...ASSIGNMENT:1 QUESTION :What are the main foundations of Organization Development? What are the stages of OD as suggested by Kurt Lewin and subsequently modified by Lippitt, Watson &Westley? ANSWER: 1) FOUNDATION OF OD (a) The field of OD rests on a foundation of values and assumptions about people and organizations. These beliefs help to define what OD is and guide its implementation. (b) Values have always been an integral part of OD package. OD values and assumption developed from research and theory, by behavioral scientist and from the experiences and observations of practicing managers. OD values tend to be humanistic, optimistic and democratic. (d) The knowledge base of OD is extensive and is constantly being upgraded. The most important concept on which OD is constructed is as follows: i) Model & theories of planned change : Organization development is directed at bringing about planned change to increase an organization's effectiveness, generally initiated and implemented by managers, often with the help of an OD practitioner either from inside or outside of the organization. Organizations can use planned change to solve problems, to learn from experience, to reframe shared perceptions, to adapt to external environmental changes, to improve performance, and to influence future changes. The theories describe the different stages through which planned change may be effected in organizations and explain the process of applying OD methods to...
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...Reflection Organisational legitimacy, capacity and capacity development Mobilising against hunger and for life: An analysis of Derick W. Brinkerhoff capacity and change in a Brazilian network John Saxby Pretoria, South Africa Discussion paper No 58A June 2005 European Centre for Development Policy Management Centre européen de gestion des politiques de développement Study of Capacity, Change and Performance Notes on the methodology The lack of capacity in low-income countries is one of the main constraints to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Even practitioners confess to having only a limited understanding of how capacity actually develops. In 2002, the chair of Govnet, the Network on Governance and Capacity Development of the OECD, asked the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) in Maastricht, the Netherlands to undertake a study of how organisations and systems, mainly in developing countries, have succeeded in building their capacity and improving performance. The resulting study focuses on the endogenous process of capacity development - the process of change from the perspective of those undergoing the change. The study examines the factors that encourage it, how it differs from one context to another, and why efforts to develop capacity have been more successful in some contexts than in others. The study consists of about 20 field cases carried out according to a methodological framework with seven components, as follows:...
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...some facts and information of how internal and external leaders impact to the organization. 1. INTRODUCTION Change leadership is necessary for an organisation to create the responsiveness and work at a high level of creativity in the entire organisation, which can be changed from internal or external leaders. It is not about the “who”, but it is all about the “how”. This article, author will analyse the issue of whether change leaders should be internal or external to the organisation. Indeed, there are some circumstances will be determined whether internal or external leadership would be recommended in an organisation. 2. INTERNAL LEADERS Internal leaders are the members of the organisation who may perform the organisation development role, or even combine it with other tasks. They have expertise, but it is valued differently as an organisation insider. There are some circumstances to consider if change leader should be internal leaders to the organisation. 3.1 Relationship Building Develop a long term and a good relationship is very important in the organisation. Likewise, internal leaders have ready access to and relationship with clients in the early stage...
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...ABSTRACT Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary S. Becker, who coined the term “human capital,” says that “the basic resource in any company is the people. Loosely speaking, human capital corresponds to any stock of knowledge or characteristics the worker has (either innate or acquired) that contributes to his or her “productivity”. Human capital – the productive capacity that is embedded in people – is one of the most important contributors to the growth in nations’ output and standard of living. Many organizations in developed countries now are highly dependent on their human capital for their competitive advantage. Their market value increasingly depends on their intangible assets, such as their knowledge, core competencies, and organizational capabilities (Ulrich and Smallwood, 2003) Globalisation and technological changes have also increased the importance of human capital in recent years, to the point that there are now only two options to sustain high profits and high wages in developed nations: escalating the skill levels of individuals or developing superior capacity for managing those skills and “human capital” more broadly. Employers have responded to these new phenomena by increasing wages for employees with more skills and by increasing their use of downsizing and other methods (such as “offshoring”) intended to reduce labour costs. Human capital is a valuable concept; it recognizes that people should be treated as assets rather than as an expense. The most successful...
