...Optimism and Health Paper Psy/220 The word “optimism” is a favorable type of attitude about events and/or conditions in life. Some people believe that having an optimistic view of life situations results in positive outcomes. Where this is true in a way, there can still be negative outcomes as well. Optimism can be positive as long as it is not excessive or negative. Excessive optimism can have a harmful effect on the mind and body. There has been many tests done on people to find out the results of the effect of optimism physically and psychologically. According to the article that I researched about the effects of optimism on the body and mind suggested that most people whom have an optimistic attitude most likely engage themselves in positive healthy actions, such as: not drinking alcoholic beverages, exercising, not smoking, taking vitamins, drinking plenty of water, and many other benafical healthy actions. There have been studies on optimistic people having less chances of getting sick or having other medical problems compared to a pessimistic person, according to the Encyclopedia of Health and Behavior Management (2004). Studies have shown that while people are doing daily activities an optimistic person’s blood pressure does not elevate like a pessimists does. I am sure this result comes from one expecting the best and someone else anticipating the worst the whole time they are doing their daily things. There was another study that showed that a person with an...
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...Introduction Pessimism and optimism, opposing poles of human behavioural tendencies, have major impact on quality of lives of individuals. The aim of this essay is to demonstrate the pessimism and its impacts by analyzing various researches, books and papers that were written in this field. This paper consists of four parts: Firstly, the concept of pessimism will be evaluated by examining and comparing different definitions and consequences of pessimistic attitude is looked at in the second part. Following this, the bright side of pessimism and the concept of unlearning pessimism would be discussed in the last two parts of this essay. What is pessimism? Pessimism is defined as an anticipation and expectation of bad outcomes in important life domains (Carver, C. S., & Lattie, E. G., 2015). This is the simplest definition of pessimism, however, for someone who had suffered from this “not so pretty” state of mind, pessimism is so much more than that. It is an inseparable shadow which follows you everywhere and tries its best to make your life as miserable as possible. Pessimism is a habit. A very strong habit that would take tremendous amount of energy and dedication to break free. Pessimism is a habit of mind that is acquired largely through negative experiences in life and it often has disastrous consequences such as mood swings, depression, underachievement and even poor physical and mental health. (Seligman, M. E., Reivich, K., Jaycox, L., & Gillham, J.,1995). ...
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...Optimism and Health Paper The article I read dealt with the affects optimism had on coronary artery bypass patients. The average age of the 51 patients used was 48.5 years and they were all men. It set out to prove whether patients who were optimist recovered both physically and psychologically after surgery. To be able to determine those that were optimistic and those that were pessimistic, the researchers had the patients answers questions. The questions were asked six to eight days prior to the surgery. They were question concerning how the patient felt about the surgery, how soon the expected to be back to normal, and what their expectations were. These types of questions were what the researchers used to judge those who were optimistic. The optimist felt good about the surgery and expected a shorter recovery time the pessimist anticipated. The actual physical health of the patients was also documented by the researches. That information was obtained through the patients’ doctors. The second stage of the research question the patients one week after the surgery. They were asked several questions again, this time concerning how they were feeling physically and psychologically. Optimistic patient s felt better in both areas. Pessimist showed a much lower n rate of satisfactory feelings. The researchers also had the doctors answer questions regarding the true physical well being of the patients. Surprisingly, optimists showed better signs of recovery then the pessimist did...
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...|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Social Sciences | | |PSY/220 Version 4 | | |Positive Psychology | Copyright © 2012, 2009. 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description How much control does a person have over his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors? What does it mean to be “free”? PSY/220 offers students a contemporary and relevant approach to the study of psychology and the opportunity to learn more about themselves in the process. In this course, students evaluate, understand, and build on their psychological strengths and those of others. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies...
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...Entrepreneurial Characteristics, Optimism, Pessimism, and Realism – Correlation or Collision? Liang, Chyi-lyi (Kathleen), Department of Community Development and Applied Economics, The University of Vermont, 103 C Morrill Hall, Burlington, Vermont 05405 Phone (802) 6560754, e-mail: CLIANG@uvm.edu Dunn, Paul, Entrepreneurship Studies Center, The University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe, Louisiana 71209 Phone (318) 3421224, e-mail: dunn@ulm.edu Publsihed in the Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp 1-22. 1 Abstract The study of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship has resulted in a great deal of information about who entrepreneurs are and how who they are impacts their behavior. This paper presents additional insight into who entrepreneurs are and how their characteristics relate, and how those relationships might impact their behavior. We have studied selected entrepreneurial characteristics and their relationship to optimism, realism, and pessimism. The study shows that some entrepreneurial characteristics are positively related to optimism and realism and negatively related to pessimism. Key Words: Entrepreneurship, Psychology, Entrepreneurial Characteristics, Optimism, Realism, Pessimism 2 Entrepreneurial Characteristics, Optimism, Pessimism, and Realism – Correlation or Collision? Introduction There is a common argument among researchers regarding if entrepreneurs are optimistic, and if optimism relates to other characgteristics...
