...Task 3- research Produce a booklet that explains in detail why multicellular organisms need ventilation systems. Explain the level of organisation, from organelles of a eukaryote cell to an organ system. This could take the form of a flow chart illustrating the concept with annotated illustrations showing the interrelationship between the levels. Multicellular organisms need ventilation systems so that they can obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. Another reason why ventilation systems are needed is because of the need to maintain a concentration gradient in the alveoli. The oxygen needs of the body are not met purely by surface diffusion as it is in smaller organisms so a special type of system has to step in. Adaptations and changes...
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...Toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects that occur in living organisms due to chemicals. It involves observing and reporting symptoms, mechanisms, detection and treatments of toxic substances, in particular relation to the poisoning of humans. It is difficult to discuss toxic phenomena at different levels of biological organisation separately because of complex relationship and interlinking between such levels. It should be noted that every biological level toxicology includes chemical and/or molecular toxicology in a sense. Scientists need to study natural situations to understand life processes and to investigate how introducing a particular substance can change living systems. It is often helpful to break a process into steps and then investigate how introduction of the substance affects each step. This first stage in toxicity assessment takes place in vitro. The investigator can pinpoint the various changes that could occur when a compound encounters a living cell and then make safety recommendations. Only a few substances successfully pass these initial trials. Those substances must then be tested further. Humans and other living things—plants, animals, and even molds and bacteria—are complex systems. The processes in any organism are far more complicated than just the sum of the individual parts. It is difficult to replicate at the lab bench the complex interactions. When safety is not assured, ethical research procedures restrict testing on...
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...What is a Microbiologist? If you become a microbiologist, you may isolate organism cultures and classify the types of organisms found in soil, water and living hosts. You might also observe how organisms interact with each other and with living plant and animal tissue, as well as analyze the relationship between organisms and disease. Some of your duties could include preparing technical reports and research papers detailing your findings and making recommendations based on your research. You might also supervise lab workers and technicians and perform lab experiments for government health departments and physicians. A microbiologist is a scientist who studies the properties of fungi, algae, bacteria and other microscopic organisms. Areas of specialization include virology, immunology or bioinformatics. The following chart provides an overview about this career. Degree Required Bachelor's degree Field of Study Microbiology, biochemistry or cell biology BS Biology is the course needed to take Microbiology. Microbiology Training For over 80 years we have been training the food industry and we pride ourselves on the quality and content of our training portfolio. We offer a range of microbiology training to the food and drinks industry from standard courses on HACCP (RSPH), shelf-life and auditing to food microbiology and tailored confidential training. In partnership with Skill gate we have developed an online microbiology course that covers eight basic modules...
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...hij Teacher Resource Bank Environmental Studies Unit 1 ENVS1 The Living Environment Teachers Notes Copyright © 2008 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723) and a registered charity (registered charity number 1073334). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Dr Michael Cresswell, Director General. Teacher Resource Bank / GCE Environmental Studies / Teachers’ Notes Unit 1 / Version 1.0 Unit 1 ENVS1 The Living Environment Introduction These Teachers’ Notes are intended to expand upon Unit 1: The Living Environment by providing greater detail of the topics to be covered and how these should be developed. Examples included in the specification must be covered. Where specific examples are not given, suitable examples should be chosen to illustrate the principles and issues that are included in the specification. This guide includes suitable examples that may be used (in italics) but others may be used if preferred eg if the candidates or teachers have particular experience or knowledge. It is anticipated that the use of carefully selected examples may reduce total teaching effort by enabling a number of issues to be covered in a single situation. This will also help candidates to appreciate the holistic, inter-connected nature of the subject and prepare them for the study of broader issues such as sustainability...
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...SHEET: 1st November 2011, Neil Thomas. SOURCE/FULL REFERENCEZineldin, Mosad (2004) Co-opetition: the organisation of the future, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, Vol22, No7, pp.780-789 | DESCRIPTIONCo-opetition. The hybrid behaviour of competition and cooperation or Sleeping with the enemy? | ANALYSIS (CONCEPTS, EXAMPLES, STATUS OF SOURCE, CRITIQUE etc)Dr Mosad Zineldin is a Professor of Strategic Marketing and a Master in Psychology. He has wrote and published several books and articles in many different international journals, notably his book on TRM, the first in the world to outline the framework of relationship management.However, his article “Co-opetition: the organisation of the future” (marketing, intelligence & planning, Vol 22 No7, 2004 pp.780-789) suggests that this is a new concept of cooperation between companies or has Zineldin linked this to support his work on TRM? Co-opetition is qualified for the first time by Nalebuff and Brandenburger (1996) which surprisingly Zineldin fails to recognize in the article! But even these esteemed authors cannot take credit for the concept of Co-opetition; this accolade is accredited to Mr Ray Noorda, who in 1983 brought together hardware and software companies to work together in a networked environment, a “culture fit” which supports Bengtsson and Kock (2000). “co-opetition thus implies that organisations can interact in rivalry due to conflicting interests, and at the same time co-operate due to common interests”...