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...growth (i.e.: favourable tax regime, stable political climate, effective regulatory bodies) and prima facie, the robust human capital supporting its economy has well augmented it to be an economic powerhouse (Hui, & Toh, 2014) – despite the disparity in land size compared to her neighbours and the lack of natural resources. Section one of this reflective commentary examines the factors concerning and influencing Singapore’s graduate employment opportunities (GEO) from different perspectives and viewpoints. Section two delves into my professional career pathway till date. Deliberating input from psychometric analysis, peer feedback and personal preferences, this commentary discusses on the suitability of my desired role as a Business Development Manager at an Online Travel Agency (OTA). Section three would then discuss on recommendations for personal growth and professional improvements for career advancements. The standard font size is Times Romans 12 or Calibri 12 or Arial 11. 2|Page  1. Graduate Employment Opportunities 1.1. An overview From a labour-intensive economy in the years following independence, Singapore transformed into a capital-intensive and finally a knowledge-intensive economy (Gopinathan, Yiu & Saner, 2014). Gross Domestic Product per capita has nearly doubled itself in less than a decade (The Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015, 2014) – a clear signal of sturdy economic progression with extremely low rates of unemployment. An array of GEO...
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...CONTENTS PART A The Graduate Marketplace 1 - 4 PART B Intended Career Path 5 - 11 PART C Next Step 12 - 13 Appendices Identified Target Position (Job Advertisement) Cover Letter for CV Curriculum Vitae (CV) Job Application Form Career Plan and Self Analysis Career Anchor Inventory Psychometric Test Reports : Verbal Reasoning Skills : Numerical Reasoning Skills : Abstract Reasoning Skills : Type Dynamics Indicator Observer Feedback Forms : Assessment Centre Activity PART A Industry The industry I have chosen is the Customer Service/Management Industry and it is my passion to be able to interact with clients and customers and cater their needs because almost every industry these days is based on customers’ feedback. Organizations work endlessly to increase their client satisfaction levels which are because customer service is a central fragment of preserving continuing customer relationships that are crucial to unending revenue. Not only companies but most industries now focus on customer satisfaction hence creating huge graduate employment opportunities as well as graduate training programmes...
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...New aircraft technologies We have become accustomed to the "standard" airliner of the early 21st Century. It has a familiar form and most of them have the family characteristics of large twin engines, a cylindrical fuselage, a lower freight bay and upper passenger compartment, swept back wings and a tricycle undercarriage. Some argue that this form is the conclusion of evolution and that it simple demonstrates the limiting form of the idea. Others take the view that any form is only the product of the circumstances that produced it and if these change the evolutionary form will change and can be changed. The ideas presented here follow this path. Prompted by the pressures for environmental sensitivity some ideas focus on ways to make dramatic, or at least important, savings in the amount of fuel used by the world’s airliners. Previously dismissed contributions to economy of fossil fuel lie behind the thinking of several new technological concepts. 1. The glider-like airliner Gliders has very high aspect ratio wings. These low drag wings allow them to sustain altitude in the lightest of upward thermals (about 1 fpm) and thereby to carry out long distance flight on no fuel at all. Their glide ratio is extremely shallow – in the order of 1 in 55 compared with a typical airliner of 1 in 15 (B747). Powered gliders are somewhere between a conventional a/c and a glider. Their small engines can be used to gain or to sustain altitude and the consumption of fuel is still only...
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...Does user involvement in information system development influence positive organisational change toward the system? This document has been prepared for reading by anyone interested in information systems and how users involvement can influence change to organisation. By Nybor Yam8 April 2013 | Introduction Information systems play a core role in business today by enabling the organisation to function effectively and efficiently. Despite applying best practices, controlled procedures and methodology’s it is quoted that two out of three IT projects will fail which is often associated with a lack of attention to the softer management practices such as culture change, organisation development and user involvement (Coombs, Doherty, Clarke 2001, Maguire, Redman 2007, Nelson, 2007). Today’s organisations must strive for systems that are technically sound, fulfil all user’s needs and provide quality results. With organisations relying more heavily on information systems to perform many of its business processes the information systems should be integrated within the organisation’s culture as well as supporting work practices (Maguire, Redman, 2007). Involving end users in the information systems development process is one approach that is much supported by a variety of literature. While it is generally accepted within literature that user involvement in information systems development does improve the prospects of the users accepting the system therefore enhancing...
