Another major player in the field was Richard Beckhard. In his 1969 book he described “several assumptions about the nature and functioning of organizations” held by OD practitioners. Here is his list.

1. The basic building blocks of an organization are groups (teams). Therefore, the basic units of change are groups, not individuals. Here Beckhard mentioned about the emphasis should be given to the groups/teams of the organization rather than on the individuals as because the groups are able to influence its members to work in a change environment.

2. An always relevant change goal is the reduction of inappropriate competition between parts of the organization and the development of a more collaborative condition. The main goal of the change in the organization is to reduce internal competition and establishment of more cooperative environment into the organization.

3. Decision making in a healthy organization is located where the information sources are, rather than in a particular role or level of hierarchy. An appropriate decision making always relies on availability of related information. In the time of Decision making in the organization one should seek for information rather than concentrating on a particular position of the organization.

4. Organizations, subunits of organizations, and individuals continuously mange their affairs against goals. Controls are interim measurements, not the basis of managerial strategy. Individual, various department and whole organization always try to organize their activities to achieve the goals of the organization. Therefore control in the organization should be flexible according to the situation.

5. One goal of a healthy organization is to develop generally open communications, mutual trust, and confidence between and across levels. One of the major goals of an organizational change is to