect to the cathode, focused by electrostatic and electromagnetic lenses and transmitted through the specimen. When it emerges from the specimen, the electron beam carries information about the structure of the specimen that is magnified by the objective lens system of the microscope. The spatial variation may be viewed by projecting the magnified electron image onto a fluorescent viewing screen coated with a phosphor or scintillator material such as zinc sulfide. Alternatively, the image can be photographically recorded by exposing a photographic film or plate directly to the electron beam or a fibre optic light-guide to the sensor of a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera. The image detected by the CCD may be displayed on a computer. Resolution of the TEM is limited primarily by spherical aberration, but new generations of aberration correctors have been able to partially overcome spherical aberration to increase resolution. Hardware correction of spherical aberration for the HRTEM has allowed the production of images with resolution below 0.5 angstrom (50...
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...damage to the eye.. But when it is dark and it is hard to see, the iris will increase in size so one can see what is happening around themselves. So if I look at a pencil in the dark, my iris will chage the pupil size and increase in order to clearly see the pencil. And when it is really brught, my pupil will decrease in size. The light then passes though the lens of our eye. The lens is a clear structure on the eye that helps change the angle of the light so that it can be focused to the retina. The lens focuses the light onto the back surface of the eye, the retina. A retina is a layer at the back of the eyeball. It contains many cells that are extremely sensitive to the light and that also triggers nerve impulses that pass thru the optic nerve to the brain. And that is where the visual image is formed. When you look at the pencil, light will pass thru the lens and it will send an image to the brain. Depending on how far away the pencil is, our lens need to focus on the pencil to maintain a clear picture. Our sensory systems are good at detecting sensory stimuli. All sensory events always involve some sort of energy that is available in the surroundings. The sensory nervous system can not detect the events directly. The sensory events go thru a process which requires the sensory event to be converted in to an electrochemical nerve impulse for it to be accepted and proccesed by the nervous sytems. This conversion requires transduction. Transduction is transformation of something...
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