...experience can be understood through the symbiotic reconciliation of the once polar oppositions of history and memory. Like Baker, Joe Kubert, in his graphic novel, Yossel April 19, 1943, deliberately chooses a raw drawing style and fictionalised recreations of silenced voices of the past to embody the subjective reality that is omitted from documented history. Both...
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...“MOMMY, WHAT DOES 'NIGGER' MEAN?” Study Questions: 1. The author, as a third grader, at first misunderstood a word she has heard so many times before because of the different meanings that the word connotes during different occasions. During family gatherings when she was young, she used to hear the word “nigger” be used in different context. For instance when a person boasts or proudly relates stories, it could mean an approval for strength, intelligence or drive. When nigger is used as a possessive adjective, it could also become a term of endearment for husband or boyfriend. It becomes a word that describes the pure essence of manhood – the struggle and present survival against the odds. On the other hand, nigger(s) could also mean or describe the following: parents who neglect their children, drunken people who fight in public, people who don't look for job, people with excessively dirty mouths or unkempt households. The one she heard when she was at school was used against her. Out of jealousy, the word was used as a curse or derogatory term to humiliate her. For that moment, the word nigger had a negative connotation. But, what about the times it was used positively like what I've mentioned above? Well, according to Naylor, the word itself is harmless but it is the consensus that gives power it. The collective opinion of people controls the meaning of a particular word. 2. Naylor explains what happens when a community decides to take over a word and renegotiate...
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...Slide 1 (title) - Huh? That’s what some of you might be saying to yourselves right now. What’s that word? How do you say it? What is Judaism? Well let us talk about Judaism. Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. Just like some of you may have a certain religion such as Christian, Catholic, Baptist, etc. there are others, including children like you, that practice Judaism and are thus Jews or Jewish. Judaism is the first recorded, meaning first written down, faith or religion that believes in only one God. This makes it the oldest religious tradition still in practice today! Slide 1 (bottom section) - Jews believe in a single God who knows everything, is very, very powerful, and is in all places at all times – no one or nothing can hide from Him. Jewish people also believe that God is always kind and that He created the universe and continues to manage it. This God is fair and forgiving and has no human form or representation. Slide 2 - According to traditional Jewish belief, a Covenant, an agreement between God and the Jewish people was made when God gave his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of the Torah. The Torah has 613 commandments from God which are known as “sacred obligations”. In other words these are all the things the Jewish people have to do to make God happy. These are kind of like instructions given by God to the Jewish people that teach them how to act, think, and understand life and death, as well as God’s...
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...Judaism started in the Middle East over 35000 years ago. There has been somewhat of an argument to who founded Judaism, many believe Moses was the founder, but Jews have traced their history back to see that Abraham could have been the founder. Jews believe and have faith that there is only one God and they feel they have a covenant with that God. What the Jews mean by covenant is “the covenant between God and Jews is the basis for the idea of the Jews as the chosen people.” Roman Times There was a certain time period where the Jewish People pretty much governed themselves and were able to come to peace with the Roman Empire. “But internal divisions weakened the Jewish kingdom and allowed the Romans to establish control in 63 BCE.” After this the Jewish people were being taxed and “oppressed” by a series of rulers who pretty much forgot and did not care for the practice of Judaism. At the time the priests or “Sadducees” were friends or allies with the rulers and forgot who they really were. After this the Jews turned to the Pharisees or scribes, these people were also called Rabbis, which means teachers. When the Rabbis came in they encouraged the Jewish people to look at new ethical laws in all aspects of like, and look at a cycle of prayer and festivals in the home and at synagogues. History from 1090 to 1600 In the beginning of the next millennium everything began with crusades, military operations by “Christian countries to capture the Holy Land”. The armies of the...
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...documenting his father’s experience in WWII Poland, where he survived internment in Auschwitz, is a visual narrative based on oral testimony that consistently heightens our awareness of visual, written, and oral archives, and where they interact, overlap, or get transposed one into the other. Hillary Chute recounts and interprets her collaboration with Spiegelman in the process of assembling MetaMaus, a book compiling interviews and archival materials on the making of Maus. MetaMaus, argues Chute, reflects the tension between different kinds of extant archives—oral, written, photographic—and the cross-discursive work of (re)building new archives that motivates Maus. Its defining feature is that it shows the materiality of Spiegelman’s archive; it is about the embodiment of archives. The subject of Maus is the retrieval of memory and ultimately, the creation of memory…. It’s about choices being made, of finding what one can tell, and what one can reveal, and what one can reveal beyond what one knows one is revealing. Those are the things that give real tensile strength to the work—putting the dead into little boxes. – Art Spiegelman (MetaMaus 73) Maus: A Survivor’s Tale is a book about archives. And the book about making Maus, MetaMaus, is both a process of taking stock of the Maus archive and an active process of creating a new archive.1 Maus is about the Holocaust, featuring two intertwined stories: that of Auschwitz survivor Vladek Spiegelman’s struggle in the 1930s and 40s in Poland...