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...longitudinal study of lst-year university student adjustment examined the effects of academic self-efficacy and optimism on students' academic performance, stress, health, and commitment to remain in school. Predictor variables (high school grade-point average, academic self-efficacy, and optimism) and moderator variables (academic expectations and self-perceived coping ability) were measured at the end of the first academic quarter and were related to classroom performance, personal adjustment, stress, and health, measured at the end of the school year. Academic self-efficacy and optimism were strongly related to performance and adjustment, both directly on academic performance and indirectly through expectations and coping perceptions (challenge-threat evaluations) on classroom performance, stress, health, and overall satisfaction and commitment to remain in school. Observed relationships corresponded closely to the hypothesized model. Change can be unsettling. The transition from high school to college can place significant demands on young adults (Tinto, 1982,1993). College life can be demanding and stressful for a new student (Noel, Levitz, & Saluri, 1985) and requires higher levels of independence, initiative, and self-regulation (Bryde & Milburn, 1990). It is the thesis of this article that confidence in one's relevant abilities (i.e., self-efficacy) and optimism play a major role in an individual's successful negotiation of challenging life transitions. We present...
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... * Explain how the counselor’s role may differ in treating a survivor of each of the traumas you selected and how they may differ in treating a first responder to each of the traumas. * Explain how a mental health counselor could develop VT or STS in each of these traumatic events. * the belief in personal invulnerability that allows one to use public transportation at night, or the belief that the world is an orderly place, are challenged by the stories and experiences relayed to persons who practice counseling or psychotherapy with survivors of trauma. * first identified the problem of vicarious traumatization (VT), which they defined as the cumulative transformative effects upon therapists resulting from empathic engagement with traumatized clients. As part of their work, these clinicians must listen to graphically detailed de-scriptions of horrific events and bear witness to the psychological (and sometimes physical) aftermath of acts of intense cruelty and/or violence.The cumulative experience of this kind of empathic engagement can have deleterious effects upon clinicians, who may experience physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms similar to those of their traumatized clients (Pearl * Describe two strategies a mental health counselor might use to mitigate or address VT or STS * ding to these au- thors, clinicians must acknowledge, express and work through painful experiences in a supportive environment—otherwise, therapist numbness ...
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...Reflection Paper Abstract Over the years, the progress in biotechnology has given rise to many ethical as well as social reactions from the public opinion, non-governmental organization, and the media. This paper aims at providing some insights into this dilemmas, ethical concerns, and the tradeoffs which have been expressed concerning biotechnology over the last decade. It will focus on a few major objects from different sectors that have raised the general attention. A large part of the public opinion agrees and is optimistic about the ability of biotechnology to help and change the quality of life. However, there are visible differences that have been pointed out by global support that aims at moderating the biotechnology use. The Reasoning of Opposing Perspective on Ethical Issues within the Field of Biomedicine The regulation and development of biotechnology has triggered many discussions from various academic fields like the law, economics, politics, and even the history. Specifically, however, the science of genetic engineering of plants, animals, human beings, and all living cells has brought about ethical concerns and various issues to the forefront. Technology has made possible many advancements in biomedicine such as the cloning of the sheep- Dolly, the genetically engineered tomatoes, and the cloning of the human embryo. All these advancements have seen different reactions all in the name of ethics. The classical division existing between the society and...
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...innovation and change by recognizing followers’ needs and concerns” (Daft 2014). Strengths and weaknesses will be determined using the leadership theory and recommended practices will be discussed. Finally, short-term SMART (Specific, measurable, achievable, results-oriented, and time-bound) goals will be created to master skills that will improve my leadership abilities. The purpose of this paper is to conduct an evaluation overview of my leadership practices and show how the tools mentioned above will increase my potential to be an effective worker and future leader. Seven Habits Profile Findings The Seven Habits Profile opened a window of understanding into my leadership practices. Results showed high scores in categories Be Proactive (Habit 1), Synergize (Habit 6), and Sharpen the Saw (Habit 7). Conversely, results of low scores were shown in categories Begin with the End in Mind (Habit 2), Put First Things First (Habit 3), and Seek First to Understand (Habit 5). Looking at individual scores, one strength strengths of mine can be found in prioritizing, cooperating with others, care for health and well-being, and valuing the insights of others. Weaknesses are found in scores pertaining to planning, understanding others, caring about the success of others, and sensitive of others’ feelings. These characteristics show practices of being a team player, task oriented, and exceling in managerial functions while failing at planning, understanding of and caring for others. These high...
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...Happiness and Optimism Urwa Zahid BS Applied Psychology Semester 5 Government Post Graduate College for Women Gujranwala Introduction The psychological pursuit of “happiness” is begun in China, India and Greece nearly 2500 years ago with Confucius, Buddha, Socrates and Aristotle. So, we can find very similarities between the inner side of these thinkers and the modern “Science of Happiness”. Happiness is a sense of wellbeing, joy or contentment. When people are successful, safe or lucky they feel happiness. In 1900’s, at the time of beginning as industrialization and urbanization brought many new problems to society, citizens began forming voluntary organizations to address the needs of their communities....