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...International Management Homework Completed by : Christiana Wijaya Kinshi Perdana Cari info 6 besar FDI di Indonesia ( 6 negara besar yang investasi di Indo & apa investasinya ) ! Being a developing country, Indonesia requires a substantial amount of cash for national development. This large amount of fund is there as there is a need to catch up with other developments, especially in developed countries, either regional or global. Indonesia is not being capable enough in providing the funds for those developments. Besides digging up domestic incomes, the government has also tried to invite financing from other countries which is called Foreign Direct Investment According to Krugman (1994), FDI is a flow of international capital whereby a company from a country sets up or widens its company in another country. Hence, not only there is a redeployment of resources, but also there is an implementation of control towards companies abroad. The main objectives of FDI are to look for resources, look for market, look for efficiency, and also to look for political security. In short, Foreign Direct Investment is known as an investment made by a company or entity based in one country, into a company or entity which is based in another country. * According to BKPM (Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board), the realization of Foreign Direct Investment, usually mentioned as FDI, could be differentiated based on several aspects, namely sector, location, and also country...
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...Essay preview AS and A Level Sociological Differentiation & Stratification "Compare and contrast modernisation theory and dependency theory as explanations of development and under-development" The two theories, modernisation and dependency both give valid and just explanations for development and underdevelopment. There is a notable likeness in them both but there are also many differences and neither escape criticisms. Modernisation theory was before dependency theory and was developed in the 1950/60s; the theory is based on 4 main assumptions. Western societies are the most advanced in terms of technological, social and political terms, countries go through a series of stages on their route to becoming advanced, this path is a 'natural' form of development and there must be something preventing them from doing this and finally, these underdeveloped nations can advance without an changes taking place in the finance and trading patterns of the capitalist world. The modernisation theory is politically conservative as it sees nations being undeveloped because they lack the qualities that developed nations have, this is compared with the dependency theory who see this underdevelopment due to the exploitation of advanced nations. W.W. Rostow is one of the most notable modernisation theorists; he argued that there are a number of stages that a traditional society has to pass through to become a modern society. His work is combined with the four key elements above and his...
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...Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) refers to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the fields of socioeconomic development, international development and human rights. The theory behind this is that more and better information and communication furthers the development of a society. Aside from its reliance on technology, ICT4D also requires an understanding of community development, poverty, agriculture, healthcare, and basic education.Richard Heeks suggests that the I in ICT4D is related with “library and information sciences”, the C is associated with “communication studies", the T is linked with “information systems", and the D for “development studies”.[1] It is aimed at bridging the digital divide and aid economic development by fostering equitable access to modern communications technologies. It is a powerful tool for economic and social development.[2] Other terms can also be used for "ICT4D" or "ICT4Dev" ("ICT for development") like ICTD ("ICT and development", which is used in a broader sense[3]) and development informatics. ICT4D can mean as dealing with disadvantaged populations anywhere in the world, but it is more seen with applications in developing countries. It concerns with directly applying information technology approaches to poverty reduction. ICTs can be applied directly, wherein its use directly benefits the disadvantaged population, or indirectly, wherein it can assist aid organisations or non-governmental...
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...BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY NAME MATAIRE MUNYARADZI COURSE TITLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND PLANNING COURSE CODE DG 420 PROGRAMME BACHELOR OF SCIENCE HONOURS IN DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES LECTURER DR I MBERENGWA ASSIGNMENT TITLE ARTICLE REVIEW: AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE FAST TRACK LAND REFORM PROGRAMME ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN ZIMBABWE: A CASE OF VUNGU RURAL DISTRICT (2000-2009) BY: CHIEDZA KIMBERLEY CHABHONGORA, CRISPEN HAHLANI AND PERCYSLAGE CHIGORA (2010) TITLE: An analysis of the impact of the fast track land reform programme on disaster management in Zimbabwe: A case of Vungu rural district (2000-2009). PROBLEM: The fast track land reform program (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe did not adequately address disaster management and environmental sustainability. The process was chaotic and failed to meet the real needs of the people but in fact strived to achieve political agendas. The FTLRP was poorly planned because there was no supportive infrastructure and systems that were meant to assist the newly resettled famers. As such production on the farms dropped significantly leading to the farmers engaging in other livelihood activities which were detrimental to the environment and which increased the vulnerability of the people to drought. OBJECTIVES: • To analyze the implications...