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...Alexia Gonzalez Political Science 4823: The Holocaust/ the Shoah Final Paper December 12, 2013 The Comparative Analysis of the Holocaust Ethnic cleansing and genocide are considered to coexist in a spectrum of assaults on nations or religio-ethnic groups. These threats were more prominent during the 20th century which caused massive violations of human rights and jeopardized the overall security of humans. Determinants of ethnic cleansing and genocide root from socio-political factors influenced by deeply embedded ideologies which are manifested by political leaders of specific regime types. During World War II, German authorities targeted Jews and other minority groups like the gypsies and Pols due to their perceived racial inferiority. The German ideology in attempt to eradicate these auxiliary groups led to the conflict known as the Shoah. The Shoah is the biblical word meaning destruction and it is the standard Hebrew term for the murder of European Jewry. The Shoah was the systematic, bureaucratic and state sponsored persecution of six million Jews. Comparable to other ethnic based genocides, Germans believed they were racially superior and that Jews were inferior; and deemed a threat to the “German racial community” resulting in their mass murder. Various interpretations of the Shoah has given rise to similar attitudes and opinions regarding its historical events. The Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database, is one of the largest resources of its kind which includes...
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...MODULE C – History and Memory Sample 1 How has your understanding of events, personalities or situations been shaped by their representations in the texts you have studied. Refer to your prescribed text and at least TWO other related texts of your own choosing. History can be defined as “the methodical record of public events” where memory is defined as “the faculty by which events are recalled or kept in mind”. Thus history and memory interrelate as history can be seen as the contextual justification for memory. “The Fiftieth Gate” is a poignant interweaving of history and memory. The text follows protagonist, Mark Baker an historian, son of Holocaust survivors Genia and Yossl (Joe), on an historical journey through memory, to uncover the origins of his past and act as a catalyst for future generations to also connect with their history. Mark Baker’s journey through history and memory is also executed through his conventional ideas that memory is biased and less valid than history. There are numerous references to the discrepancies between the personal memories of his parents and the documented history Mark as an historian believes. In this way it is apparent that Mark is on a quest for verification, “my facts from the past are different”. This displays the flaw Mark traditionally notes in memory and his need for historical evidence. As responders accompany Mark on his journey, they also encounter the complexity of simultaneously being a son and an historian. This...
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... Germany’s greatest strength is its automobile industry. German carmakers focus on computer-based assistance systems that could make driving safer and more comfortable. | Economics. Since the late nineteenth century, the German economy has been shaped by industrial production, international trade, and the rise of consumer culture. Consequently, the number of people involved in agricultural production has steadily declined. At the end of the twentieth century, only 2.7 percent of the German workforce was involved in agriculture, forestry, and fishery combined. Nevertheless, 48 percent of the total area of Germany was devoted to agriculture, and agricultural products covered 85 percent of domestic food needs. Social Institutions History of Germany. When the Roman Empire failed to conquer the vast...
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...The atheist who merely repeats this slogan after having been presented with arguments for God’s existence makes an empty assertion. So what reasons might be given in defense of Christian theism? In my publications and oral debates with some of the world’s most notable atheists, I’ve defended the following five reasons why...
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...authors such as Franz Kafka, Walter Benjamin, Joseph Roth, Henry Roth, Bruno Schulz, Martin Buber and Arthur Schnitzler, we will attempt to discern and/or further complicate the notion of “Jewish Literature” or “Jewish Thought.” By focusing on texts from a period of history that precedes the events of the Holocaust and the founding of the state of Israel, we will be able to better examine the literary identity of a stateless people that preceded the political identity that would fully emerge in the years following the war. C Credit Learning Outcomes: -Students will write a minimum of 20 pages of expository prose. -Students will develop the skill of revising their writing, with specific feedback from instructor. -Students will critically engage with texts, not just as passive consumers of literature, but as active participants in an ongoing dialogue. O Credit Requirement: -Each student must give two twenty minute oral presentations. Required Work Load: -As this course is registered as a C, and O (oral) 300 level course, each student will be required to keep up with the workload of the course. Students will read 200-300 pages a week, complete weekly short reflection papers, give two twenty minute oral presentations, and complete a 20 page research paper over the course of the semester. Weekly Schedule (subject to change) Week 1 (Jan 27): The Great Dream: Anxiety and the Lure of Utopia in Fin de Siècle European Jewry -Theodor Herzl: Excerpts from Altneuland and...
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...Axia College Material Appendix H Monotheistic Religion Elements Matrix | Judaism | Christianity | Islam | Countries of origin | * Judaism started at Mount Sinai in Arabia according to history; however, Israel was to be the homeland of the Jews. | * Originated in eastern Mediterranean throughout the life of Jesus Christ, in addition to it becoming the major religion of the Roman Empire by the end of the 4th century | * Islam derived from Mecca before the prophet Muhammad journeyed to Medina. * Arabia which is recognized as being the country of derivation; even so, In addition, Islam was developed inside of Egypt and Iran. | Historical figures and events | * Abraham, first Patriarch of the Israelites, was ready to sacrifice his son Isaac at God’s demand. * God commanded Abraham to discontinue this sacrifice because he had proven his fear of God, and this took place just before the sacrifice. * King David * Fall of Jerusalem * Holocaust | * Birth of Jesus Christ * Jesus Christ, known to be the son of God and the savior of humanity, was viewed as a political threat to the Roman Empire. * Crucifixion of Jesus | * Muhammad is known as the prophet of God. He becomes The Prophet at age 40. * Abraham, Ismail, and Hagar built the Ka’bah, the holiest of temples, in Mecca. * Muhammad documented the words of Gabriel the angel, and those words became the first words of the Qu’ran. * Muhammad conferred a truce...