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...tiny bacteria to processes that span the entire planet. Ecologists study many diverse andcomplex relations among species, such aspredation and pollination. The diversity of life is organized into different habitats, from terrestrial(middle) to aquatic ecosystems. | Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, "house"; -λογία, "study of"[A]) is the scientificstudy of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other and with their abiotic environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), number (population) of organisms, as well as competition between them within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such asprimary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services. Ecology is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. The word "ecology" ("Ökologie") was coined in 1866 by the German scientistErnst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocratesand Aristotle laid...
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...our lives. There are excellent examples of this in the field of medicine. To stay one step ahead of pathogenic diseases, researchers must understand the evolutionary patterns of disease-causing organisms. To control hereditary diseases in people, researchers study the evolutionary histories of the disease-causing genes. In these ways, knowledge of evolution can improve the quality of human life. Evolution played an important role not only for the present day humans but all living things today. As you all know, we didn’t just evolve out of nothing, we all have an ancestor whose ancestor’s ancestor is our ancestor and so on. When we can’t go back any further because of the given facts, we know that was every organism’s common ancestor. To understand the importance of evolution, we must gather some understanding of the meaning of evolution. Here is biological evolution defined by one of the most respected evolutionary biologists, Douglas Futuyma. "In the broadest sense, evolution is merely change, and so is all-pervasive; galaxies, languages, and political systems all evolve. Biological evolution ... is change in the properties of populations of organisms that transcend the lifetime of a single individual. The ontogeny of an individual is not considered evolution; individual organisms do not evolve. The changes in populations that are considered evolutionary are those that are inheritable via the genetic material from one generation to the next. Biological evolution may be slight...
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...of the anatomy and physiology of human body systems. Learners will be able to gain an overview of the organisation of the human body before looking at how body systems work together to provide energy for the body. Learners will have the opportunity to investigate how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the body. Unit introduction This unit introduces core knowledge of cellular structure and function, and the organisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism. Learners will examine the homeostatic mechanisms involved in regulating these systems to maintain health. Learners will be given the opportunity to undertake practical activities which will require them to take measurements of the cardio-vascular system, the respiratory system and of body temperature, using noninvasive techniques to investigate normal responses to routine variations in body functioning. This unit provides the core understanding of human physiology that underpins the study of the specialist physiology units within this programme. The unit also provides an overview of body functioning that is valuable for anyone working or intending to work in a field relating to health and social care. Learning outcomes On completion of this unit a learner should: 1. Know the organisation of the human body 1. Understand the functioning of the body systems associated with energy metabolism ...
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...contrast with a defence of non- anthropocentrism precedents. Anthropocentrism also referred to as human-centeredness, is an individualistic approach, a concept stating that humans are more valuable, and the environment is only useful for sustaining the lives of human beings (MacKinnon, 2007). The practise of human-centeredness is associated with egocentrism (Goodpaster, 1979), by contrast non-anthropocentrism is a holistic approach divided into 3 sub-approaches which are biocentrism, ecocentrism and deep ecology, it is a nature-centred ethical system that recognises the worth of all living things besides being of instrumental value to humans (MacKinnon, 2007). The anthropocentric perspective fails to recognise that all organisms are valuable, because each organism is plays a role in the functioning of the ecosystem (Taylor, 1986). Ideas that oppose the anthropocentric ethical systems were formed by environmental ideologists and activists movements in the 1970’s (Uggla, 2010). Anthropocentrism is criticised based on two ways; these are the ontological and ethical senses. According to the ontological criticism, anthropocentrism is the mistake were human beings are placed at the centre of the world without realising that the Earth is a dynamic system and does take any account of how people are or how they choose to represent the form in which things are (Bhaskar, 1989). Anthropocentrism in the ethical criticism is the mistake of prioritising human interests in contrast with the interests...
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... * Lipid membrane one factor responsible for the control of material into and out of the cell, in addition to the proteins in the membrane. * Hydrophobic interior prevents charged or v. Polar molecules from diffusing across membrane. Small non-charged can pass through * cytoplasm * nucleus: carries the genetic information * Mitochondrion. 1.2Describe the structure and function of plant cells to include: * cell membrane * cytoplasm * nucleus * cell wall * chloroplast * mitochondrion * vacuole. 1.3 Describe the structure and function of a bacterial cell to include: * cell membrane * cytoplasm * cell wall * chromosomal DNA/no ‘true’ nucleus. 2.4 Know the levels of organisation as: cells to tissues to organs. 2. Movement across membranes 2.1 Know the definition of and examples of diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Diffusion: net movement of dissolved particles down the concentration gradient, from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Passive. Facilitated diffusion: net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient with the help of carrier proteins in the membrane. Passive. Ion channels are examples of membrane proteins involved in facilitated diffusion; channels create passage for ions to flow through. Some are always open, some respond to stimulus such as change in voltage. Active transport: net movement of dissolved particles against their concentration...