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...THE ECOTOURISM IN CALAUG, QUEZON: IT'S POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT Abstract In Calauag, Quezon, ecotourism is a term yet to be coined by its local inhabitants. Calauag, Quezon is a first class municipality in the province of Quezon in Region IV-A. It belongs to the Luzon group of islands. Calauag is partly urban but still is considered as an agricultural municipality. Statistics would show that a small slice of its land is used for the urban core of the municipality which is as much as 1.59 hectares out of the 42, 318 hectares of land. The rest is devoted to agriculture. (Vesorde, 2011) Ecotourism, in its very essence is intended to provide cultural unity and economic improvement to its local inhabitants while fostering environmental education. Wildlife and natural surroundings are the assets of ecotourism such as those found in Calauag, Quezon, hence the researcher, being born and raised in this municipality, thought of conducting a study which assesses its real potentials for ecotourism development. Furthermore, the researcher intends to point out the strengths, weaknesses, and possible future effect of the study area for developing it into eco-tourist spot. With this in mind, this thesis entitled “The Ecotourism in Calaug, Quezon: It's Potential Development” was conceptualized. This study was conducted to assess the potential development of ecotourism in Calauag, Quezon. Specifically, it aims to focus on the following sub problems, viz. a viz.: (1) What are the demographic...
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...humiliations they suffer on the line of duty. T Abrefa-Gyan (2002) Ultimately, people lack a productive and household asset, which leads to urban poverty. So urban poverty is indicated as an urgent issue to be addressed and realised as many policies and development work focus on the rural areas yet rural - urban migration influx is high and continues to perplex modernisation in the city. Kiguli,J. (2004) Woldiya in search of employment and to utilize urban services and education. Hence, the out flow of economically active people from the rural agricultural sector has a negative effect on production in the areas of origin and the receiving area now experiences problems such as a shortage of housing, unemployment, increasing cost of living, lack of access to social services, Therefore, to mitigate the problem of rural-urban migration is launching of integrated rural development policy. Miheretu, Birhan Asmame (2011-06) The regression analysis shows that rural-urban migration contributes significantly towards the development of their rural communities through monetary remittances and the involvement of the rural-urban migrants in community development projects. Based on the findings, recommendations such as initiation of development projects based on the identified needs of each of the rural communities to augment the effects of migration in the study area are made. (2013) Chukwuedozie K. Ajaero and Patience C. Onokala The adjustment of migrants to urban living is a difficult concept...
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...Discuss who is responsible for producing global leaders. A leader is an individual that has made decision to succeed. This individual is not afraid to try new things and to master them. Leaders are creative and they excel at anything that they put their hands to do. Leaders help others by becoming trailblazers to create a path of success for his/her families, friends, or colleagues to follow. Leaders are not selfish individuals; they rise with the intentions to conquer the day. Leaders plan for the future not complaining about minor things that they can’t change, yet they remain unstoppable towards their goals. Leaders are able to humbly take criticisms and direction and to quickly correct those things that may have been challenged. Leaders are always seeking ways to improve every aspect of their lives. They are business woman and business men that are serious about creating new opportunities. Leaders influence others to become great and to have an assisting hand in helping others to become successful. A leader is admired by many; and attracts followers because of their confidence. Global leaders are created at home first. They are shaped and molded by their parents who never give them an option to give up or settle. These parents are not satisfied with just enough, or hear the words “I Can’t”. These children are future leaders, will bloom into adolescent and then adults; remembering the instructions. After this foundation has been established...
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