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...liberal expression of Judaism. They believe that individuals can make choices about what traditions to follow. 3. Conservative Judaism- The moderate position between Orthodox and Reform. They believe that laws and traditions can be changed to suit the times. Like Christianity, Judaism believes the ultimate reality is one creator GOD. The most accepted summary of Jewish beliefs is Rambam’s 13 principals of faith. 1. God exists 2. God is one and unique 3. God is incorporeal 4. God is eternal 5. Prayer is to be directed to God alone and to no other 6. The words of the prophets are true 7. Moses ‘prophecies are true, and Moses was the greatest prophets 8. The written torah(first 5 books of the Bible) and Oral Torah(teachings now contained in the Talmud and other writings) were given to Moses 9. There will be no other Torah 10. God knows thoughts and deeds of men 11. God will reward the good and punish the wicked 12. The Messiah will come 13. The dead will be resurrected Unlike many other religions, Judaism does not focus on cosmological concepts. Judaism is more concerned about actions than beliefs. Judaism focuses on relationships: the relationship between God and mankind, between God and...
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...been an ongoing process to the current day. This paper examines the origins of their Native Americans. This paper also explores their journey into the Americas as the first Immigrants. Their settlement patterns and ways of life will also be examined. The paper also explores how the Native Americans in the Americas fared during the European conquest of the region that is currently identified as the America. Euro-Indian relations, conflicts and their aftermath is also a focus point of the paper, which culminates into the current state of affairs of the Native American community in the Americas. Origins of the Native Americans There are diverse sources of information on the origins and history of the Native Americans. They include oral history passed down through generations. This oral history is as diverse as the Indian Nations. Different tribes have different folklore to explain their origins. For instance, the Haida who reside in British Columbia say that man was shaken out of a clam shell by a raven. The Navajo of Arizona say they sprung out of the ground after which there was a time of great wandering and searching for a home. Almost all Indian nations have...
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...MAED Capstone EDU 695 Ethel Stanford Instructor Kathleen Lunsford December 6, 2014 MAED Capstone Title | Holocaust Web Quest: Evaluation and Citations | Grade | Level: 7 | Type of Lesson: | Flexible Collaboration Continuum | Area Topic | Moderate Content Area: Language Arts Content Topic: Diary of Anne Frank Unit | Standards for the 21st-Century Learner | | Skills Indicator(s): | 1.1.5 Evaluate information found in selected sources on the basis of accuracy, validity, and appropriateness for needs, importance, and social and cultural context. | Responsibilities Indicator(s): | 11.3.1 Respect copyright/intellectual property rights of creators and producers. | Dispositions Indicator(s): | 1.2.4 Maintain a critical stance by questioning the validity and accuracy of all information | Self-Assessment Strategies Indicator(s): | 1.4.1 Monitor own information-seeking processes for effectiveness and progress, and adapt as necessary. | Scenario: | In two sessions, this lesson is designed to teach students how to evaluate and cite information gathered from web sites related to the study of the Holocaust. The lesson reinforces the concept that not all resources are reliable and useful and that all sources must be cited to avoid plagiarism. The lesson is part of a language arts unit on The Diary of Anne Frank, and it teaches research standards as they are imbedded in the literature content. The teacher will be responsible...
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...Did Columbus Kill Most of the Indians? The five-hundred-year anniversary of Columbus’s discovery was marked by unusual and strident controversy. Rising up to challenge the intrepid voyager’s courage and vision—as well as the establishment of European civilization in the New World—was a crescendo of damnation, which posited that the Genoese navigator was a mass murderer akin to Adolf Hitler. Even the establishment of European outposts was, according to the revisionist critique, a regrettable development. Although this division of interpretations no doubt confused and dampened many a Columbian festival in 1992, it also elicited a most intriguing historical debate: did the esteemed Admiral of the Ocean Sea kill almost all the Indians? A number of recent scholarly studies have dispelled or at least substantially modified many of the numbers generated by the anti-Columbus groups, although other new research has actually increased them. Why the sharp inconsistencies? One recent scholar, examining the major assessments of numbers, points to at least nine different measurement methods, including the time-worn favorite, guesstimates. 1. Pre-Columbian native population numbers are much smaller than critics have maintained. For example, one author claims “Approximately 56 million people died as a result of European exploration in the New World.” For that to have occurred, however, one must start with early estimates for the population of the Western Hemisphere at nearly 100 million....
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