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...Organic From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Look up organic or organics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Organic may refer to: Of or relating to an organism, a living entity Of or relating to an organ Contents [hide] 1 Chemistry 2 Farming, certification and products 3 Computing 4 Economics and business 5 Military 6 Law 7 Music 8 Other 9 See also Chemistry[edit] Organic matter, matter that has come from a once-living organism, is capable of decay or the product of decay, or is composed of organic compounds Organic chemistry, chemistry involving organic compounds Organic compound, a compound that contains carbon Farming, certification and products[edit] Organic farming, agriculture conducted according to certain standards, especially the use of stated methods of fertilization and pest control Organic certification, accreditation process for producers of organic products Organic clothing, clothing produced from organic fibers such as organic cotton Organic horticulture, the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants by following the essential principles of organic agriculture Organic food, food produced from organic farming methods and often certified organic according to organic farming standards Organic baby products, organic products intended for babies and toddlers Organic wine Organic movement, movement of organizations...
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...Introduction to Telecom Industry Sector Overview Telecommunication has now become one of the prime services which an economy needs for rapid growth, development and modernization of its various sectors. Government of Pakistan awarded status of industry to telecom sector in year 2003-04. Benefits that accrue to a declared industry are now available to Telecom Sector. Over the past two decades, the institutional and regulatory framework of the telecommunications industry has changed radically. In most of the countries, public telecommunication operators (PTOs) have been fully or partially privatized and regulations concerning access to telecommunication markets, provision of services to users and pricing mechanisms have been overhauled. Basic Telephony Pakistan telecommunications market for the fixed-line services was dominated by Pakistan Telecommunication Limited (PTCL). But now PTA has been given the role of a regulatory body and is responsible for implementing the telecom deregulation policy. For a long time, Pakistan lagged behind in the region as far as telecom access is concerned. With cellular mobile revolution taking place, Pakistan 's tele-density currently stands at 10.37%, with gross subscribers base of fixed (5.05 million) as well as mobile subscribers (10.54 million) touching 15.59 million for a population of 152.53 million. The government is taking Pakistan's telecom future seriously and has deregulated the sector. As a result, scores of new private entrants...
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...Ecosystem Case Study. Assess contemporary management practices that have been applied to reduce these impacts. PLAN IMPACTS Global warming —> Water temp —> Coral bleaching —> increased starfish Pollution—> agricultural run off overfishing Industrialisation —> oil spills, shipping toursim STRATEGIES - Traditional Banning dredging and offshore dumping Zoning Increasing funding for farmers to reduce run off through water quality- from budget. Budget increased by 25 million per annum for 4 years in oder to restore reef as of 1st July 2014. GBRMPA 1995 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 25 year plan. Justification; why save the reef? tourist attraction 7th wonder of the word contributes 6 billion to Australian economy produces 63 000 jobs The Great Barrier Reef is the longest coral reef structure in the world extending over 2300 km from papua new guinea on Queensland’s east coast. It renowned for it visibility from space considering it holds more than 2900 individual reefs and is home to over ‘6 300’ different species (wwf). Although this ecosystem is protected as a World Heritage site, it has still been significantly impacted by human activities, including pollution, mining and urban run off. Traditional management strategies have been a vast help over the past thousands of year but the severity of human impacts have dramatically increased in the past 50 years and contemporary strategies have been put into practise in attempt to reduce these...
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... 3 Green Peace 4 Sources 5 Introduction Every day in our life we are confronted with a lot of different businesses and their activities, servers and products. Every business has their own type of doing working, producing and controlling. For this report the author will describe the type of business, purpose and ownership of two contrasting businesses. The first part of this report will focus on the ‘John Lewis Partnership’ and the second part of this report will focus on the ‘Green Peace’ organisation. John Lewis John Lewis is a business that sells a lot of different products for baby and child, fashion, home & garden, home appliances, sport and leisure and technology. So the type of business activity of John Lewis is a Tertiary sector because it sells many different finished products to customers. John Lewis is owned by private citizen, they risk their own money and the business is for making profit so John Lewis is a private business. The business is putting the happiness of Partners at the Centre of everything it does. It is the expression of an ideal, the outcome of nearly a century of creating a different sort of company, owned by partners to serving customers with flair and fairness. The John Lewis business began in 1864...
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...UK invasive species top facts * Invasive non-native species are thought to be one of the biggest threats to global biodiversity, second only to habitat loss. * There are almost 2,000 established non-native species in Great Britain. * Invasive non-native species cost Great Britain around £1.7 billion annually. * Invasive species have been introduced to the United Kingdom from every continent in the world apart from Antarctica. What is an invasive species? An invasive species is a species which has been introduced to an area outside its natural range and can cause a multitude of ecological, economic and public health problems within the new habitat as its population grows. Invasive species may belong to any taxonomic group, with mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians, plants, invertebrates, fish and viruses all having invasive populations around the world. The extinctions of numerous species around the world can be attributed to the negative effects of invasive species. When a species is taken out of its natural range and placed into a new habitat it is removed from its natural predators and any pathogens which help to control its population. Without these, population growth may become out of control and the invader can rapidly colonise its new habitat. The characteristics which enable an invasive species to outcompete native species include fast growth, a short life cycle and the ability to tolerate a wide range of habitat types and environmental conditions. Successful...
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