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...Research Critique 2 Critique of a Nursing Research Study The nursing research study, A comparative study of uncertainty, optimism and anxiety in patients receiving their first implantable defibrillator for primary or secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Is a research project where the problem being addressed is, "To determine if patients receiving their first Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention (pp) versus secondary prevention (sp) differed in uncertainty, anxiety, and optimism before, one week, and one month after implant”(Carroll & Arthur,2009). The research purpose of this study is "to determine if patients receiving their first ICD for primary or secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death from ventricular arrhythmias differed in their level of uncertainty, anxiety, and optimism before ICD implant and further explore uncertainty and anxiety both one week and one month past ICD implant”(Carroll & Arthur, 2009). This is done using three different types of surveys to collect data from a two groups of 15 participants, before, at one week and at one month regarding their uncertainty, anxiety and optimism. The research does discover a higher incidence uncertainty score in SP patients versus PP patients after one month. This knowledge about a patient’s uncertainty, anxiety and optimism can direct nurses when implementing nursing interventions. Teaching plans can be developed around this information according to whether...
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...Assignment #4 Private Consumption 2008 – 2009 Vickie Goodman June 9, 2011 Dr. Hermann Bayer ECO 550 Managerial Economics and Globalization Introduciton Private consumption is defined as the value of the consumption goods and services acquired and consumed by households. Due to shifts in the economy, economic conditions have brought about many structural changes in employment, consumption of durable and non-durable goods, and consumer confidence. The automobile industry has also been affected by changes in the economy. After reviewing the analysis for each category stated above this paper will provide a brief overview of what happened to the total amount of goods consumed and economic growth during 2007, 2008, and 2009. Employment We will begin first by discussing what happened to employment. During 2008 and 2009 employment decreased. For the current recession, employment growth first dipped below zero in early 2007. To accurately measure employment rates analysts should begin by looking at second quarter data from 2007 to current data. Growth of employment and hours worked provide important information about the current and likely future pace of overall economic growth. Trends in average hourly earnings provide information about supply and demand conditions in labor markets, which may provide signals about the overall level of resource utilization in the economy. Managers need to be aware of the level of unemployment along with changes in price levels because changes...
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...accuracy of the consensus earnings forecast. 5 ecurity analysts are considered to be the premier experts in the assessment of a company's prospects. Their research efforts are largely directed at producing accurate earnings forecasts, which are a key input into equity valuation models. Although the importance of financial analysis is beyond dispute, its quality has become the subject of much scrutiny and debate. Academic research has a long history of documenting systematic earnings forecast errors, but analysts' conflicts of interest and potential biases in their recommendations and earnings projections have now invaded even the headlines of the popular press. Forecast errors fall into two broad categories— optimism and herding. Despite the fact that optimism—a consistent tendency for analyst earnings forecasts to be positively biased—was documented as early as the 1970s {see, for instance,...
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...Module 1: Be the change…. Be a YES man.. Data base: Activity: Half Full? - A Look at Optimism and its Importance Objectives: • To encourage participants to consider their attitude. • To encourage discussion around optimistic versus pessimistic outlooks. • To recognize the impact that attitude has on performance. • To enable participants to identify personal traits that might be holding them back. • To encourage leaders to consider how they might deal with negative attitudes in their team. Procedures: * Participants are gathered in a specific area (room or open space) * Participants are then group into smaller groups. * Three glasses will be presented to the group an empty glass, half fill glass with water and a full glass with water. * Individuals in the group will be ask “which glass is full” * The group is given a time to discuss the given matter on hand. * Each group will write their answer on a piece of paper then submitted to the facilitator. Processing: This module provides an excellent opportunity, when working with a wide range of participants, to consider how attitude can impact on performance. Topics where the inclusion of a module looking at optimism/pessimism might be beneficial include: Managing change, problem solving and decision making and communication skills. * How did you find the activity? * What did you feel during the activity? * How did you work the activity? * What did you do during the activity? ...
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...Psychology Stress And Health Stress and Health Psychology Andrew Arnold March 25, 2010 Ever wonder about how stress affects our bodies and our health? This word stress is thrown around by the media so much it’s losing its meaning but have you ever wondered how they define stress? The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines stress as a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and may be a factor in disease causation. Our text book defines stress as the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging. Stress-causing events are called stressors, they can come from external sources or from within us and can scale from relatively mild to quite serious. There are things, events, and conflicts that cause people to “stress-out.” These are called stressors. Stressors can be anything from something small, like being stuck in traffic during rush hour or something big like an earthquake or hurricane. Stressors can also be imaginary, such as financial stress such as, where the next mortgage payment will come from. There are two kinds of stressors, one is distress which is the bad stress and eustress which is the good stress that motivates us as people to do well. There are certain environmental factors that can affect our stress levels and sometimes we cannot control the outcome of these events, these are basic ups and downs of life. An example...
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